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Four species of the genus Sticta are described as new from Bolivia, based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis of the fungal ITS barcoding marker. Additionally, two species are reported as new to Bolivia (their identification confirmed by molecular data) and one previously reported species is confirmed by molecular data for the first time. Detailed morphological and anatomical descriptions are provided for all new species. Two of the new species, S. isidiolobulata Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa and S. madidiensis Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa belong to clade I, as defined in previous studies. In contrast, S. montepunkuensis Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa and S. macrolobata Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa, also described here as new to science, belong to clade III. Sticta isidiolobulata has an irregular to suborbicular thallus of medium size, with isidia developing into spathulate lobules, cyanobacterial photobiont and apothecia with entire to weakly-crenate margins. The large irregular thallus of the cyanobacteria-associated S. macrolobata has broad lobes, apothecia with verrucous to tomentose margins and cyphellae with raised margins, whereas S. madidiensis has a medium-sized, palmate to irregular thallus with a stipe, but without vegetative propagules and apothecia. Sticta montepunkuensis has large and irregular thalli with green algae as photobiont, apothecia with crenate to verrucous margins and urceolate cyphellae with a wide pore and a scabrid basal membrane. Two species, S. beauvoisii Delise and S. riparia Merc.-Díaz are reported as new to Bolivia (the latter also as new to South America) and belong to clade III. Sticta tomentosa (Sw.) Ach., species confirmed from Bolivia by molecular data, belongs to clade II. Sticta beauvoisii is characterised by a smooth yellowish-brown upper surface with darker apices and abundant, marginal isidia and a brown lower surface with golden-chocolate brown primary tomentum and sparse, golden-brown rhizines. Sticta riparia has a strongly branched thallus, with undulate lobes and abundant, marginal, palmate, grey to dark brown phyllidia and greyish-brown lower surface with the primary tomentum absent towards the margins. Sticta tomentosa has palmate, bluish thalli with white cilia and abundant, submarginal apothecia and creamy-white lower surface with a sparse, white primary tomentum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrospermales represent one of the least studied lineages of Dothideomycetes and are characterized by diverse ecological strategies, including saprotrophic, epiphytic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, and bryophilous lifestyles. The order is composed of two teleomorphic genera, Acrospermum and Oomyces, and five anamorphic genera of unclear relationships. The objectives of the study were to establish the phylogenetic position of Acrospermum species collected from lichens in the tropical forest of Bolivia and to infer the evolution of the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales. Our results reveal that the examined specimens from Bolivia represent a new species, A. bolivianum, which is well characterized by its phylogenetic distinctness, morphological characteristics, and host selection. The new species is the first lichenicolous member of Acrospermum and forms a well-supported clade sister to the bryophilous Acrospermum adeanum. The evolution of lifestyles, concluded by phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions, indicated that the saprotrophic lifestyle is ancestral to Acrospermales. This corresponds to their close relationship to other saprotrophic lineages of Dothideomycetes and indicates that the wide spectrum of nutritional strategies, currently observed in Acrospermales, may be a result of more recent shifts in their ecology. Our results also suggest that the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales appeared independently at least two times. Lichenicolous species are represented in our data set by Acrospermum bolivianum and Gonatophragmium physciae, which evolved from lichenicolous and plant-parasite ancestors, respectively. The genus Oomyces, represented by O. carneoalbus, was included for the first time in the phylogenetic analysis and showed a sister relationship to the remaining taxa of Acrospermales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new genus Pseudolepraria Kukwa, Jabłońska, Kosecka & Guzow-Krzemińska is introduced to accommodate Lepraria stephaniana Elix, Flakus & Kukwa. Phylogenetic analyses of nucITS, nucLSU, mtSSU and RPB2 markers recovered the new genus in the family Ramalinaceae with strong support. The genus is characterised by its thick, unstratified thallus composed entirely of soredia-like granules, the presence of 4-O-methylleprolomin, salazinic acid, zeorin and unknown terpenoid, and its phylogenetic position. The new combination, P. stephaniana (Elix, Flakus & Kukwa) Kukwa, Jabłońska, Kosecka & Guzow- Krzemińska, is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six species of Sticta are described as new to science on the basis of material from Bolivia and supported by phylogenetic analysis of the fungal ITS barcoding marker. The species were resolved in all three of the clades (I, II, III) widespread and common in the Neotropics, as defined in an earlier study on the genus. Comparison with material from neighbouring countries (i.e. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) suggests that these new species may be potentially endemic to the Bolivian Yungas ecoregion. For each species, a detailed morphological and anatomical description is given. Sticta amboroensis Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking is a medium-sized green-algal species with laminal to submarginal apothecia with hirsute margins and with light to dark brown lower tomentum. Sticta aymara Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada, Flakus, Rodriguez-Flakus & Lücking is a comparatively small cyanobacterial taxon with Nostoc as photo-biont, laminal, richly branched, aggregate isidia and a golden to chocolate-brown lower tomentum. The medium-sized, cyanobacterial S. bicellulata Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking has cyanobacterial photobiont, bicellular ascospores, apothecia with white to golden-brown hairs on the margins, K+ violet apothecial margin (ring around disc) and epihymenium and a white to dark brown lower tomentum. In contrast, the green-algal species, S. carrascoensis Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking is characterised by its large size, apothecia with dark brown hairs on the margins and a yellow medulla. The cyanobacterial S. catharinae Ossowska, B. Moncada, Kukwa, Flakus, Rodriguez-Flakus & Lücking forms stipitate thalli with Nostoc as photobiont, abundant, laminal to submarginal apothecia and a golden-brown lower tomentum. Finally, the cyanobacterial S. pseudoimpressula Ossowska, Kukwa, B. Moncada & Lücking produces laminal apothecia with an orange-yellow line of pruina along the margins which reacts K+ carmine-red. In addition to the six new Bolivian taxa, the cyanobacterial S. narinioana B. Moncada, Ossowska & Lücking is described as new from Colombia and it represents the closely-related sister species of the Bolivian S. aymara; it differs from the latter largely in the marginal instead of laminal isidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, new phylogenetic lineages in Trebouxia were detected as a result of molecular approaches. These studies included symbiont selectivity in lichen communities, transects along altitudinal gradients at local and global scales and the photobiont diversity in local populations of lichen-forming fungal species. In most of these studies, phylogenetic and haplotype analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus have continuously allowed the recognition of new monophyletic lineages, which suggests that still numerous undiscovered Trebouxia lineages can be hidden in lichens from unexplored areas, especially in the tropics. Here, we estimated the biodiversity of photobionts in Bolivian Andean vegetation and assessed their specificity. About 403 lichen samples representing 42 genera, e.g., Haematomma , Heterodermia , Hypotrachyna , Lecanora , Lepra , Leucodermia , Parmotrema , Pertusaria , Polyblastidium , and Usnea , containing Trebouxia photobionts, were analyzed. ITS ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and rbc L markers were used. We obtained Trebouxia sequences from Bolivian samples belonging to already described clades A, C, I, and S. Thirty-nine Trebouxia lineages were distinguished within these clades, while 16 were new. To reveal the structure of the community of Bolivian photobionts and their relationships with mycobionts, the comparative effects of climate, altitude, geographical distances, substrate, and habitat type, as well as functional traits of lichens such as growth forms, propagation mode and secondary metabolites, were analyzed. Furthermore, new Bolivian records were included in analysis on a global scale. In our study, the mycobiont genus or even species are the most important factors correlated with photobiont identity. Moreover, we revealed that the community of Bolivian photobionts is shaped by altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifts in climate along elevation gradients structure mycobiont–photobiont associations in lichens. We obtained mycobiont (lecanoroid Lecanoraceae) and photobiont (Trebouxia alga) DNA sequences from 89 lichen thalli collected in Bolivia from a ca. 4,700 m elevation gradient encompassing diverse natural communities and environmental conditions. The molecular dataset included six mycobiont loci (ITS, nrLSU, mtSSU, RPB1 , RPB2 , and MCM7) and two photobiont loci (ITS, rbc L); we designed new primers to amplify Lecanoraceae RPB1 and RPB2 with a nested PCR approach. Mycobionts belonged to Lecanora s.lat., Bryonora , Myriolecis , Protoparmeliopsis , the " Lecanora " polytropa group, and the " L." saligna group. All of these clades except for Lecanora s.lat. occurred only at high elevation. No single species of Lecanoraceae was present along the entire elevation gradient, and individual clades were restricted to a subset of the gradient. Most Lecanoraceae samples represent species which have not previously been sequenced. Trebouxia clade C, which has not previously been recorded in association with species of Lecanoraceae, predominates at low- to mid-elevation sites. Photobionts from Trebouxia clade I occur at the upper extent of mid-elevation forest and at some open, high-elevation sites, while Trebouxia clades A and S dominate open habitats at high elevation. We did not find Trebouxia clade D. Several putative new species were found in Trebouxia clades A, C, and I. These included one putative species in clade A associated with Myriolecis species growing on limestone at high elevation and a novel lineage sister to the rest of clade C associated with Lecanora on bark in low-elevation grassland. Three different kinds of photobiont switching were observed, with certain mycobiont species associating with Trebouxia from different major clades, species within a major clade, or haplotypes within a species. Lecanoraceae mycobionts and Trebouxia photobionts exhibit species turnover along the elevation gradient, but with each partner having a different elevation threshold at which the community shifts completely. A phylogenetically defined sampling of a single diverse family of lichen-forming fungi may be sufficient to document regional patterns of Trebouxia diversity and distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aims of this work were to assess phylogenetic relationships of the trentepohlialean photobionts in tropical, mainly sterile, lichens collected in Bolivia, to examine their genetic diversity, host specificity, and the impact of habitat factors on the occurrence of Trentepohliales. Based on rbcL marker analysis, we constructed a phylogenetic tree with eight major clades of Trentepohliales, of which seven free‐living species are intermingled with lichenized ones. Our analyses show that the studied photobionts are scattered across the phylogenetic tree and algae from temperate and tropical regions do not form monophyletic groups, except within one clade that seems to be restricted to the tropics. There is no significant occurrence pattern of lichenized Trentepohliaceae on a specific substratum, except Cephaleuros spp. and Phycopeltis spp., which are restricted to leaves, while some clades with lichenized algae may be specialized to tree bark and wood. Moreover, we found two patterns of associations: first, closely related algae can associate with distantly related mycobionts; second, some other trentepohlioid algae associate with selected lineages of fungi (e.g., Arthoniaceae or Graphidaceae). We also found that some lineages of photobionts are even more selective and associate exclusively with one species (e.g., Dichosporidium nigrocinctum, Diorygma antillarum) or closely related lichen‐forming fungi (Herpothallon spp.). Concluding, we found that occurrence of some trentepohlialean photobionts may correlate with the particular type of the mycobiont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New collections are reported of the monospecific genus Polypyrenula , an apparently extinct and doubtfully lichenized fungus, typically classified in the Pyrenulaceae. Anatomical studies reveal that it is facultatively lichenized. The structure of its hamathecium suggests affinities with Dothideomycetes rather than Eurotiomycetes. Molecular analysis using nuLSU and mtSSU markers demonstrates for the first time its inclusion in Trypetheliaceae , outside the core genera as part of the early diverging lineages in this family. The known distribution of Polypyrenula is extended to Mexico and South America, new information on its phorophyte associations is provided, and the name Polypyrenula sexlocularis is reinstated as the correct name for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neotropical mountain forests are characterized by having hyperdiverse and unusual fungi inhabiting lichens. The great majority of these lichenicolous fungi (i.e., detectable by light microscopy) remain undescribed and their phylogenetic relationships are mostly unknown. This study focuses on lichenicolous fungi inhabiting the genus Lobariella (Peltigerales), one of the most important lichen hosts in the Andean cloud forests. Based on molecular and morphological data, three new genera are introduced: Lawreyella gen. nov. (Cordieritidaceae, for Unguiculariopsis lobariella), Neobaryopsis gen. nov. (Cordy-cipitaceae), and Pseudodidymocyrtis gen. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae). Nine additional new species are described (Abrothallus subhalei sp. nov., Atronectria lobariellae sp. nov., Corticifraga microspora sp. nov., Epithamnolia rugosopycnidiata sp. nov., Lichenotubeufia cryptica sp. nov., Neobaryopsis andensis sp. nov., Pseudodidymocyrtis lobariellae sp. nov., Rhagadostomella hypolobariella sp. nov., and Xylaria lichenicola sp. nov.). Phylogenetic placements of 13 lichenicolous species are reported here for Abrothallus, Arthonia, Glo-bonectria, Lawreyella, Monodictys, Neobaryopsis, Pseudodidymocyrtis, Sclerococcum, Trichonectria and Xylaria. The name Sclerococcum ricasoliae comb. nov. is reestablished for the neotropical populations formerly named S. lobariellum (Sclerococcales). A key to sexual and asexual states of 40 species of lobariellicolous ascomycetous fungi is provided. Teleomorph-anamorph connections were established for several species using molecular methods and/or visual observations in nature. Additionally, we found that the anamorphic species Cornutispora ophiurospora inhabiting Lobariella was often accompanied by asco-mata of Spirographa. Results of phylogenetic analyses, including newly generated sequences of several Cornutispora and Spirographa species inhabiting various host lichens, support the conclusion that Cornutispora is a synonym of Spirographa. Our Maximum Likelihood inference based on multiple loci show that all studied Spirographa (including Cornutispora) belong to a new lineage within Ostropales. Based on these highly supported phylogenetic placements and the distinct character states of their conidiomata, in comparison with other Lecanoromycetes, a new family is proposed - Spirographaceae fam. nov. This new lineage includes broadly distributed mycoparasites, inhabiting various lichen and fungal hosts, and representing an early diversification event preceding the lichen-forming clade of Fissurina-ceae, Gomphillaceae and Graphidaceae. Two lichenicolous species, Asteroglobulus giselae and Pleoscutula arsenii, were found to be nested within the Spirographa clade, and their teleomorph-anamorph connections were confirmed based on genotypic and phenotypic data. This phylogenetic result is corroborated by their highly similar ascomata anatomy. Together these results strongly indicate that both species are congeneric with Spirographa. As a result, four new species (S. aggregata sp. nov., S. galligena sp. nov., S. maroneae sp. nov., and S. parmotrematis sp. nov.) and 15 new combinations are proposed (Spirographa ascaridiella comb. nov., S. arsenii comb. nov., S. ciliata comb. nov., S. giselae comb. nov., S. herteliana comb. nov., S. hypotrachynae comb. nov., S. intermedia comb. nov., S. lichenicola comb. nov., S. limaciformis comb. nov., S. ophiurospora comb. nov., S. pittii comb. nov., S. pyramidalis comb. nov., S. triangularis comb. nov., S. tricupulata comb. nov., and S. vermiformis comb. nov.). Species of the genus Spirographa, as outlined here, are strongly host-specific, mainly at the generic level of their host. Some host genera can harbour more than one Spirographa species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a tribute to Professor Tor Tønsberg on his 75th birthday. It includes 20 papers related to his scientific interests in lichenology, specifically the taxonomy, chemistry, floristics, and phytogeography of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. Throughout his career, Professor Tønsberg has made significant contributions to the knowledge of lichens in Europe and North America, introducing over one hundred new species and genera. The article expresses gratitude to the authors for their contributions and celebrates Professor Tønsberg's impressive achievements in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Lichen-inhabiting fungi are highly specialized mycoparasites, commensals or rarely saprotrophs, that are common components of almost every ecosystem, where they develop obligate associations with lichens. Their relevance, however, contrasts with the relatively small number of these fungi described so far. Recent estimates and ongoing studies indicate that a significant fraction of their diversity remains undiscovered and may be expected in tropical regions, in particular in hyperdiverse fog-exposed montane forests. Here, we introduce the new genus Zhurbenkoa, from South America and Europe, for three lichenicolous fungi growing on thalli of the widespread lichen genus Cladonia (Lecanorales). Phylogenetic analyses based on combined sequence data of mt and nuc rDNA obtained from Andean populations (Bolivia) placed Zhurbenkoa as a member of Malmideaceae, a recently introduced family of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. Zhurbenkoa is closely related to the genera Savoronala and Sprucidea. The new genus is characterized by the development of grayish brown to almost black apothecia lacking an evident margin, an epihymenium interspersed with crystals (often seen as pruina), a strongly conglutinated hymenium made of noncapitate and sparsely branched paraphyses, a colorless exciple composed of radially arranged hyphae, a Lecanora/Micarea-like ascus type, and aseptate or 1-septate ellipsoidal colorless ascospores. Zhurbenkoa includes two Neotropical (Z. cladoniarum, Z. latispora) and one widespread (Z. epicladonia) species. The lichenicolous trophic mode is documented for the first time in the Malmideaceae, which until now included only lichen-forming associations between fungi and green algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepraria cryptovouauxii is described as a new semicryptic species similar to L. vouauxii, from which it differs geographically (South America) and phylogenetically; both species differ in nucleotide position characters in nucITS barcoding marker. Lepraria harrisiana is reported as new to South America and L. nothofagi as new to Antarctica, Bolivia, and Peru. Lepraria incana (South American records are referred to L. aff. hodkinsoniana) and L. vouauxii (most South American records are referred to L. cryptovouauxii) should be excluded at least temporarily from the lichen list of South America. All records previously referred to as L. alpina from Bolivia and Peru belong to L. nothofagi. Most of Bolivian records of L. pallida belong to L. harrisiana. Lepraria borealis and L. caesioalba should be included in L. neglecta. Lepraria achariana, L. impossibilis, and L. sipmaniana are sequenced for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents seven freshwater lichen species from Western Carpathian streams: Bryobilimbia ahlesii (Körb.) Fryday et al., Rhizocarpon sublavatum Fryday, Thelidium circumspersellum (Nyl.) Zschacke, T. klementii Servít, T. pluvium Orange, T. rehmii Zschacke and Verrucaria devensis (G. Salisbury) Orange. All of them are first records for Poland. Thelidium klementii is new for the Carpathians and was previously known only from the type locality in Germany. Morphological descriptions based on Polish specimens are presented, and the ecology and geographical distribution of these lichens are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pertusarialean lichens include more than 300 species belonging to several independent phylogenetic lineages. Only some of these phylogenetic clades have been comprehensively sampled for molecular data, and formally described as genera. Here we present a taxonomic treatment of a group of pertusarialean lichens formerly known as “Pertusaria amara-group”, “Monomurata-group”, or “Variolaria-group”, which includes widespread and well-known taxa such as P. amara, P. albescens, or P. ophthalmiza. We generated a 6-locus data set with 79 OTUs representing 75 species. The distinction of the Variolaria clade is supported and consequently, the resurrection of the genus Lepra is followed. Thirty-five new combinations into Lepra are proposed and the new species Lepra austropacifica is described from mangroves in the South Pacific. Lepra is circumscribed to include species with disciform ascomata, a weakly to non-amyloid hymenial gel, strongly amyloid asci without clear apical amyloid structures, containing 1 or 2, single-layered, thin-walled ascospores. Chlorinated xanthones are not present, but thamnolic and picrolichenic acids occur frequently, as well as orcinol depsides. Seventy-one species are accepted in the genus. Although the distinction of the genus from Pertusaria is strongly supported, the relationships of Lepra remain unresolved and the genus is tentatively placed in Pertusariales incertae sedis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present treatment shows that the lichen family Trypetheliaceae is an important component of lowland and montane tropical forests in Bolivia. A total of 75 species are currently recognized in Bolivia, of which 24 are new to science and a further 37 are reported for the first time from the country. The following species are described: Architrypethelium penuriixanthum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. hyalinum in the lack of lichexanthone in the thallus; Astrothelium amylosporum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. subdisjunctum in having 8-spored asci and amyloid ascospores; A. bullatum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. megaspermum in having a bullate thallus, a clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and smaller amyloid ascospores; A. carrascoense Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. meristosporum in having broader ascospores without distinctly thickened median septa, an unidentified xanthone as major substance, and mostly eccentric ostioles; A. elixii Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from all other Astrothelium species in the presence of lichexanthone in the outer layer of thallus and pseudostromata and isohypocrellin inside the pseudostromata, and muriform ascospores; A. inspersotuberculosum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. tuberculosum in having an inspersed hamathecium; A. megaeneum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. croceum in having a thallus covered by parietin, and mostly fused ascomata with intermediate, fused to separated ostioles surrounded by a common ostiolar area; A. neodiplocarpum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. diplocarpum in the absence of medullary pigment and in the amyloid ascospores; A. nigrocacuminum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. megochroleucum in having fused, eccentric ostioles and black (UV−) tops of the pseudostromata; A. pallidoflavum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. cinnamomeum in having wider ascospores; A. pyrenuliforme Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. ecuadoriensis ecuadoriense in having shorter ascospores and in the presence of pseudocyphellae; A. subscoria Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. scoria in having non-aggregated ascomata; A. variabile Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from A. ochroleucoides in the longer ascospores; Bathelium boliviense Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from B. lineare in the presence of isohypocrellin inside the pseudostromata; B. flavostiolatum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from all other Bathelium species in the presence of lichexanthone near the ostioles (tops of pseudostromata UV+ yellow) and an orange (K+ carmine red) pigment inside the pseudostromata, the absence of lichexanthone in the thallus, an inspersed hamathecium, and 13–17-septate ascospores; B. inspersomastoideum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from B. mastoideum in having an inspersed hamathecium; B. mirabile Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from other Bathelium species in the pseudostromata containing isohypocrellin inside and parietin outside; B. pruinosum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from Astrothelium ochroleucoides in having 8-spored asci, shorter ascospores, an inspersed hamathecium, and an unidentified anthraquinone (orange pigment K+ carmine red) inside the pseudostromata; Constrictolumina chiquitana Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from other known Constrictolumina species in having brown and 1-septate to submuriform ascospores; Dictyomeridium lueckingii Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from D. proponens in having smaller and less septate ascospores; Polymeridium xanthoexcentricum Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from P. alboflavescens in having mostly eccentric ostioles; Pseudopyrenula flavosuperans Flakus & Aptroot sp. nov. that differs from P. superans in having a hamathecium inspersed with yellow oil globules; Trypethelium ... [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In our ongoing study of the genus Cladonia, we have encountered several specimens that have proved to represent undescribed species. Four of them are described here as new. Cladonia camerunensis (Cameroon) resembles C. didyma (Fée) Vain., but the former has a coarsely granular surface and a melanotic podetial base; C. compressa (Bolivia) is distinguished by a dominant primary thallus and deeply divided and phyllopodiate podetia; C. longisquama (Seychelles) has well-developed squamules and contains barbatic acid; C. vescula (Bolivia, Peru) differs from C. peziziformis (With.) J. Laundon by an ecorticate podetial surface and the production of homosekikaic acid. The names C. aspera Ahti & Kashiw. and C. crinita (Delise ex Pers.) Ahti are shown to be illegitimate later homonyms and are replaced by the names C. asperula and C. perfoliata, respectively. The neglected name C. botryoides (Tuck.) Vain. is shown to be a synonym of C. squamosa. Another overlooked name, C. crinita Bertol., is shown to be the earliest name for C. evansii, but we propose to retain the latter through conservation. The typification of C. beaumontii Tuck. is amended. Cladonia conspicua is reinstated on the basis of new data. New range extensions in Canada and the United States are given for the poorly documented species C. oricola. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents new records of 135 lichen taxa in Bolivia. Two species, Myriotrema laeviusculum (Nyl.) Hale and Graphis tenoriensis Chaves & Lücking, are new for the Southern Hemisphere; two, Cladonia uncialis (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. and Thelocarpon laureri (Flot.) Nyl., are new for South America; and 27 species are new for Bolivia: Acanthotrema brasilianum (Hale) Frisch, Bulbothrix laevigatula (Nyl.) Hale, B. leprieurii Aubel, Canoparmelia salacinifera (Hale) Hale, Catolechia wahlenbergii (Flot. ex Ach.) Körb., Chapsa alborosella (Nyl.) Frisch, Coccocarpia dissecta Swinscow & Krog, Graphis apertoinspersa Rivas Plata & Lücking, G. cinerea Fée, G. globosa (Fée) Spreng., G. haleana R. C. Harris, G. marginata Raddi, G. pilarensis Cáceres & Lücking, G. striatula (Ach.) Spreng., Hemithecium oryzaeforme (Fée) Staiger, Hypotrachyna protochlorina Sipman, Elix & T. H. Nash, H. sinuosella Elix, T. H. Nash & Sipman, H. tariensis Elix, Parmeliella isidiopannosa Jørg., Parmotrema conferendum Hale, P. enteroxanthum Hale, P. laciniellum (Ferraro & Elix) Blanco et al., P. pilosum (Stizenb.) Krog & Swinscow, P. recipiendum (Nyl.) Hale, P. ruptum (Lynge) Hale ex DePriest & Hale, Pyxine pungens Zahlbr. and Xanthoparmelia substenophylloides Hale. Notes on distribution are provided for the species. Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale is excluded from the list of Bolivian lichens; the record is referred to B. laevigatula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper lists 337 species from Magurski National Park (MNP): 314 lichens, 18 lichenicolous fungi, four saprotrophic fungi and one lichenicolous myxomycete; 112 of them are new for MNP, 75 are reported for the first time for the Beskid Niski Mts, and two are new for Poland. Selected species are accompanied by taxonomic notes and remarks on their distribution in Poland and other Carpathian ranges. First records of Intralichen lichenicola, Burgoa angulosa and Verrucaria policensis and a second record of Epigloea urosperma are given for the whole Carpathian range, and Fuscidea arboricola was recorded for the first time in the Western Carpathians. Halecania viridescens and Mycomicrothelia confusa are new for the Polish Carpathians. The records of Absconditella pauxilla, Collema crispum, Licea parasitica and Rinodina griseosoralifera in MNP are their second known localities for the range. 93 species, mainly rare or threatened in Poland, were reported from MNP in the 20th century but were not refound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new distribution records for 80 lichen taxa from Bolivia, including 14 new national records: Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli, Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) Awasthi var. coccinea (Lynge) Awasthi, D. melanocarpa (Müll. Arg.) C. W. Dodge, Gyalideopsis lambinonii Vězda, Malmidea sulphureosorediata M. Cáceres, D. A. Mota & Aptroot, Parmelia warmingii Vain., Ramalina aspera Räsänen, R. canaguensis V. Marcano & A. Morales, R. disparata Krog & Swinscow, R. grumosa Kashiw., R. incana Kashiw., R. puiggarii Müll. Arg., R. usnea (L.) Howe and Ramonia valenzueliana (Mont.) Stizenb. Notes on distribution and chemistry are provided for most species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new obligately lichenicolous fungus, Melaspilea tucumana Flakus, Etayo & Kukwa, inhabiting thalli of saxicolous Pertusaria s. lat. is described from Tucumano-Boliviano vegetation in Bolivia. The species is characterized by the gall formation and superficial, lirelliform to branched, aggregated apothecioid ascomata with widely exposed discs. The ascomata of M. tucumana are initially perithecioid and immersed in the host thallus, but become superficial and apothecioid when mature, and thus resemble the genus Buelliella. This may suggest the placement of the new species in Dothideomycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microlichens of the family Graphidaceae are important components of the lowland and montane tropical forests in Bolivia. In this paper we present new records for 51 taxa of the family in Bolivia. Leiorreuma lyellii (Sm.) Staiger is reported as new for the Southern Hemisphere, while Diploschistes caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain., Graphis daintreensis (A. W. Archer) A. W. Archer, G. duplicatoinspersa Lücking, G. emersa Müll. Arg., G. hossei Vain., G. immersella Müll. Arg. and G. subchrysocarpa Lücking are new for South America. Thirty taxa are reported for the first time from Bolivia. Notes on distribution are provided for most species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new data on the geographic distribution of 84 lichen species in Bolivia. Bulbothrix chowoensis (Hale) Hale is new to South America. Twenty-five species are new national records: Chaenotheca confusa Tibell, Cora bovei Speg., C. reticulifera Vain., Dictyonema obscuratum Lücking, Spielmann & Marcelli, Gassicurtia ferruginascens (Malme) Marbach & Kalb, Haematomma subinnatum (Malme) Kalb & Staiger, Malmidea badimioides (M. Cáceres & Lücking) M. Cáceres & Kalb, Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp, Menegazzia subsimilis (H. Magn.) R. Sant., Myelochroa lindmanii (Lynge) Elix & Hale, Parmotrema commensuratum (Hale) Hale, P. conformatum (Vain.) Hale, P. disparile (Nyl.) Hale, P. machupicchuense Kurok., P. mordenii (Hale) Hale, P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale, P. submarginale (Michx.) DePriest & B. W. Hale, P. viridiflavum (Hale) Hale, P. wainioi (A. L. Sm.) Hale, P. xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale, P. yodae (Kurok.) Hale, Protoparmelia multifera (Nyl.) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch, Ramboldia haematites (Fée) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix, Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi and Stigmatochroma metaleptodes (Nyl.) Marbach. Notes on distribution and chemistry are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the lichen genus Lecanora Ach. are important but still poorly known components of almost all vegetation types in Bolivia. In this paper, seven species new for Bolivia are presented: Lecanora bicincta Ramond, L. fulvastra Kremp., L. hagenii (Ach.) Ach., L. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., L. percrenata H. Magn., L. stramineoalbida Vain. and L. strobilina (Spreng.) Kieff. Their distributions are described and information on their diagnostic characters and chemistry is given [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new genera and four new species of bulbil-forming basidiomycetes are described. Phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU and ITS sequences place them in Cantharellales. A facultative lichenicolous species with yellow to orange-yellow bulbils from South America groups with the type of Burgella and is consequently described as B. lutea. The new species and genus Burgellopsis nivea is introduced for material from Scotland with white bulbils overgrowing saxicolous lichens. An obligate lichenicolous species with particularly large, applanate bulbils developing over Peltigerales in South America could not be placed accurately using ITS sequences and is described as the new species and genus Bulbilla applanata. A European species with brown, facultatively lichenicolous bulbils grouped with Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus species and is described as the new Ceratobasidium bulbillifaciens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new lichenicolous Capronia paranectrioides Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa, inhabiting thalli of Erioderma leylandii, is described from Bolivia. The species is characterized by pale brown, submuriform and bicaudate ascospores, subglobose to barrel-shaped perithecia and I+ red, K/I+ pale blue hymenial gelatine. It is the first known Capronia species producing ascospores with long apical appendages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Niesslia echinoides Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. is described from Bolivia from the corticolous thallus of Erioderma barbellatum. The fungus is characterized by large ascospores usually breaking into halves within the asci, strongly setose and aggregated ascomata, usually simple setae, and no damage caused to the host thallus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new species of lichenicolous fungi are described from Bolivia: Capronia etayoi Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (on Dictyonema minus), Lichenosticta jurgae Kukwa & Flakus sp. nov. (on Lecanora sp.), Phaeosporobolus trypethelii Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (on Trypetheliumochroleucum; the host lichen new to Bolivia) and Spirographa usneae Flakus, Kukwa & Etayo sp. nov. (on Usnea sp.; also known from Ecuador). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new gall-inducing lichenicolous fungus, Plectocarpon stereocaulicola Kukwa, Etayo and Flakus, is described from Bolivia from the thalli of Stereocaulon sp. The new species is characterized by black, epruinose rounded ascomata with a carbonized surface and a thalline pseudo-margin, as well as a non-carbonized, light brown sterile stromatic tissue in the lower part and 3-septate ascospores becoming brown and ornamented when mature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foliicolous lichenized fungus Calopadia erythrocephala Farkas, Elix & Flakus, is described as new to science from the Atlantic submontane rainforests in Brazil. The species is very similar to C. puiggarii, but is distinguished by the presence of a red pigment in the campylidia, the darker apothecial discs and larger conidia. Fusarubin, the red pigment produced by the new species, is reported for the first time from foliicolous lichens. A world-wide key to foliicolous species of Calopadia with single, muriform ascospores is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acarospora dissecta (Bolivia) and Sarcogyne brunnea (Bolivia, Ecuador) are described as new to science. Acarospora trachyticola, a common effigurate species in Peru, is revised and reported as new for Argentina, Bolivia and Venezuela. Acarospora brasiliensis is considered as a later synonym of A. lorentzii, which is reported new for Peru. Sarcogyne terrena is revised. Silobia smaragdula is verified as occurring in Chile. Polysporina urceolata is reported new to South America from Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new corticolous lichen species are described, Lepraria nothofagi Elix & Kukwa (atranorin, strepsilin, porphyrilic acid) from Argentina and L. stephaniana Elix, Flakus & Kukwa (4-O-methylleprolomin, zeorin, salazinic acid, unknown terpenoid) from pre-Andean Amazon forest of Bolivia. In addition, the paper presents new records of 16 species of Lepraria from South America. Lepraria adhaerens, and L. diffusa are new to the Southern Hemisphere; L. borealis is new to South America; L. alpina is new to Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela; L. caesioalba (chemotype I) is new to Venezuela, L. lobificans new to Argentina, L. pallida new to Peru, and L. sipmaniana new to Bolivia and Chile. The Chilean records of L. membranacea appeared to belong to L. sipmaniana. Therefore, the number of Lepraria spp. known at present from South America is enlarged to 27 species. 4-O-methylleprolomin is reported for the second time from lichens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new lichenized fungus, Lecanora microloba Śliwa & Flakus, is described from the subnival belt of the Polish Tatra Mountains. It is characterized by small, saxicolous thalli with minutely lobulate marginal areoles and mostly broadly sessile and constantly pale coloured apothecia that are grouped predominantly in the centre of the thallus. Anatomically the species is distinguished by coarse granules in the epithecium which are distinctly bright in polarized light. The species contains gyrophoric and usnic acids, zeorin and an unknown terpene as secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteen species of the genus Umbilicaria are presented based on recent collections from the Bolivian Andes. Of these, two species are reported for the first time from South America (U. indica, U. freyi) and five species are new to Bolivia (U. freyi, U. hirsuta, U. indica, U. soralifera, U. subcalvescens). Altogether, 18 species are currently known from Bolivia. Additionally variety U. decussata var. rhizinatha is recorded here from its second and third localities worldwide as new to Africa and South America. The taxonomy, morphology and distribution of each species are briefly discussed. The tables summarizing morphological differences among the species of the genus reported from Bolivia so far are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six new species of foliicolous lichenized fungi are described as new to science from Bolivian lowland Amazon forest: Asterothyrium vezdae Flakus & Lücking (Asterothyriaceae): Keratosphaera multiseptata Flakus & Lücking (Pseudoperisporiaceae), Phylloblastia bielczykiae Flakus & Lücking (Verrucariaceae), Porina boliviana Flakus & Lücking (Porinaceae), Tapellaria intermedia Flakus & Lücking (Pilocarpaceae) and Trichothelium subargenteum Flakus & Lücking (Porinaceae). In addition, new records of 70 lichen species in Bolivia are listed. Of these, 52 are new to Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New records of 15 Lepraria species from South America are presented. Two species are newly described from the Bolivian Andes: Lepraria achariana Flakus & Kukwa (major compounds: lecanoric, angardianic/roccellic acids and anthraquinones) and L. neojackii Flakus & Kukwa (major compounds: porphyrilic, angardianic/roccellic, cf. rangiformic acids and anthraquinone). Lepraria impossthilis, L. lecanorica and L. rigidula are reported as new for the Southern Hemisphere, L. alpina, L. aff. caesiella and L. squamatica as new to South America, and other species as new to several countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay). In addition, two putative, undescribed species are discussed. Chemistry, ecology and general information concerning distribution of the species are presented, and the differentiation of some critical taxa discussed. A provisional key to Lepraria in South America is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Lecanora printzenii, a new species in the L. varia group described as one of the hundred new species of lichenized fungi project that aimed at showing the potential of undiscovered global diversity. It mentions a survey of the lichens in the Tatra Mountains of Poland which found lichenized and lichenicolous fungi. It also presents the iconography and description of the morphology and anatomy of L. varia and L. printzenii.