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Neste artigo analisamos a inserção do agronegócio na educação, especificamente, a campanha De Olho no Material Escolar e seus atravessamentos com os procedimentos do Escola sem Partido. Para tanto, realizamos pesquisa bibliográfica e documental acerca das temáticas em questão. Como resultado, observamos indícios de que o De Olho no Material Escolar compõe uma frente de expansão político-ideológica do agronegócio que busca, por meio da combinação entre força e consenso, interferir nos rumos da educação brasileira, reproduzindo de forma mais sofisticada os métodos desenvolvidos pelo Escola sem Partido. Palavra-chave: Agronegócio; Questão Agrária; Educação.

Resumo Introdução O suicídio ocupa um lugar de destaque entre os agravos que atingem as populações devido ao grande impacto familiar, psicossocial e econômico. A atenção básica à saúde é o primeiro local onde são atendidos indivíduos que apresentam comportamento suicida, e as atitudes dos profissionais podem ser determinantes para a evolução dos casos. Objetivo Verificar as atitudes de profissionais da atenção básica diante do comportamento suicida. Método Estudo transversal, com aplicação do Questionário de Atitudes em Relação ao Comportamento Suicida aos profissionais da atenção básica do município de Barbacena-MG. Resultados A maioria da amostra foi representada por agentes de saúde, do sexo feminino, com idade entre 30-39 anos e com instrução média. Foram observadas mais atitudes positivas entre os médicos e os enfermeiros quando comparados aos outros profissionais. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas das atitudes em relação ao sexo e à idade dos participantes. Conclusão Os técnicos de enfermagem e os agentes de saúde apresentaram atitudes mais negativas em relação aos demais. Esse é um dado que deve ser levado em conta nos programas de capacitação. O treinamento dos profissionais deve contemplar habilidades cognitivas e mudanças nas atitudes que possam favorecer a empatia e a compreensão do comportamento suicida, priorizando a capacitação dos agentes de saúde.

SummaryThe post-operative anti-emetic efficacy of 4 and 8 mg of ondansetron in adult patients with and without a previous history of motion sickness (PHMS) was assessed by meta-analysis. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating the anti-emetic effectÍiveness of ondansetron in a 24-h period. In the 49 studies found, a further selection was with respect to those studies that noted the patient's previous history of motion sickness. Twelve trials involving 2122 patients; 446 previous history of motion sickness(+) patients and 1676 previous history of motion sickness(–) patients met the selection criteria. The dose of 4 mg ondansetron was 71.5% more effective in previous history of motion sickness(+) than in previous history of motion sickness(–) patients. For the 8 mg dose, the odds ratios (95% CI) were: previous history of motion sickness(+)=3.11 (1.40–6.93) and previous history of motion sickness(–)=2.08 (1.35–3.21). The calculated number needed to treat was also more favourable in previous history of motion sickness(+) patients for both doses of ondansetron, demonstrating a higher effectiveness in this subgroup of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents studies related to contact dermatitis. Eyelid dermatitis; Hypersensitivity to sesame in foods and cosmetics; Textile dye contact dermatitis.

In the absence of bioclimatic models, and given the scarcity of information about parameters and other input data, the panel data methodology was applied to establish the magnitude and direction of expected consequences in milk production, which is the main economic activity of Jimaguayú municipality. This study presents a summary about the theory of panel data models. Several specifications are evaluated, obtaining expressions of long-term elasticity of rainfall and temperature and its effect on milk production. Applied empirical models indicate that milk production in Jimaguayú could decrease by approximately 200 thousand L per year, due to the combined effect of the decrease in rainfall and the increase in temperature, with economic losses in the order of constant 100 thousand dollars informed in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QT dispersion (QTd) has been proposed as a marker of ventricular repolarization inhomogeneity and arrhythmic risk, but despite the dynamic properties of ventricular repolarization and the fact that QTd represents only a static parameter of the repolarization event, beat-to-beat QTd behavior has not been assessed so far. Beat-to-beat QTd was automatically measured in 12-lead digitized electrocardiographic recordings obtained over 10 minutes from 77 subjects. Forty-seven patients had coronary heart disease without a history of ventricular arrhythmias, 12 had coronary heart disease and documented ventricular tachycardia, and 18 were normal subjects. Mean QTd, the difference between the maximum minus the minimum QTd observed over the recording time (QTd variation), the maximum difference of QTd between consecutive beats (QTd maximum), and QTd SD (QTd variability) were analyzed between groups. The temporal QTd parameters were significantly increased in the group of patients with susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias compared with those in both healthy subjects (QTd variation p <0.0001, QTd maximum p <0.001, QTd variability p <0.0001) and patients without a history of ventricular tachycardia (QTd variation p <0.01, QTd maximum p <0.01, QTd variability p <0.01). Mean QTd was also significantly increased in the groups of patients with and without ventricular tachycardia compared with controls (p <0.001 and <0.01), but did not differ significantly between the 2 patient groups. Thus, QTd has a dynamic behavior with significant beat-to-beat fluctuations even in normal subjects and is more marked in patients with coronary heart disease at risk for ventricular arrhythmias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) manifests as a variety of nonspecific upper aerodigestive tract symptoms. Rather than a single disorder, LPR may be conceived of as a spectrum of subtypes with varying clinical presentations. LPR signs and symptoms arise from the direct and/or indirect effects of refluxate, physical and molecular injury of the mucosa, and neurologic responses to esophageal events. Specific constituents of refluxate exert distinct mucosal responses and immediate or delayed effects resulting in transient or persistent symptoms and/or laryngeal hypersensitivity. While the complex etiology of LPR presents challenges to its diagnosis and management, tools that aid the identification of LPR subtypes can provide insight into treatment decision-making. Hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring provides detailed analysis of reflux events, enabling the development of individualized treatment plans, yet cost and availability limit its widespread use. Alginates offer temporary symptom relief and antireflux surgery may provide benefit when symptoms are recalcitrant to other approaches. Pepsin inhibitors hold promise as a medical therapy when surgery is not an option. Laryngeal hypersensitivity should be considered as part of a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Promising medical and scientific research continues to yield new insights into the complex etiology of LPR and novel strategies for its diagnosis and management., (© 2024 The New York Academy of Sciences.)

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one. Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in Uruguay and the region. Surgery, using various technical approaches, has the potential to safely remove the cyst(s) and lead to a complete cure in a high number of patients with simple forms of CE. However, surgery may be impractical in patients with multiple cysts in several organs, high surgical risk, or in patients with previous multiple surgeries. In these cases, the pharmacological treatment with the benzimidazolic drug Albendazole (ABZ) alone or combined with Praziquantel (PZQ), has been promising as the best choice to achieve improvement or cure., Methods: In this study, we analyze the results obtained on the anti-parasitic treatment of 43 patients diagnosed with CE between the years 2003 and 2020. Patients were treated before and/or after surgery with ABZ or the combination ABZ/PZQ. The standardize protocol of the anti-parasitic drug treatment before surgery was 7 days, 15 days or 1 month depending on the urgency and availability of the surgical procedure. All cases that involved confirmed locations on lungs underwent immediate surgery with minimal pre-treatment when possible. After surgery, the standardize protocol of anti-parasitic drug treatment consisted of six cycles of 30 days each and resting intervals of 15 days in between. ABZ was used in all cases, administered orally, twice daily, at a total dosage of 15 mg/kg/day, with food high in fat content for improved absorption. The follow up was carried out according to WHO-IWGE guidelines for 5 years., Results: Of the 43 patients fourteen were ≤ 15 years of age and had a differentiated pre-surgical treatment. From the ≥ 16 years of age, 36 completed the treatments and the 5 years follow up. Four patients changed geographical locations, without a forwarding contact, after the post-surgery treatment. No patient died during the study. Of the 36 patients that completed the study, 32 were treated only with ABZ; 93.75% achieved treatment success as determined by improvement or cure, and 6.25% treatment failure determined by no change or worsening. The last four patients received the ABZ/PZQ combination therapy and achieved 100% treatment success., Conclusion: The pharmacological treatment resulted in a good option not only as palliative but also as potentially curative. The main relevance of its use was in cases with previous multiple surgeries or surgeries with potential life-threatening complications due to the number and location of cysts and concurrent comorbidities. A follow-up of at least 5 years would be recommended to assure remission and control of the transmission. More randomized trials are needed to provide clear clinical evidence of different pharmacological treatments for CE., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Cystic echinococcosis is endemic and hyperendemic in Uruguay. The objective of this study was to determine the species and genotype of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in symptomatic patients with cystic echinococcosis who underwent surgery, together with the location and stage of the cysts. The study included 13 patients aged between 6 and 57 years old. Samples of cysts from these cases were analyzed using DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. The results revealed the presence of E. granulosus sensu stricto in all cases, with 12 samples belonging to the G1 genotype and 1 to the G3 genotype, suggesting that disease persistence might be related to the dog-sheep cycle. However, other intermediate hosts, such as cattle, could also be involved. Cysts were most frequently found in the liver, followed by muscle and other sites (e.g. pulmonary, vertebral, pelvic and cardiac); and stage CE1 was most frequently found, followed by CE2 and CE3b. Three cases occurred in children or adolescents, suggesting an active parasite cycle in at least some areas of the country. Since there is considerable diversity of E. granulosus sensu lato species and genotypes in South America, it is important to continue the present study in order to draw stronger epidemiological conclusions.

Aluminum (Al) is a widespread metal in the environment, and is found in fresh or processed foods, household utensils, packaging, and medicines. In addition to its high toxicity, Al can also have estrogenic agonistic effects on target organs. Considering that the Al effects on the prostate are little known, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) subacute exposure on the morphophysiology of the male ventral prostate and the female prostate of adult gerbils. Furthermore, the glandular restoration capacity in face of the Al insults was evaluated in gerbils that were submitted to 30 days of recovery. Male and female gerbils were orally exposed to AlCl 3 (10 mg/kg) for 30 consecutive days. The animals were euthanized 1 day (Al1D) or 30 days (Al30D) after the end of treatment. Prostates were dissected out and processed for structural, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analyses. Male ventral prostates and female prostates of the Al1D group showed increased cell proliferation, glandular hyperplasia, increased secretory activity and greater androgen receptor immunoreactivity. In males, Al withdrawal (Al30D) allowed a partial recovery of the prostate, as the glandular secretory activity, and frequency of androgen receptor positive cells were similar to the control group. In females, the recuperation interval (Al30D) was not enough to restore the prostatic morphology, since the gland remained hyperplastic, proliferative, and with greater androgen and estrogen receptor immunoreactivity. These data alert to the importance of avoiding Al exposure, since this metal can have a harmful and prolonged action on the prostate., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Airway reflux is implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of adult and pediatric upper and lower airway diseases. However, the diagnosis of proximal reflux-associated disease remains challenging due to evolving clinical criteria and institutional and regional variances in diagnostic practices. Evidence suggests that nonacidic contents of reflux may serve as both pathologic mediators of and biomarkers for reflux in the upper airway. Furthermore, they offer potential pharmaceutical and surgical intervention targets and are the focus of novel clinical diagnostic tools currently under investigation., (© 2020 New York Academy of Sciences.)

Since the industrial revolution, all living beings have become susceptible to numerous sources of aluminum (Al) exposure. In addition to causing proven toxicity in many organs and systems, Al can also have estrogenic activity when absorbed by the body. The reproductive organs are commonly affected by environmental pollutants with estrogenic activity, but little is known about the effects of Al on the prostate and gonads. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic Al exposure on the prostate and gonads of male and female adult gerbils. After 30 days of oral exposure to aluminum chloride (10 mg/kg/day), the animals were euthanized and the organs processed for cytochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical assays. Ventral male prostates exposed to Al became hyperplastic and showed signs of cell aging. In addition, the male prostate showed decreased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The female prostate was structurally more affected than the ventral male prostate, since it presented hyperplasia and punctual foci of inflammation and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. However, CAT and SOD activities did not change in this gland. In the testis, Al promoted immature germ cell detachment and degeneration, as well as reduced CAT activity. In the ovaries, Al caused reduction in folliculogenesis and decreased SOD activity. Together, these results indicate that Al is toxic to the prostate and gonads of adult gerbils and that continuous exposure to this metal can impair the fertility of individuals of both sexes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Esophageal symptoms can arise from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as well as other mucosal and motor processes, structural disease, and functional esophageal syndromes. GERD is the most common esophageal disorder, but diagnosis may not be straightforward when symptoms persist despite empiric acid suppressive therapy and when mucosal erosions are not seen on endoscopy (as for nonerosive reflux disease, NERD). Esophageal physiological tests (ambulatory pH or pH-impedance monitoring and manometry) can be of value in defining abnormal reflux burden and reflux-symptom association. NERD diagnosed on the basis of abnormal reflux burden on ambulatory reflux monitoring is associated with similar symptom response from antireflux therapy for erosive esophagitis. Acid suppression is the mainstay of therapy, and antireflux surgery has a definitive role in the management of persisting symptoms attributed to NERD, especially when the esophagogastric junction is compromised. Adjunctive approaches and complementary therapy may be of additional value in management. In this review, we describe the evaluation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of NERD., (© 2018 New York Academy of Sciences.)

Background: Single-incision laparoscopy is an emerging technique that brings new challenges to laparoscopy and introduces new skills that a surgeon must learn. The learning needs for single-incision skills acquisition are unknown and no current guidelines exist for training or for its safe adoption., Methods: We developed an approach to adoption of new surgical techniques and applied it to single-incision laparoscopy. It is based on the following principles: a defined training algorithm, dry and wet-laboratory practice, a graded clinical introduction, and careful review of early outcomes. We analyzed its impact in our initial 40 patients., Results: Our training paradigm consisted of the following: attending a formal course, developing a simulation model, and animal laboratory training, followed by graduated clinical adoption. A 20% conversion rate to standard laparoscopy or open surgery occurred., Conclusion: Introducing a new surgical technique may not only offer potential advantages but also present significant risks. We developed a thoughtful approach to adoption that includes simulation-based training, progressive clinical adoption, and early review of outcomes. This approach may be applied to various new clinical applications.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the ectopic development of normal bone within soft tissue that can occur after traumatic injury. It is uncommon and may be missed or misdiagnosed, which can lead to complications. We report the case of an 84-year-old male with a previous history of a laparotomy who underwent resection of an intra-abdominal tumor through a midline incision. On postoperative day six, the patient was taken to the operating room, as succus was draining from the incision. Upon re-exploration, sharp bone-like material was found in the wound directly adjacent to an enterotomy. Pathology confirmed mature lamellar bone and the diagnosis of HO. This is the first report of postoperative intestinal perforation secondary to HO in a midline wound. We report this case to encourage accurate reporting of HO and its morbidity and complications for the benefit of appropriate surgical planning and epidemiologic tracking of outcomes.

Background: From 10% to 25% of patients undergoing antireflux procedures eventually redevelop symptoms as a result of anatomic failure of the hiatal repair or fundoplication. High-resolution manometry (HRM) allows for reliable evaluation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in detail, including subtle evidence of a hiatus hernia. The aim of this study was to characterize the dynamics and function of the LES postoperatively using HRM to determine which elements may contribute to recurrent symptoms after antireflux surgery., Study Design: Twenty-three patients with recurrent symptoms and/or abnormal 24-hour pH monitoring after Nissen fundoplication (Unsuccessful group) and 11 asymptomatic post-Nissen patients tested as routine follow-up (Successful group) underwent HRM. Tracings were analyzed for percentage of peristalsis, LES pressure, length of the high-pressure zone (HPZ), LES residual pressure, and the presence of a dual HPZ (indicating a recurrent hiatus hernia). Results were compared between the 2 groups., Results: Mean LES pressure tended to be greater in the Successful group compared with the Unsuccessful group (p = 0.068). There were no differences in length of the HPZ, residual pressures, and peristalsis. A dual HPZ was identified in 13 Unsuccessful group patients (56%), and 1 (9%) of the Successful group patients (p < 0.05). Abnormal DeMeester scores were observed in 79% of patients with a dual HPZ, compared with 35% of patients without a dual HPZ (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The presence of a dual HPZ on HRM in patients after fundoplication appears to be a strong predictor of recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease. In patients with recurrent symptoms after antireflux surgery, HRM also provides valuable information about peristalsis and LES characteristics that help guide appropriate management., (Copyright 2010 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: A live attenuated vaccine candidate against human cholera has been developed from the genetically modified Vibrio cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, 638 strain. Previous single dose toxicity and local tolerance studies have demonstrated that the product is innocuous in Sprague Dawley rats by oral route and single dose. The present paper describes a repeated dose toxicity study using a further dose compared to the proposed clinical schedule., Methods: Sprague Dawley rats (140-180g) were treated with two doses of the vaccine candidate with a dedicated placebo formulation or were not treated at all (controls). The test products were inoculated at a 21-day interval. Animals were observed daily, body weight was determined weekly and food and water intakes were measured every other day. Three and 14 days after the last inoculation, groups of rats were humanely sacrificed, bled and macroscopically examined. Blood samples were taken for hematology, serum biochemistry and to determine the vibriocide antibody titers. A comprehensive list of tissue and organ samples was taken for microscopic studies., Results: There was no mortality and no animal showed any clinical symptoms. Food and water intake, body weight, and hematological and biochemical variables did not show differences of toxicological and/or statistical relevance among the experimental groups. Macroscopic examination did not demonstrate any alterations and there were no histological findings of toxicological significance., Conclusions: The vaccine was considered potentially safe for human use as indicated by the results in Sprague Dawley rats., (2009. Published by Elsevier Inc.)