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Andreas Baranowski,1 Ludwig Schlemmer,1 Katharina Förster,1 Ekaterina Slotina,1 Tim Mickan,1 Sebastian Truffel,1 Anja Klein,1 Stefan G Mattyasovszky,1 Alexander Hofmann,1,2 Ulrike Ritz,1 Pol M Rommens11Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; 2Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics 1, Westpfalz-Medical Centre Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, GermanyBackground: After a trauma, exuberant tissue healing with fibrosis of the joint capsule can lead to posttraumatic joint stiffness (PTJS). Losartan and atorvastatin have both shown their antifibrotic effects in different organ systems.Objective: The purpose of this study was the evaluation of the influence of losartan and atorvastatin on the early development of joint contracture. In addition to joint angles, the change in myofibroblast numbers and the distribution of bone sialoprotein (BSP) were assessed.Study design and methods: In this randomized and blinded experimental study with 24 rats, losartan and atorvastatin were compared to a placebo. After an initial joint injury, rat knees were immobilized with a Kirschner wire. Rats received either losartan, atorvastatin or a placebo orally daily. After 14 days, joint angle measurements and histological assessments were performed.Results: Losartan increased the length of the inferior joint capsule. Joint angle and other capsule length measurements did not reveal significant differences between both drugs and the placebo. At cellular level both losartan and atorvastatin reduced the total number of myofibroblasts (losartan: 191±77, atorvastatin: 98±58, placebo: 319±113 per counting field, p

This article describes the extension of the spreadsheet-based point energy balance snow model ESCIMO.spread by (i) an advanced approach for precipitation phase detection, (ii) a concept for cold and liquid water storage consideration and (iii) a canopy sub-model that allows to quantify the effect of a forest canopy on the meteorological conditions inside the forest as well as the simulation of snow accumulation and ablation inside a forest stand. To provide the data for model application and evaluation, innovative low-cost Snow Monitoring Systems (SnoMoS) have been utilized that allow the collection of important meteorological and snow information in and outside the canopy. The model performance with respect to both, the modification of meteorological conditions as well as the subsequent calculation of the snow cover evolution are evaluated using in- and outside-canopy observations of meteorological variables and snow cover evolution as provided by a pair of SnoMoS for a site in the Black Forest mountain range (south-west Germany). The validation results indicate a good overall model performance in and outside the forest canopy. The newly developed version of the model refered to as ESCIMO.spread (v2) is provided free of charge together with one year of sample data including the meteorological data and snow observations used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed physically based snow models using energy balance approaches are spatially and temporally transferable and hence regarded as particularly suited for scenario applications including changing climate or land use. However, these snow models place high demands on meteorological input data at the model scale. Besides precipitation and temperature, time series of humidity, wind speed, and radiation have to be provided. In many catchments these time series are rarely available or provided by a few meteorological stations only. This study analyzes the effect of improved meteorological input on the results of four snow models with different complexity for the Sieber catchment (44.4 km²) in the Harz Mountains, Germany. The Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) is applied to derive spatial and temporal fields of meteorological surface variables at hourly temporal resolution for a regular grid of 1.1 km x 1.1 km. All snow models are evaluated at the point and the catchment scale. For catchment-scale simulations, all snow models were integrated into the hydrological modeling system PANTA RHEI. The model results achieved with a simple temperature-index model using observed precipitation and temperature time series as input are compared to those achieved with WRF input. Due to a mismatch between modeled and observed precipitation, the observed melt runoff as provided by a snow lysimeter and the observed streamflow are better reproduced by application of observed meteorological input data. In total, precipitation is simulated statistically reasonably at the seasonal scale but some single precipitation events are not captured by the WRF data set. Regarding the model efficiencies achieved for all simulations using WRF data, energy balance approaches generally perform similarly compared to the temperature-index approach and partially outperform the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the connection between rational generating matrix-valued functions and not necessarily nonnegative matrix-geometric invariant measures for M/G/1 and G/M/1 type Markov chains. It characterizes the situation of the existence, and shows that in the transient QBD case not every positive invariant measure is matrix-geometric. A method for the determination of all invariant measures in the QBD case is presented. The questions of summability and generalized notions of matrix-geometricity in the spirit of system theory are studied. Main conclusion: invariant measures are not always matrix-geometric, but are very often generalized matrix-geometric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gasdynamic state of a plug of gas which was exhausted through a valve opened for a short time interval is quite inhomogeneous. In this paper a computational method based upon a onedimensional model is revived, and the complicated structure of the plug demonstrated in a realistic example. Der gasdynamische Zustand eines durch ein kurzzeitig geöffnetes Ventil entwichenen Gaspfropfens ist ganz uneinheitlich. Die vorgelegte Arbeit berechnet diesen Zustand auf der Basis des bekannten eindimensionalen Modells und zeigt ein realistisches Beispiel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastic asphalt workers may be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in bitumen. We conducted a cross-shift study to determine genotoxic effects after exposure to bitumen. For this purpose, external and internal exposure of 202 mastic asphalt workers exposed to bitumen and 55 construction workers without exposure to bitumen was assessed. Exposure by inhalation to fumes of bitumen during the shift was measured by personal ambient monitoring. To assess overall exposure to bitumen (by inhalation and dermal absorption), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and the sum of 1-, 2 + 9-,3-,4-hydroxyphenanthrene (OHPhe) were determined in pre- and postshift urine. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) adducts, anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (anti-BPDE) DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, and micronucleus frequencies were determined as biomarkers of genotoxic effects in white blood cells (WBC). Concentrations of fumes of bitumen were correlated with a moderate association with 1-OHP and OHPhe after work shift (r(s) = 0.25, P < 0.001 and r(s) = 0.36, P < 0.001). Significantly increased 8-oxodGuo adduct levels were observed after shift in both exposure groups (P < 0.0001). Paradoxically, decreased DNA strand break frequencies were observed after shift in both groups (P < 0.05). Postshift values in DNA strand break frequency were associated with 1-OHP (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.19, P = 0.01). Significantly more 8-oxodGuo adducts and DNA strand breaks were found in workers exposed to bitumen before and after shift compared with the reference group. However, no dose-dependent association was observed between exposure and genotoxic effects. Nevertheless, the findings indicate that workers exposed to bitumen exerted a higher level of DNA damage (8-oxodGuo and DNA strand breaks) in WBC compared with reference subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate whether Neoptyphodium spp. endophytes, fungal symbionts of cool-season grasses, can be selected to improve plant growth and seed yield of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Endophyte-infected (EI) and endophyte-free (EF) clones of 13 L. perenne genotypes, collected from native habitats with stressful environmental conditions, were evaluated in a field experiment for symbiotic effects on plant growth (herbage yield, reproductive tiller number), seed production, and seed quality parameters [1000-seed weight (TSW), germination] over 3 yr in an area with low rainfall (Halle, Germany). The results revealed high variability in endophyte effects on the investigated parameters. In seven genotypes, endophyte presence improved plant growth and seed production during the first harvest year. However, in four of these genotypes, endophyte effects were reversed in the following harvests. In the remaining six genotypes, endophyte infection reduced plant performance. The impact of the fungus on TSW was inconsistent, while seed germination was either improved or not affected by the endophyte. A positive endophyte effect was detectable for genotypes with low performance of EF clones, whereas genotypes with high-yield EF clones were not, or negatively, affected by the endophyte. Genotypes originating from sites exposed to flooding and periodic drought showed consistent negative endophyte effects on herbage yield and seed production. Since reduced shoot growth is a drought avoidance mechanism, further studies are needed to determine whether endophytes in these genotypes improve adaptation to drought, or represent a "metabolic cost." Our results indicate that some Neotyphodium endophytes have the potential to improve plant performance of L. perenne, but the selection of strains with consistent beneficial effects on plant growth is difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is one of the basic facts of linear time-invariant systems theory that any two minimal (canonical) realizations are connected in the best possible way: by system similarity. We study five different types of possible connections between two arbitrary realizations of a transfer function, and are interested in questions of existence (sufficient and/or necessary conditions), uniqueness, and description of all (or of a possibly large class of) connecting operators or pairs of operators. In the case of the existence of nonnegative realizations we seek nonnegative connecting pairs or operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Lolium perenne L. genotypes collected from different natural habitats were tested for the effects of their fungal endophyte Neotyphodium spp. on plant growth and seed yield. Half the clones of the originally infected plants were subjected to fungicide treatment to eradicate the endophytes. In an experiment, the clones were planted separately into pots and were either watered adequately or subjected to drought stress. In the genotype collected from a dry site, the endophyte infection reduced plant growth at an adequate water supply, but increased regrowth under drought. In the genotype from a periodically either flooded or dry site, endophyte infection significantly promoted the development of reproductive tillers and seed production (effects which are associated with adaptation to drought). In contrast, the genotype that originated from a wet site showed higher sensitivity to drought stress when endophyte infection was present. The results suggest that environmental conditions in the original habitat of the plants may influence the symbiotic interaction between plant and fungus, probably through natural selection. However, endophyte-induced increases in root dry weight and root/shoot ratio were recorded for all three genotypes. These features could be beneficial for plant persistence, especially on sites where water is the growth-limiting factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An expansion graph of a directed weighted graph G0 is obtained by replacing certain edges of G0 by disjoint chains. The adjacency matrix of the expansion graph is a partial linearization of a monic matrix polynomial. We prove results on common properties of a monic operator polynomial and its partial linearization. The graph G0 is connected if and only if each expansion graph of G0 is connected; in this case we compute the index of imprimitivity of the adjacency matrix of some special expansion graphs of G0. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Carnot flow is defined as the quasi-steady, detached flow through a sudden area enlargement between two straight cylindrical pipes of different diameters. The general case — without any restriction of parameters — is analyzed, described, and depicted in some generally valid diagrams; there are two solutions: one of them retarding, one accelerating, and both are physically real under certain conditions. In the subsonic domain the influence of spatial effects upon the one-dimensional theory is discussed and approximated. An exact test problem where the flow is accelerated from rest by an unsteady shock comprises parts from all the different types of general Carnot flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is described to evaluate initial-energy distributions of fragments produced by proton-molecule collisions. The fragments are analysed by means of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and their initial energies are evaluated from their time-of-flight spectrum. These energies are presented for various fragments of H, N, O, CO, CHCl, CHBr, CHI, CH and CH produced with 65-keV protons. The results indicate the generation of several energetic fragments of the halomethanes, ethane and propane via dissociation of a doubly charged molecule followed by evaporation of one or more hydrogen atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]