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This paper proposes a distributed coordinated control (DCC) method. The DCC method concentrates on improving the performances of fatigue load minimization and voltage regulation of WFs. The active and reactive power outputs of the wind turbines (WTs) inside WFs are coordinated while the power flow of WF collection system and capacity of each WT are considered by using DistFlow model. With the consensus ADMM‐based framework, the WTs inside the WF are operated in fully distributed manner while meeting the requirement of the dispatch command of the transmission system operator (TSO). The WF can track the dispatch command from the TSO accurately without the coordination of central unit. Moreover, it is more scalable and lower computation‐burden than conventional centralized optimal control. A wind farm consisting of 20 WTs is used in case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent magnet (PM) machines have attracted much attention in the field of flywheel energy storage system (FESS) due to their merits of high power density and high efficiency. However, the flux generated by the PMs would cause large stator core loss during the idling state of FESS, which would reduce the energy conversion ratio and limit the application of FESS in long-term energy storage occasions. Addressing this issue, a novel dual-rotor single-stator coreless PM machine (DSSCPMM) with dual-flywheel is proposed in this article. The stator of the DSSCPMM is made of ceramic material, which can effectively eliminate the stator core loss. The rotor of the DSSCPMM contains inner and outer rotors, which are used as the flywheels and can be helpful to improve the energy storage density. First, the structure and operation principle of the proposed DSSCPMM are illustrated. Then, the influences of the key structure parameters and arrangement of PMs, winding configurations, and magnetization method on the electromagnetic performance of the proposed DSSCPMM are investigated. Finally, the optimized structure of the DSSCPMM is obtained and the efficiency is calculated. The result shows that the proposed DSSCPMM is a promising candidate for the application of FESS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An n/2-sensor-based and an (m + 1)/2-sensor-based phase current detection scheme are proposed for even-numbered switched reluctance motors (EMSRMs) with n phases and odd-numbered switched reluctance motors (OMSRMs) with m phases. For the EMSRMs, the phases are divided into n/2 groups each of which includes two phases furthest from each other, and the lower dc bus is split into n/2 + 1 buses such that the currents through the lower switches of a group flow through a bus whose current is detected by a sensor. For the OMSRMs, the phases are divided into (m + 1)/2 groups and the currents through the lower switches of a group are detected by a multiplexed sensor without converter modification; the phase grouping is generalized as an optimization problem considering the volume and measuring range of the sensors. The schemes can detect the magnetization and freewheeling phase currents under multiphase excitation without pulse injection and voltage penalty. Compared to the existing schemes using cross-winding sensors, the proposed schemes can increase the motor torque by extending the phase conduction region. In addition, the proposed scheme for EMSRMs can combine the low-cost low-side shunt current sensing technique, and the proposed scheme for OMSRMs can increase the current sensing resolution. Simulations are carried out to validate the two proposed schemes. The proposed (m + 1)/2-sensor-based scheme is further verified experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a predictive phase current control (PCC) scheme based on a local linear phase voltage model for a switched reluctance motor is proposed. The current is controlled by regulating the average voltage through PWM, ensuring a fixed switching frequency. A linear model is proposed to approximate the relationship between the voltage and the current slope in a short period. By using the voltage and current slope information in the previous control cycle, the intercept and slope of the model can be identified online. In the previous control cycle, the phase voltage changes from zero to positive or negative DC-link voltage, and then the identified model is used to predict the average voltage required in the next PWM cycle for the actual current so as to accurately track its reference. The effectiveness of the proposed PCC was verified experimentally. The results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can significantly reduce the current and torque ripples compared to hysteresis control with the same sampling rate. The proposed PCC is easy to implement, does not need to obtain the motor characteristics in advance and is not sensitive to the changes in characteristic parameters caused by motor aging, etc. It is relatively suitable for applications that need to accurately track the given current curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryogenic motors, as one of the key components of submerged liquefied natural gas (LNG) pumps, have gradually attracted the attention of researchers with the vigorous development of LNG industry. In this paper, the design, performance analysis, and experiment of a submerged cryogenic permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are investigated. Considering the effect of cryogenic temperature on material properties, the cryogenic temperature design method is proposed, and on this basis, an 18.5-kW cryogenic PMSM is designed. Then, the finite-element method is used to analyze the motor performance. The analysis is focused on the comparison of electromagnetic characteristics at two different cryogenic temperatures. A multiphysical field model coupling with electromagnetic, fluid, thermal, and stress is established and simulated, and the analysis results proved the rationality of the design. Finally, a prototype was fabricated and tested, providing measurement results that show a stable operation of the motor, which validated the theoretical design and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of cryogenic permanent magnet synchronous motor (C-PMSM) for submerged liquefied natural gas (LNG) pump. The motor is submerged in LNG with a cryogenic temperature (CT) of −161 °C, and its magnetic and electric characteristics differ greatly from that of the motor at room temperature (RT). So it is necessary to redesign according to the result of conventional design, considering the changes of materials under the cryogenic environment. The operating characteristics of the C-PMSM are investigated, and the redesign method is discussed. Finite-element method is used to analyze the motor performance. A prototype is fabricated and tested to verify the rationality of the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to resolve the starting problem for position sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous motor, an improved initial rotor position estimation method based on square-wave signal injection is presented in this paper. Instead of the conventional sinusoidal voltage injection, square-wave voltage signals are injected into stator windings to obtain magnet pole position. On the basis of saturation and saliency principle, the voltage pulse injection method was adopted to identify the magnet polarity. Detecting the magnet pole position by using the square-wave voltage injection, the error signal can be calculated without low-pass filters and time delays. The proposed method is verified via a 1.5 kW interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drive platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new modular multi-stage axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed for the traction motor applications, which has the features of slotted north–south-pole topology, segmented and yokeless stator, ellipsoidal similar Somaloy teeth, and flexible power circuits. To minimize the cogging torque, a cost-effective asymmetrical bidirectional magnet skewing (ABMS) technique is adopted in the motor. Various ABMS combinations are studied with different skew angles and cross positions. Both the theoretical analysis and finite-element method (FEM) illustrate that ABMS has both the skewing and phase shifting effects. Based on a 2 kW-1000 r/min, 10-pole 12-open-slot prototype, the experiments are developed. The results measured by experiments agree well with the ones predicated by 3-D FEM, which verifies the conclusions and design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The precise estimation of position is an essential concern for the control of a switched reluctance motor (SRM). Given the prominent role of position, the promising sensorless control approach for an SRM drive should be capable of providing accurate position. An inductance-based approach has been widely applied in the position estimation. However, the estimated accuracy suffers from the magnetic saturation effect, resulting in the poor performance of sensorless operation. This paper presents a reversible synchronization of commutation with the corresponding rotor position for SRM. With the consideration of magnetic saturation, the proposed approach is taken as a suitable candidate and plays an essential role in accommodating the requirement of optimal control. The relationship between a typical inductance position and magnetic circuit saturation is investigated. The instant of the intersections is sensed by comparing the instantaneous inductance of adjacent phases. Thus, the predicted position is obtained with the information of the special point and the calculated average speed. Compared with other existing methods, the proposed approach has the certain advantages, such as the ability to update the estimated speed and position six times per electrical period, which guarantees the estimated accuracy. The proposed approach is also valid even when the motor is operated at an acceleration state and heavy load operation. In addition, the requirement of the educated inductance structure is not unnecessary, less memory space is needed in the chip, and the accumulated error is eliminated. The simulation and experimental findings demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed position estimation approach with carrying out the inertial operation, load mutation, and high-speed test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high current ripple and torque ripple are the main drawbacks of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) since the nonlinearity and double saliency, which limits its applications. In order to eliminate the current variation and torque ripple, an optimized pulse width modulation (PWM) control is presented in this paper. The voltage ratio duty is able to be predicted precisely according to the information of the motor running parameter. Based on torque sharing functions (TSFs), the current profile is pre-computed and four regions are defined according to the reference current profiles. The three modes, excitation, demagnetization and freewheeling, are flexibly chosen according to the characteristic of the current profile. It is indicated that it is better than that of conventional PWM modulation in terms of current ripple and the current tracing performance is improved without increasing the switching frequency or changing the hysteresis band. The current ripple is defined as the peak-to-peak value dividing the average value and it is reduced by 40%. A comparison in terms of the torque ripple and copper loss is also carried out: the torque ripple is significantly reduced via the proposed scheme under both magnetic linear and saturation conditions. The torque ripple and copper loss are reduced by about 70% and 12%, respectively. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general method to suppress the axial force of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) direct-drive turbine is to increase the number of balance devices, such as balance disks and special bearings, to counteract its influence, but this also leads to complex system structure and higher mechanical losses. Aiming to solve the above issue, this paper presents a novel PMSM structure with a conical-rotor (CR). Due to its adaptive equilibrium of axial force and simple structure of rotor with turbine, the CR-PMSM can help improve the system efficiency. Both surface-type and interior-type motors are analyzed, and the axial magnetic force of CR-PMSM is studied in detail. The 3-D finite-element method (FEM) is used to model and simulate the machine, and the magnetic-field distribution, axial magnetic force and driving performance are obtained. Also, the control rule of d-axis current is analyzed to achieve the adaptive equilibrium of axial force. A 2.0 kW, 6000 r/min prototype motor is fabricated and tested to validate the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with skin and soft tissue defects are very common. Mild trauma often causes mild skin damage, while severe injuries are often accompanied by bone and tendon exposure, which brings great pain to patients. For the defect of skin and soft tissue, the traditional treatment methods are mostly medium or full-thickness skin or skin flap transplantation. These methods are effective in wound repair, but there are still many problems. In recent years, with the improvement of tissue engineering technology, the use of artificial skin to repair various skin wounds is gradually becoming clinical, and the key technology of skin tissue engineering lies in the development of dermal substitutes. The appearance of artificial dermis not only solves the shortage of autologous skin source but also makes the operation simple and easy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effect of artificial dermis combined with autologous skin grafts in repairing hand and foot skin and soft tissue defects with bone exposure. The results show that the use of artificial dermis combined with autogenous blade thick skin to treat patients with hand and foot soft tissue injury with bone exposure has a good clinical effect, and the skin is alive and has fewer complications, which is worthy of promotion., Competing Interests: All the authors declare no conflicts of Interest., (Copyright © 2021 Chengke Li et al.)