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[ES] El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Máster (TFM) es analizar diferentes instalaciones reales en las que se ha implementado una rehabilitación mediante la integración de un sistema de climatización geotérmica con el objetivo de evaluar sus prestaciones en términos de eficiencia y viabilidad. Este estudio se enmarca en el proyecto europeo GEO4CIVHIC, perteneciente al programa Horizonte 2020, cuyo objetivo es acelerar el despliegue de sistemas geotérmicos someros para calefacción y refrigeración en la rehabilitación de edificios existentes e históricos. En primer lugar, se realiza una introducción sobre la energía geotérmica y su uso en el panorama europeo, seguido de una presentación más detallada sobre las soluciones innovadoras desarrolladas en el proyecto GEO4CIVHIC. A continuación, se presenta una visión general de los emplazamientos de demostración estudiados, con sus características estructurales y sus diseños de climatización antes y después de la rehabilitación. Para lograr la evaluación de la eficiencia y la viabilidad, se definen los Indicadores Clave de Rendimiento (KPI, de sus siglas en inglés), determinando diferentes capas jerárquicas, empezando por la de datos brutos, seguida de los datos de información intermedia y terminando con la capa de conocimiento. Esta última permite la comparación y análisis entre los resultados obtenidos y las características comunes sobre las aplicaciones geotérmicas. El núcleo de la tesis consiste en desarrollar un código mediante Matlab que descargue los datos brutos de los diferentes emplazamientos reales de demostración y, posteriormente, los trate y analice de acuerdo con los KPI definidos. Los resultados de eficiencia y viabilidad obtenidos a partir de estos cálculos se compararán con la hipótesis inicial para comprender mejor el resultado de las tecnologías implantadas y su evolución futura en el panorama europeo., [EN] The objective of this Master¿s thesis is to analyse different real demonstration sites in which is present an integration of geothermal installations and retrofitting solutions with the objective of evaluating their performances in terms of efficiency and viability. This study is involved in the GEO4CIVHIC project, part of the Horizon 2020 program, which aims to accelerate the deployment of shallow geothermal systems for heating and cooling in retrofitting existing and historic buildings. At the beginning is performed an introduction about geothermal energy and its use in the European scene, followed by a more detailed presentation about the innovative solutions exploited in the GEO4CIVHIC project. Then, an overview of the real demonstration sites studied is reported, containing their structural characteristics and plants installed before and after the retrofitting. To achieve efficiency and viability evaluation, the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are defined, determining different hierarchical layers, starting from the raw data one, passing through the intermediate information one, and ending up with the knowledge one. This latter permits the comparison between the results calculated and the common knowledge about geothermal applications. The core of the thesis is represented by the writing of a code using Matlab with the aim of downloading raw data from the different real demonstration sites and, subsequently, converting and analysing them according to the KPIs defined. The efficiency and viability results obtained from these calculations will be compared with the initial hypothesis to understand better the outcome of the technologies implemented and their future developments in the European scene.

We print a tunable photopolymer (photopolymer dispersed liquid crystal -PDLC), using the laser-induced direct transfer technique without absorber layer, which was a challenge for this technique given the low absorption and high viscosity of PDLC, and which had not been achieved so far to our knowledge. This makes the LIFT printing process faster and cleaner and achieves a high-quality printed droplet (aspheric profile and low roughness). A femtosecond laser was needed to reach sufficiently peak energies to induce nonlinear absorption and eject the polymer onto a substrate. Only a narrow energy window allows the material to be ejected without spattering. European Research Council (“FOCUSIS” grant agreement 844977); Universidad de Alicante (ACIE-20-10, UATALENTO18-10;); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-106601RB-I00, PID2021-123124OB-I00); Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana (BEST/2021/021, IDIFEDER/2021/014, PROMETEO/2021/006).

The technology we are developing consists of the use of coordination compounds with metals to carry out this detection of Acetic acid. This compound normally reacts with acetic acid changing its colour, making it a suitable compound for use as a detector. The proposed method allows detecting acetic acid in any medium, whether in solution, in the gas phase, in the solid phase, or in any combination of these. Upon contact with the acid, a colour change occurs that can be detected visually or through optical means. After its use, the active medium can be regenerated by a simple procedure and be available again for new use. This allows the creation of simple and intuitive detection devices, usable by non-experts and that can be regenerated and reused. The main advantage of this sensor is to allow the specific detection of acetic acid and quantification of its concentration, using coordination compounds with metals that are present in the yellow dye. This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) under project PID2019-106601RB I00,and Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) under projects IDIFEDER/2021/014 (cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme), PROMETEO2021/006.

[EN] Airflow resistivity is an essential parameter for characterizing air-saturated porous sound-absorbing materials theoretically and selecting sound-absorbing materials in practice. Although standardized methods can determine this non-acoustic parameter in the laboratory, many indirect alternative methods have been proposed to measure it. One of them is the technique presented in the 1980s by Ingard and Dear using a standing wave tube, a loudspeaker, and two microphones. This paper suggests an electroacoustic procedure based on a modification of the Ingard and Dear setup. Equations are derived through the transfer matrix method. After a simple calibration, the airflow resistivity of a material sample is indirectly estimated from the total electric impedance measured at the loudspeaker input connection terminals. Thus,implementing the proposed method is straightforward and inexpensive, since microphones and complex instrumentation are unnecessary. The method is tested by comparing measured values of the airflow resistivity of different material samples with those obtained through the Ingar and Dear approach and the ISO standardized method. Reasonably good agreement is observed, confirming the validity of the electroacoustic method., This work has been financially supported by the Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad - Generalitat Valen-ciana, through the ACIF-2020 program [Grant No. ACIF/2020/401] , and the European Social Fund.

[ES] El sistema VEMOTION, desarrollado por Reactive Robotics GmbH, consiste en un sistema robótico de rehabilitación de pacientes con problemas de movilidad. El objetivo principal de este estudio es capturar los datos de movimiento del humano para desarrollar un modelo cinemático basado únicamente en la información de los sensores del dispositivo robótico, utilizando un enfoque basado en redes neuronales convolucionales., [EN] The VEMOTION system, developed by Reactive Robotics GmbH, consists of a robotic system-based rehabilitation of patients with mobility impairments. The main objective of this study is to capture the motion data of the human to develop a kinematic model based only on the sensor information of the robotic device, using a CNN-based approach.

[ES] Los neutrinos que viajan por el Universo sin apenas alterar su trayectoria. Esto quiere decir que, de ser detectados recorriendo su camino, se puede saber de donde provienen. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser la partícula más abundante del espacio descubierta hasta ahora, al no poseer carga eléctrica, presenta una baja probabilidad de interacción, necesaria para evidenciar su presencia. Con todo lo anterior, dadas las posibilidades de evidenciar la presencia de un neutrino, se necesita tener enormes volúmenes controlados por sensores capaces de detectarlos. En el caso de que los neutrinos interactúen en un fluido como el agua o el hielo, se pueden proporcionar partículas cargadas como el muon, que viajan a mayor velocidad que la luz, produciendo una radiación llamada luz de Cherenkov. Es esta luz la que los detectores de neutrinos submarinos pretenden detectar, por ello se instalan sensores ópticos en forma de matriz tridimensional. KM3NeT es un detector de neutrinos perteneciente a la nueva generación de este tipo de telescopios submarinos y diseñado para albergar un kilómetro cúbico. Actualmente, se encuentra en fase de construcción en las profundidades del Mar Mediterráneo. Se compone de dos nodos detectores: ARCA que se sitúa a 100 km de la costa de Portopalo di Capo Passero a 3400 m de profundidad, y ORCA a 40 km de la costa de Toulon sumergido a 2400 m. Las Unidades de Detección (DU) usadas se componen de una base que las ancla al lecho marino, 18 Módulos Ópticos Digitales (DOM) sujetos a lo largo de un par de cables que unen la base con una boya. Así, se tiene una DU fija en el fondo del mar, erguida en posición vertical (dada la flotabilidad de sus elementos), pero susceptible a las corrientes marinas. Así que, para ser capaces de reconstruir la trayectoria de un muon detectado, es necesario tener clara la posición y orientación de cada DOM. Por ello, KM3NeT cuenta con un Sistema de Posicionamiento Acústico (APS) y un Sistema de Referencia de Actitud y Rumbo (AHRS). Por un lado, el APS tiene receptores acústicos instalados en cada DOM (sensores piezoeléctricos) y en la base de cada DU (hidrófonos). Además, instala Balizas Acústicas (AB) en posiciones conocidas que emiten señales particulares, que se usan para que el Filtro de Datos Acústico registre su detección en cada receptor. Con el registro de tres o más emisiones pertenecientes a diferentes AB, se puede estimar la posición de cada sensor piezoeléctrico. Por otro lado, el AHRS indica el valor de la guiñada, cabeceo y balanceo, facilitando la orientación del DOM. Con una combinación de APS y AHRS (o de forma independiente), y haciendo uso de un Modelo Mecánico se puede reconstruir la forma de la DU. Así, se conoce la situación de cada DOM con una mayor exactitud. Los AB se caracterizan en laboratorio gracias a un proceso que se ha estandarizado, tanto en realización de medidas como en su posterior análisis. Además, se presenta una posible ubicación para instalarlos, asegurando una buena recepción en todos los DOM. Por último, se pretende aprovechar los receptores del APS en KM3NeT para la posible detección acústica de neutrinos. Existen teorías de que al producirse la interacción de un neutrino ultra-energético se propaga una peculiar señal termo-acústica en forma de Pulso Bipolar (BP), de directividad estrecha para las frecuencias que abarca. Es por esto que se ha diseñado una calibración completa del detector capaz de determinar si el APS está preparado para la posible captura de este tipo de señales. Por ello, se diseña, desarrolla y prueba un algoritmo capaz de seleccionar posibles candidatos de BP. Este algoritmo usa la técnica del espectrograma para analizar la energía, la frecuencia y la duración de cada pulso. Por ahora se han analizado 2.9 días de datos usando tres hidrófonos en ORCA y se han obtenido resultados prometedores para seguir esta línea de investigación, proponiéndose un sistema de alerta para registrar estos eventos de interés., [CA] Els neutrins són unes partícules subatòmiques que viatgen per l'Univers sense alterar la seva trajectòria. Això significa que, de ser detectats recorrent el seu camí, es pot estudiar la posició del seu origen. Malgrat ser la partícula més abundant de l'espai fins ara descoberta, com no posseeix càrrega elèctrica i sols interacciona dèbilment, presenta molt baixa probabilitat d'interacció, necessària per a evidenciar la seva presència. Llavors, per evidenciar la presència d'un neutrí, es necessita tenir enormes volums controlats per sensors capaços de detectar-los. En el cas d'interactuar en un fluid com l'aigua o el gel, es pot proporcionar un muó (o altres partícules carregades) que viatja a major velocitat que la llum, produint una radiació anomenada llum de Cherenkov. És aquesta llum la que els detectors de neutrins submarins pretenen detectar, per això instal·len sensors òptics en forma de matriu tridimensional. KM3NeT és un detector de neutrins que pertany a la nova generació d'aquest tipus de telescopis submarins i que està dissenyat per a albergar un quilòmetre cúbic. Actualment, es troba en fase de construcció, en les profunditats de la Mar Mediterrània. Es compon de dos nodes detectors: ARCA que es situa a 100 km de la costa de Portopalo di Capo Passero a 3400 m de profunditat, i ORCA a 40 km de la costa de Toulon submergit a 2400 m. Les Unitats de Detecció (DU) utilitzades es componen d'una base que les ancora al fons marí, 18 Mòduls Òptics Digitals (DOM) subjectes al llarg d'un parell de cables que uneixen la base amb una boia. Així, es té una DU fixa en el fons de la mar, alçada en posició vertical (donada la flotabilitat dels seus elements), però susceptible als corrents marins. Així que, per a ser capaços de reconstruir la trajectòria d'un muó detectat, és necessari tenir clara la posició i orientació de cada DOM. Per això, KM3NeT compta amb un Sistema de Posicionament Acústic (APS) i un Sistema de Referència d'Actitud i Rumb (AHRS). D'una banda, l'APS té receptors acústics instal·lats en cada DOM (sensors piezoelèctrics) i en la base de cada DU (hidròfons). A part, instal·la Balises Acústiques (AB) en posicions conegudes que emeten senyals particulars, que s'utilitzen perquè el Filtre de Dades Acústic registra la seva detecció en cada receptor. Amb el registre de tres o més emissions pertanyents a diferents AB, es pot estimar la posició de cada sensor piezoelèctric. D'altra banda, el AHRS indica el valor de l'ullet, cabotejo i balanceig, facilitant l'orientació del DOM. Amb una combinació de APS i AHRS (o de manera independent), i fent ús d'un Model Mecànic es pot reconstruir la forma de la DU. Així es coneix la situació de cada DOM amb una major exactitud. Pel que fa als ABs, cadascun es caracteritza en el laboratori gràcies a un procés que s'ha estandarditzat, tant en realització de mesures com en la seva posterior anàlisi. A més, es presenta una possible ubicació per a instal·lar-los, assegurant una bona recepció en tots els DOM. Finalment, es pretén aprofitar els receptors del APS en KM3NeT per a la possible detecció acústica de neutrins. Existeixen teories que expliquen que en la interacció d'un neutrí ultraenergètic es propaga un peculiar senyal termo-acústica en forma de Pols Bipolar (BP), de directivitat estreta per a les freqüències que té. Així que s'ha dissenyat un calibratge complet del detector capaç de determinar si el APS està preparat per a la possible captura d'aquesta mena de senyals. Per això, es dissenya, desenvolupa i prova un algoritme capaç de seleccionar possibles candidats de BP. Aquest algoritme usa la tècnica de l'espectrograma per analitzar l'energia, la freqüència i la durada de cada pols. Ara com ara s'han analitzat 2.9 dies de dades usant tres hidròfons en ORCA i s'han obtingut resultats prometedors per a seguir aquesta línia de recerca, proposant un sistema d'alerta per a registrar events d'interès., [EN] Neutrinos are subatomic particles that travel through the Universe with tiny or no change in their trajectory. This means that, if they are detected traveling along their way, the position of their origin can be studied. Despite being the most abundant particle in space so far discovered, as it has no electrical charge and it only interacts, it has a very low probability of interaction, which is necessary to prove its presence. Given the possibilities of evidencing the presence of a neutrino, it is necessary to have huge volumes controlled by sensors capable of detecting them. In the case of interaction in a fluid such as water or ice with sufficient energy, a muon (or other charged particles), which travels faster than the speed of light, may be generated producing radiation called Cherenkov light. This is the light that underwater neutrino telescopes aim to detect, so they have installed optical sensors in the form of a three-dimensional array. KM3NeT is a neutrino detector belonging to the new generation of underwater telescopes designed to hold one cubic kilometer. It is currently under construction in the depths of the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two detector nodes: ARCA, which is located 100 km off the coast of Portopalo di Capo Passero at a depth of 3400 m, and ORCA, 40 km off the coast of Toulon, submerged at a depth of 2400 m. The Detection Units (DUs) used are composed of a base that anchors them to the sea floor, 18 Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) attached along a pair of cables linking the base to a top buoy. Thus, it has a fixed DU on the seabed, standing in a vertical position (given the buoyancy of its elements), but susceptible to the sea currents. In order to be able to reconstruct the trajectory of a detected muon, it is necessary to know the position and orientation of each DOM. Therefore, KM3NeT has an Acoustic Positioning System (APS) and an Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS). On the one hand, the APS has acoustic receivers installed in each DOM (piezoceramic sensors) and at the base of each DU (hydrophones). On the other hand, there are Acoustic Beacons (ABs) at known positions that emit specific signals, which are used for the Acoustic Data Filter to register their detection at each receiver. By recording three or more emissions belonging to different ABs, the position of each piezoceramic sensor can be estimated. On the other hand, the AHRS indicates the value of yaw, pitch, and roll, suggesting the orientation of the DOM. With a combination of APS and AHRS (or independently), and making use of a Mechanical Model, the shape of the DU can be reconstructed. In this way, the situation of each DOM is known with higher accuracy. As far as the ABs are concerned, each one has been characterized in the laboratory thanks to a process that has been standardized, both in terms of measurements and subsequent analysis. In addition, a possible location for the installation of ABs is presented, ensuring good reception in all DOMs. Finally, it is intended to use the APS receivers in KM3NeT for the possible acoustic detection of neutrinos. There are theories that explain that when the interaction of an Ultra-High-Energy neutrino is produced, a peculiar thermoacoustic signal as a Bipolar Pulse (BP), with a narrow angle directivity is propagated. Thus, a complete calibration of the detector has been designed to determine whether the APS is ready for the possible capture of this type of signal. Moreover, an algorithm capable of selecting possible BP candidates is designed, developed, and tested. So far, 2.9 days of data have been analyzed using three hydrophones in ORCA and promising results have been obtained to pursue this line of research, proposing an alert system (trigger) to register the candidate events

[ES] El alcohol polivinílico (PVA) es un polímero sintético biodegradable y biocompatible que se ha utilizado en diversas aplicaciones médicas, entre ellas su uso como vehículo para la administración controlada de fármacos. En estos sistemas de administración de fármacos se busca una liberación continua del fármaco para mantener una dosis terapéutica en el organismo durante el transcurso del tratamiento, evitando así los picos y valles de concentración del fármaco característicos de los sistemas de administración tradicionales. Además, estos sistemas pueden colocarse en determinados puntos de interés del organismo para conseguir una liberación localizada en la zona a tratar, como, por ejemplo, en el saco conjuntival del ojo en forma de inserto ocular, para el tratamiento de enfermedades oculares, o directamente en la piel en forma de apósito, para el tratamiento de afecciones cutáneas. En este trabajo pretendemos diseñar membranas electrohiladas a base de PVA para la liberación controlada de fármacos. Estas membranas se fabricarán mediante la técnica tradicional de electrohilado, en la que se fabricarán membranas fibrosas de PVA, y mediante la técnica de electrohilado coaxial, en la que se recubrirán las fibras de PVA con otros polímeros sintéticos y naturales. La presencia o no de este recubrimiento y las características de este revestimiento determinarán el perfil de liberación del fármaco, lo que permitirá diseñar sistemas con diferentes tiempos de liberación (desde unos días hasta unas semanas), con el fin de conseguir una liberación adecuada a las necesidades de la farmacoterapia. La albúmina de suero bovino (BSA), una proteína extraída del suero bovino y ampliamente utilizada como proteína modelo en los estudios de liberación de fármacos, se utilizará como modelo para validar los sistemas desarrollados., [CAT] L'alcohol polivinílic (PVA) és un polímer sintètic biodegradable i biocompatible que s'ha utilitzat en diverses aplicacions mèdiques, entre elles el seu ús com a vehicle per a l'administració controlada de fàrmacs. En aquests sistemes d'administració de fàrmacs es busca un alliberament continu del fàrmac per a mantindre una dosi terapèutica en l'organisme durant el curs del tractament, evitant així els pics i valls de concentració del fàrmac característics dels sistemes d'administració tradicionals. A més, aquests sistemes poden col·locar-se en determinats punts d'interés de l'organisme per a aconseguir un alliberament localitzat en la zona a tractar, com, per exemple, en el sac conjuntival de l'ull en forma d'insert ocular, per al tractament de malalties oculars, o directament en la pell en forma d'apòsit, per al tractament d'afeccions cutànies. En aquest treball pretenem dissenyar membranes d’electrofilat a base de PVA per a l'alliberament controlat de fàrmacs. Aquestes membranes es fabricaran mitjançant la tècnica tradicional d’electrofilat, en la qual es fabricaran membranes fibroses de PVA, i mitjançant la tècnica d’electrofilat coaxial, en la qual es recobriran les fibres de PVA amb altres polímers sintètics i naturals. La presència o no d'aquest recobriment i les característiques d'aquest revestiment determinaran el perfil d'alliberament del fàrmac, la qual cosa permetrà dissenyar sistemes amb diferents temps d'alliberament (des d'uns dies fins a unes setmanes), amb la finalitat d'aconseguir un alliberament adequat a les necessitats de la farmacoteràpia. L'albúmina de sèrum boví (BSA), una proteïna extreta del sèrum boví i àmpliament utilitzada com a proteïna model en els estudis d'alliberament de fàrmacs, s'utilitzarà com a model per a validar els sistemes desenvolupats., [EN] Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymer that has been used in various medical applications, including its use as a vehicle for controlled drug delivery. In these drug delivery systems, a continuous release of the drug is sought in order to maintain a therapeutic dose in the organism during the course of treatment, thus avoiding the peaks and troughs in drug concentration characteristic of traditional delivery systems. In addition, these systems can be placed in certain points of interest in the body to achieve a localized release in the area to be treated, such as, for instance, in the conjunctival sac of the eye in the form of an ocular insert, for the treatment of eye diseases, or directly on the skin in the form of a dressing, for the treatment of skin conditions. In this work, we intend to design PVA-based electrospinning membranes for the controlled release of drugs. These membranes will be manufactured using the traditional electrospinning technique, where fibrous PVA membranes will be manufactured, and using the coaxial electrospinning technique, where the PVA fibres will be coated with other synthetic and natural polymers. The presence or not of this coating and the characteristics of this covering will determine the drug release profile, which will allow the design of systems with different release times (from a few days to a few weeks), for the purpose of achieving a release adequate to the needs of the pharmacotherapy. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), a protein extracted from bovine serum and widely used as a model protein in drug release studies, will be used as a model to validate the systems developed.

The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. A relative time synchronisation between photomultipliers of the nanosecond order needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterisation of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices is critical for the time calibration. The optical pulse rise time has been quantified as less than 3 ns, while the Full Width Half Maximum is less than 6 ns. The wavelength drift, due to a variation of the supply voltage, has also been qualified as lower than 10 nm for the full range of the Nanobeacon. In this paper, more details about the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described., French National Research Agency (ANR), European Commission ANR-15-CE31-0020, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program) Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) LabEx UnivEarthS, Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001, Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268, German Research Foundation (DFG), Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S, Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government, National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758, National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion.. Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44, Center for Forestry Research & Experimentation (CIEF) PROMETEO/2020/019, Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program GRISOLIA/2018/119 Generalitat Valenciana: GenT program CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 CIDEGENT/2020/049, Junta de Andalucia A-FQM-053-UGR18, La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019, EU: MSC program, Spain 101025085

[EN] Most studies on wind variability have deepened into the stilling vs. reversal phenomena at global to regional scales, while the long-term changes in local-scale winds such as sea-breezes (SB) represent a gap of knowledge in climate research. The state-of-the-art of the wind variability studies suggests a hypothetical reinforcement of SB at coastal stations. We frst developed a robust automated method for the identifcation of SB days. Then, by using homogenized wind observations from 16 stations across Eastern Spain, we identifed 9,349 episodes for analyzing the multidecadal variability and trends in SB speeds, gusts and occurrence for 1961¿2019. The major fnding is the opposite trends and decoupled variability of SB speeds and gusts: the SB speeds declined signifcantly in all seasons (except for winter), and the SB gusts strengthened at the annual scale and in autumn¿winter, being most signifcant in autumn. Our results also show that the SB occurrence has increased across most of Eastern Spain, although presenting contrasting seasonal trends: positive in winter and negative in summer. We found that more frequent anticyclonic conditions, NAOI+and MOI+are positively linked to the increased winter occurrence; however, the causes behind the opposite trends in SB speeds and gusts remain unclear. The SB changes are complex to explain, involving both large-scale circulation and physical-local factors that challenge the understanding of the opposite trends. Further investigation is needed to assess whether these trends are a widespread phenomenon, while climate models could simulate the drivers behind these decoupled SB changes in a warmer climate., We thank AEMET for the observed wind speed data. This research was funded by the following projects: IBER-STILLING (RTI2018-095749-A-I00, MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE); VENTS (GVA-AICO/2021/023) and the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Clima (PTI-CLIMA). C.A.M was granted by Ramon y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2017-22830), and supported by a 2021 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation. This study is also supported by Unidad Asociada CSIC-Universidad de Vigo: Grupo de Fisica de la Atmosfera y del Océano. The authors wish to acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their detailed and helpful comments to the original manuscript.

To study the first impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the results obtained by students belonging to the School of Agricultural Engineering and Environment at the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), the average of the marks corresponding to three academic years (2016–2019) was compared to those obtained in 2019–2020 for a total of four bachelor’s degrees and two semesters. Our results suggest a positive effect on the marks obtained during the activation of emergency remote teaching during the spring semester of 2019–2020 in three out of the four degrees, with these differences being significant for the whole study. Moreover, just at the end of that period, instructors and students were surveyed regarding teaching methodologies, evaluation modalities, and difficulties found throughout the process of adapting to distance teaching. Our results allow us to sensibly think about that exceptional situation in order to propose a set of counterweighting measures which could improve the implementation of distance learning in engineering colleges.

[EN] Nanotopography presents an effective physical approach for biomaterial cell manipulation mediated through material-extracellular matrix interactions. The extracellular matrix that exists in the cellular microenvironment is crucial for guiding cell behaviours, such as determination of integrin ligation and interaction with growth factors. These interactions with the extracellular matrix regulate downstream mechanotransductive pathways, such as rearrangements in the cytoskeleton and activation of signal cascades. Protein adsorption onto nanotopography strongly influences the conformation and distribution density of extracellular matrix and, therefore, subsequent cell responses. In this review, we first discuss the interactive mechanisms of protein physical adsorption on nanotopography. Secondly, we summarise advances in creating nanotopographical features to instruct desired cell behaviours. Lastly, we focus on the cellular mechanotransductive pathways initiated by nanotopography. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art designs of nanotopography aiming to provide better biomedical materials for the future., We acknowledge support from the Leverhulme Trust through gran t RPG-2019-252 and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant EP/P001114/1.

In this letter we employ recent results on gravitationally induced parity violation with a rotating torsion pendulum whose test bodies are quartz enantiomers (Zhu et al. in Phys Rev Lett 121:261101, 2018) in order to estimate, using a simple model, Hari Dass’s $$\alpha _{2}$$ α 2 constant which parametrizes the strength of parity violation in the gravitational interaction. The result here obtained, $$\alpha _{2}\sim 10^{17}$$ α 2 ∼ 10 17 , is in agreement with estimations based on high resolution experiments performed using chiral molecules, showing that the Hari-Dass’s framework for spin-dependent gravity, together with our simple model, are versatile enough in order to be applied to the analysis of other experimental results involving spin-dependent gravitational effects. Interestingly, it can also be used to constrain indirectly parity-violating effects in macroscopic samples of quartz crystals due to electron–nucleon interactions.

[EN] We show that Shannon's information entropy provides a correct physical insight of localization effects taking place in structured fields fashioned by eigenmodes upon substrate. In particular, we find that the localization exchange among levels when an avoided crossing occurs is explainable in terms of an informational trade among those levels. We use it to characterize the resonant Zener-like effect in two types of ultrasonic superlattices, one made of metamaterial slabs and the other made of Plexiglas and water cavities. When the gradient of the layer cavities is varied along the narrow region where the avoided crossing appears, it is found that Shannon's entropy of both levels maximizes at the critical gradient showing the levels' anti-crossing., JRA-G acknowledges the financial support by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación through the grant with Ref. PID2019-107391RB-I00. The work of JS-D is part of the RDI grant PID2020-112759GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033

Unslanted reflection gratings has been stored in an acrylate-poly(vinyl alcohol) based photopolymer. The diffraction efficiency has been increased doping the photopolymer with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain, under project PID2019-106601RB-I00; Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, under projects CDEI-GENT/2018/024, PROMETEO/2021/006, and IDIFEDER/2021/014 (co-funded by European Union through the FEDER Programme); Universidad de Alicante, Spain. Predoctoral Fellowship UAFPU20-23.

The technology we are developing consists of the use of coordination compounds with metals to carry out the detection of acetic acid, which is a harmful substance for human health and some art works. This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) under project PID2019-106601RB-I00, and Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) under projects IDIFEDER/2021/014 (cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme), PROMETEO 2021/006.

A model describing the parameter and wavelength dependencies not only of retardance, but also its flicker in liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulators (LCoS SLMs), is presented. We provide results for different digital addressing sequences producing different levels of flicker. Work funded by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) (PROMETEO/2021/006, IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme GV/2019/021); and Universidad de Alicante (Spain), projects GRE17-06 and UATALENTO 18-10.

We have developed a coupled waveguide system based on slanted transmission gratings recorded in photopolymers. In this work we compare the behavior of four different photopolymers for this high demanded application. This work was supported by the “Generalitat Valenciana” of Spain (projects PROMETEO/2021/006 and IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme) and by the Universidad de Alicante, Spain (UATALENTO18-10; ACIE-20-10).

In this paper, we have evaluated the quality of holographic lenses stored in an environmentally friendly photopolymer. Optical quality metrics has been used to test the holographic lenses. The metrics values obtained shows that the negative asymmetrical holographic lenses have the best optical quality. Work funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain, under project PID2019-106601RB-I00; Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, under projects CDEI-GENT/2018/024, PROMETEO/2021/006, and IDIFEDER/2021/014 (co-funded by European Union through the FEDER Programme); Universidad de Alicante, Spain: Predoctoral Fellowship FPU-UA to Tomás Lloret.

The optical module of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is an innovative multi-faceted large area photodetection module. It contains 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes in a single 0.44m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module is a sensory device also comprising calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. It is capped with a breakout-box with electronics for connection to an electro-optical cable for power and long-distance communication to the onshore control station. The design of the module was qualified for the first time in the deep sea in 2013. Since then, the technology has been further improved to meet requirements of scalability, cost-effectiveness and high reliability. The module features a sub-nanosecond timing accuracy and a dynamic range allowing the measurement of a single photon up to a cascade of thousands of photons, suited for the measurement of the Cherenkov radiation induced in water by secondary particles from interactions of neutrinos with energies in the range of GeV to PeV. A distributed production model has been implemented for the delivery of more than 6000 modules in the coming few years with an average production rate of more than 100 modules per month. In this paper a review is presented of the design of the multi-PMT KM3NeT optical module with a proven effective background suppression and signal recognition and sensitivity to the incoming direction of photons., French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001, Paris Ile-de-France Region, France, Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268, German Research Foundation (DFG), Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation, Morocco, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands, National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758, National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44, Center for Forestry Research & Experimentation (CIEF) PROMETEO/2020/019, Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program GRISOLIA/2018/119 GRISOLIA/2021/192 Generalitat Valenciana: GenT program CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 CIDEGENT/2020/049 CIDEGENT/2021/023, Junta de Andalucia AFQM-053-UGR18, La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019, EU: MSC program, Spain 101025085

[EN] The deployment of sensors is the first issue encountered when microclimate monitoring is planned in spaces devoted to the conservation of artworks. Sometimes, the first decision regarding the position of sensors may not be suitable for characterising the microclimate close to climate sensitive artworks or should be revised in light of new circumstances. This paper fits into this context by proposing a rational approach for a posteriori deployment of microclimate sensors in museums where long-term temperature and relative humidity observations were available (here, the Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen, Denmark). Different statistical tools such as box-and-whisker plots, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify microclimate patterns, i.e., similarities of indoor air conditions among rooms. Box-and-whisker plots allowed us to clearly identify one microclimate pattern in two adjoining rooms located in the basement. Multivariate methods (PCA and CA) enabled us to identify further microclimate patterns by grouping not only adjoining rooms but also rooms located on different floors. Based on these outcomes, new configurations about the deployment of sensors were proposed aimed at avoiding redundant sensors and collecting microclimate observations in other sensitive locations of this museum., This research was funded by the CollectionCare project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 814624 (https://www.collectioncare.eu/(accessed on 1 April 2022)). No other external funding was received for this study.

We study photon orbits within (1+2)-dimensional Einstein-power-Maxwell non-linear electrodynamics assuming a static and circularly symmetric background. An exact analytical solution to the null geodesic equations for light rays is obtained in terms of the Weierstra{\ss} function. We investigate in detail the impact of the photon energy, the electric charge of the black hole, and the integration constant (initial condition) on the shape of the orbits., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Annals of Physics. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2104.13611

[EN] In this study, we report the characteristics of acoustic jets obtained through a mesoscale (radius less than 5 wavelengths) ABS cylinder made with a 3D printer. We have analyzed the influence of cylinder size on the characteristic parameters of an acoustic jet, such as maximum acoustic intensity at focus, Full Width at Half Maximum and length of Acoustic Jet. FWHM below 0.5 wavelength in AJ was experimentally obtained. It has been observed that there are two operating regimes depending on the cylinder radius: the resonant and the non-resonant. In the resonant regime, the excitation of Whispering Gallery Modes results in optimal parameter values of the acoustic jet. However, as it is a resonant regime, any minimal variation in cylinder size, working frequency or refractive index would make resonance disappear. In non-resonant mode, a phononic crystal has been embedded inside the cylinder and the characteristic parameters of the acoustic jet have been studied. These have been observed to improve. Finally, we have shown that curved acoustic jets can be obtained with the ABS cylinder with a phononic crystal embedded inside., This work has been supported by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Grant No. RTI2018100792-B-I00). The research was partially supported by Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program. D. T.-S. acknowledges financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades de Espana through Grant BES-2016-077133.

Nowadays, the study and optimization of volume holography reflection gratings stored in environmentally compatible photopolymers has a great interest since they can be used as holographic optical elements. One of the main advantages of reflection holograms is that they can be reconstructed using white light. This allows to develop holographic sensors. Unslanted reflection holograms have been stored in an acrylate-poly(vinyl alcohol) based photopolymer development in our research group. With the main objective of increasing the diffraction effciency of reflection holograms, a series of chemical modifcations have been introduced in the same acrylated-based photopolymer. Specifcally, this material has been doped with Platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NP), increasing the refractive index modulation in the recorded diffraction gratings. This research was funded by Universidad de Alicante (UAFPU20-23); Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEXG/2022/60, CDEIGENT/2018/024, IDIFEDER/2021/014, PROMETEO/2021/006); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-106601RB-I00).

The Precise-Integration Time-Domain (PITD) formulation permits to break through the Courant- Friedrich-Levy (CFL) condition, which limits the accuracy, stability, and indirectly the applicability of the traditional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. This characteristic permits considering larger time steps than the largest one fixed by the CFL condition. As the conventional FDTD scheme, PI also takes the spatial derivatives through the central finite-difference scheme. This step sets up a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that are solved using the PI Technique. Here, the technique is applied to different periodic and anisotropic optical media. More precisely, to anisotropic polarization gratings (PG). PG is based on a periodically patterned, uniaxial birefringence in the grating plane that modulates the polarization of light instead of its amplitude. The work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana (projects PROMETEO/2021/006; IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER programme).

The generation of amino acid homochirality under prebiotic atmosphere conditions is a relevant issue in the study of the origin of life. This research is based on the production of amino acids via Strecker synthesis and how it is adjusted to the Kondepudi–Nelson autocatalytic model. The spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB) of the new Kondepudi–Nelson–Strecker model, subject to two modifications (with Limited Enantioselective and Cross Inhibition), and also their combination were studied using the stoichiometric network analysis (SNA). In the calculations, the values obtained from the literature for alanine were considered. A total production of alanine of 7.56 × 109 mol year−1 was determined under prebiotic atmosphere conditions and starting from that value, the reaction rates for the models studied were estimated. Only the model with cross inhibition or achiral dimer formation is driven by stochastic fluctuations during SMSB. The stochastic fluctuation was estimated for a value of 2.619 × 10−15 mol L−1. This perturbation was sufficient to trigger SMSB. Finally, the results of SMSB were used to calculate the entropy production for the cross inhibition model., R. B. acknowledges Minciencias– Universidad Nacional de Colombia for financial support through the 617 fellowship: Formacion de alto nivel para la Ciencia, la Tecnologia y a Innovacion– Doctorados Nacionales (Colombia). P. B. is funded by the Beatriz Galindo contract BEAGAL 18/00207 (Spain). J. A. thanks the financial support provided by Minciencias under the project 110171250639, contract 463– 2016, and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia HERMES 35497. D. H. and J. M. R. acknowledge the coordinated research grants CTQ2017-87864-C2-1(2)-P and PID2020-116846GB-C21/C22 (MINECO), Spain.

This article proposes a protocol for the simultaneous determination of the position, release time and mass release rate of an unknown gas emission source from experimental data in the form of an inverse problem, since these are the main variables in the short duration release of pollutants. Records of pollutant concentration and of measurement time (with their inherent errors) carried out at two measuring stations are the input data for the inverse problem. The actions of the protocol are divided into two well-differentiated stages. In the first, the simulations are started for each iteration, the functionals are calculated to program the next iteration, setting the new values of measurement time and the distance of the emission source in downwind direction with respect to the measuring stations by comparing the simulated and experimental values, and so on until reaching the final solution. In the second, an analogous procedure is followed until the mass rate and the emission source position is obtained. In addition, it has been necessary to define a new coefficient that relates the effect of dispersion in the measurement time, the distance in the downwind direction and the atmospheric stability categories. The reliability of the proposed protocol is checked by means of a problem whose parameters are known a priori. First, the direct problem is solved to obtain the values of contaminant concentration and the measurement time of the stations. These variables are then affected by random errors of up to 2% to provide the input data for the inverse problem. In all the examples shown in this work, solutions have been obtained that can be considered very successful in this field of engineering. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

The new technological developments and their impact on both the increase of the resolution and the reduction of the pixel sizes on parallel-aligned liquid crystal on silicon (PA-LCoS) microdisplays have made PA-LCoS a promising candidate for phase-only modulation and spatial light modulators (SLMs) applications. The pixel grid pattern on PA-LCoS induces several phenomena, i.e. the electriceld crosstalk in the interpixel region, also known as fringing fields, out-of-plane reorientation of the liquid crystal director, and diffraction effects due to interpixel region. Here, a rigorous numerical methodology has been applied to avoid simplified models that neglect these kinds of phenomena. This work has been supported by Generalitat Valenciana (projects PROMETEO/2021/006; IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER programme). The corresponding author is grateful to the Generalitat Valenciana for the grant (GRISOLIAP/2021/106).

[EN] The storage of time-stable holographic gratings in hydrogel matrices when the material is immersed in aqueous media is a real challenge at present. The optimization of the storage stages of the holograms must be properly investigated to identify the most suitable development processes. For this reason, this work is focused on the study of the optimization of the washing stages of the hydrogels based on acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) once unslanted transmission holograms have been stored. High-performance liquid chromatography and UV-visible measurements have been employed in our system to analyze the composition of the washing solutions. PBST and DMSO:H2O are used as solvents in the washing stages. The diffraction efficiencies are measured during the washing stages and after the storing of the holograms during several days in PBST. Maximum diffraction efficiencies of 38 and 27.6% are reached when PBST and DMSO:H2O are employed, respectively, for the washing process. Holograms show temporal stability after being stored immersed in PBST at 4 degrees C for 4 days., This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Spain, under project PID2019-106601RB-I00 and AdBiHol-PID2019-110713RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe"; Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, under projects CDEIGENT/2018/024, GRISOLIAP/2019/143, PROMETEO/2021/006, PROMETEO/2020/094 and IDIFEDER/2021/014 (co-funded by European Union through the FEDER Program). M. I. Lucio acknowledges her Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion grant (IJC 2018-035355-I) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M. I. Lucio and A. Belendez acknowledge the Programa Propio para el fomento de la I + D + I del Vicerrectorado de Investigacion y Transferencia de Conocimiento of the Universidad de Alicante for the grant "Ayudas para estancias de personal investigador invitado" (INVA20-02). K. Berramdane thanks to the government of Algeria for her scholarship offered to develop her thesis in the Holography and Optical Processing Group at the University of Alicante (Spain).

In this work we present an application of volume transmission gratings for the coupling of light inside and outside a holographic waveguide. The volume gratings were recorded on photopolymer, since they have demonstrated great advantages over other materials. The gratings were fabricated with a spatial frequency of 1700 lines/mm so as to couple light inside the glass substrate under total reflection condition. The results demonstrate the efficiency of this device to be used in augmented reality applications, for example as see-through glasses. This work was supported by the by "Generalitat Valenciana" of Spain (projects PROMETEO/2021/006, IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme, and CDEIGENT/2018/024), by the the "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación" of Spain (project PID2019-106601RB-I00), and by the University of Alicante (project UATALENTO18-10).

[ES] El embrague es un elemento utilizado en muchos vehículos de motor. Es el dispositivo mecánico más utilizado en la actualidad para variar la velocidad y el par durante el funcionamiento del vehículo. Debido a estas características, los embragues nos proporcionan una gran utilidad permitiéndonos arrancar el coche o cambiar la velocidad durante la conducción. Son varios los embragues que se presentarán en esta tesis, pero nos centraremos en el embrague multidisco húmedo. El embrague funciona conectando y desconectando el motor de la caja de cambios mediante la fricción del volante de inercia con uno o varios discos de embrague. Debido a su naturaleza, el embrague está sometido a fricciones elevadas que hacen que este elemento aumente su temperatura. Estos cambios de temperatura pueden favorecer, o en el peor de los casos, provocar defectos en la pieza. Por ello, la temperatura es una característica a tener en cuenta a la hora de estudiar o diseñar un embrague. En este trabajo de fin de máster, simularemos varios modelos de un embrague con diferentes variaciones para observar cómo influyen estas modificaciones en el calentamiento y la transferencia de calor del embrague. Estas modificaciones han ido desde la creación de un defecto en la superficie del componente provocando una discontinuidad hasta el aumento del número de dientes que tiene el disco de embrague para conectar con el exterior. Estas simulaciones se han realizado mediante un análisis de elementos finitos (FEM) utilizando el software Ansys Workbench., [EN] The clutch is an element used in many motor vehicles. It is the most common mechanical device used today to vary the speed and torque during vehicle operation. Due to these characteristics, clutches provide us with a great utility allowing us to start the car or change the speed while driving. There are many clutches that will be presented in this thesis, but we will focus on the wet multi-plate clutch. The clutch works by connecting and disconnecting the engine from the gearbox by means of the friction of the flywheel with one or several clutch discs. Because of this functioning, the clutch is subject to high frictions that cause this element to raise its temperature. These changes in temperature can promote, or in the worst case, cause defects in the piece. This is why temperature is a characteristic to be taken into account when studying or designing a clutch. In this master's thesis, we will simulate several models of a clutch with different variations in order to observe how these modifications influence the heating and heat transfer of the clutch. These modifications have ranged from creating a defect in the surface of the component causing a discontinuity to increasing the number of teeth that the clutch disc has to connect with the outside. These simulations have been carried out by means of a finite element analysis (FEM) using Ansys Workbench software.

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019), Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2019/043, /2020/049) programs, Junta de Andalucia (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18), La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Spain., The KM3NeT research infrastructure is unconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT will study atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos with two multipurpose neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, primarily aimed at GeV–PeV neutrinos. Thanks to the multiphotomultiplier tube design of the digital optical modules, KM3NeT is capable of detecting the neutrino burst from a Galactic or near-Galactic core-collapse supernova. This potential is already exploitable with the first detection units deployed in the sea. This paper describes the real-time implementation of the supernova neutrino search, operating on the two KM3NeT detectors since the first months of 2019. A quasi-online astronomy analysis is introduced to study the time profile of the detected neutrinos for especially significant events. Themechanism of generation and distribution of alerts, aswell as the integration into theSNEWSandSNEWS 2.0 global alert systems, are described. The approach for the follow-up of external alerts with a search for a neutrino excess in the archival data is defined. Finally, an overviewof the current detector capabilities and a report after the first two years of operation are given., French National Research Agency (ANR), European Commission ANR-15-CE31-0020, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001, Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268, German Research Foundation (DFG), Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S, Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government, National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758, National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44, Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEO/2020/019, Grisolia program GRISOLIA/2018/119 CIDEGENT/2018/034, Junta de Andalucia A-FQM-053-UGR18, La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019, EU: MSC program 101025085, Paris Ile-de-France Region, France, GenT program CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 CIDEGENT/2020/049

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) microdisplays are an element commonly found in advanced photonic applications. Phase-only modulation and spatial light modulators (SLMs) use parallel-aligned LCoS (PA-LCoS) microdisplays due to their large resolution and small pixel size. However, the crosstalk between neighbouring pixels induces several phenomena, i.e. the smoothing of the electric field in the interpixel region known as fringing fields, out-of-plane reorientation of the liquid crystal director, and diffraction effects due to the finite pixel grid pattern. These effects degrade the performance in SLM applications. Therefore, a rigorous numerical analysis is carried out based on a full 3D model that estimates the LC director distribution of the PA-LCoS microdisplay through uniform applied voltages. Once the LC director distribution is known, a numerical finite-difference scheme simulates light propagation across the structure. Here, the impact of crosstalk is analysed from the polarimetric point of view for different pixel and interpixel sizes. It has been found that the finite-patterned pixel scheme induces the phenomena previously addressed, degrading the responses of the Stokes vector components S0, and S1 and also the degree of polarization (DOP). Furthermore, the impact over these parameters is generally inversely proportional to the fill factor. To isolate the influence of diffraction, out-of-plane, and fringing fields effects is challenging since all phenomena are mixed in both time and space, however we have found some useful trends. The work was supported by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of Spain (projects FIS2017-82919-R; PID2019-106601RB-I00), by the “Universidad de Alicante” (UATALENTO18-10;ACIE-20–10), and by Generalitat Valenciana (projects PROMETEO/2021/006, BEST/2021/021; IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER programme).

[ES] Esta tesis describirá los procedimientos y los métodos que permitirán evaluar el potencial geotérmico somero de la ciudad de Valenicia entendida como los beneficios económicos y ambientales que se pueden lograr aumentando la explotación geotérmica somera en tres escenarios diferentes, con un nivel diferente de tecnología. penetración, según la situación del resto de países europeos. La bomba de calor geotérmica permitirá satisfacer la demanda de H&C y ACS de los edificios de una manera más eficiente en comparación con las tecnologías tradicionales La parte inicial introducirá la fuente de energía, desde su definición hasta el listado de las ventajas de su explotación. Luego se describirán las diferentes tecnologías utilizadas en este campo, introduciendo la posibilidad de solución híbrida y almacenamiento H&C estacional. El procedimiento evaluará la reducción de GEI obtenida gracias al aprovechamiento de la energía geotérmica somera pero también se evaluarán otros indicadores: - sobre terreno: se analizarán las propiedades del terreno necesarias para definir la perforabilidad - sobre el clima: se definirá la carga de construcción de H&C que debe satisfacerse - sobre economía: se evaluarán las factibilidades económicas del proyecto mediante el cálculo de algunos indicadores - sobre el medio ambiente: se definirá el ahorro de energía en comparación con la tecnología actual. Es dado por los diferentes COP. A partir de la energía ahorrada se evaluará la emisión equivalente de GEI ahorrada. Esos indicadores ayudarán a definir las áreas de la ciudad más adecuadas para aplicar la bomba de calor geotérmica. El procedimiento se explicará paso a paso y luego se implementará para los tres niveles de penetración. La conclusión resumirá el resultado de los resultados señalando cómo se pueden utilizar los indicadores para ayudar al Ayuntamiento de Valencia a tomar decisiones sobre la extracción geotérmica superficial en la ciudad., [EN] This thesis will describe the procedures and the methods that will allows to evaluate the shallow geothermal potential of the city of Valencia intended as the economic and environmental benefits that can be achieved increasing the shallow geothermal exploitation in three different scenarios, with a different level of technology penetration, according to the other European countries situation. Geothermal heat pump will allow to satisfy H&C and DHW buildings demand in a more efficient way compared to the traditional technologies The initial part will introduce the energy source, from its definition to the listing of the pros of its exploitation. Then will be described the different technologies used on this field, introducing the possibility of hybrid solution and seasonal H&C storage. The procedure will evaluate GHG reduction obtained thanks to the exploitation of shallow geothermal energy but as well will be evaluated other indicators: - about ground: will be analyzed the ground properties necessary to define the drillability - about clime: will be defined the H&C building load that has to be satisfied - about economics: will be evaluated the economical feasibility of the project by calculating some indicators - about environment: will be defined the energy saves compared to the actual technology. It is given by the different COP. From the energy saves will be evaluate the equivalent GHG emission saved. Those indicators will help to define the most suitable city areas in which to apply geothermal heat pump. The procedure will be explained step by step and then implemented for the three level of penetration. The conclusion will summarize the result of the results pointing on how the indicators can be utilized to help the City de Valencia to make decisions about the shallow geothermal extraction in the city.

The spin and lattice dynamics of a ferromagnetic nanoparticle are studied via molecular dynamics and with semi-classical spin dynamics simulations where spin and lattice degrees of freedom are coupled via a dynamic uniaxial anisotropy term. We show that this model conserves total angular momentum, whereas spin and lattice angular momentum are not conserved. We carry out simulations of the Einstein–de Haas effect for a Fe nanocluster with more than 500 atoms that is free to rotate, using a modified version of the open-source spin-lattice dynamics code (SPILADY). We show that the rate of angular momentum transfer between spin and lattice is proportional to the strength of the magnetic anisotropy interaction. The addition of the anisotropy allows full spin-lattice relaxation to be achieved on previously reported timescales of ∼ 100 ps and for tight-binding magnetic anisotropy energies comparable to those of small Fe nanoclusters. We acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (grant No. PID2019-109539GB-4). This work was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana, Spain through PROMETEO2017/139 and PROMETEO/2021/017. C. S. gratefully acknowledges financial supports from Generalitat Valenciana with (CDEIGENT2018/028). JFR acknowledges funding from FCT, Portugal grant PTDC/FIS-MAC/2045/2021. The SLD calculations in this paper were performed on the high-performance computing facilities of the University of South Africa.

[EN] While the KM3NeT neutrino detector is being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea, the Collaboration launched a contest searching for illustrations of the neutrinos it will detect. The participants in the contest were invited to submit their interpretation of a neutrino, using any technique. More than 500 drawings were submitted from sixteen different countries. The winners were selected by a jury of scientists, artists and science communicators based on the originality and creativity of the drawings, as well as the harmony with the properties and origin of the neutrinos. After announcing the results in an online ceremony with a large international audience, the winning drawings have been put on display in a dedicated KM3NeT Virtual Neutrino Art Centre. In this contribution, we will explain the motivation for the contest and will describe how it was organized. We will also show the winning drawings and present the results of an impact study carried out during the contest., We thank Angelo Ceres of Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, for setting up the contest website. The contest was supported in France from Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX0001). G. de Wasseige acknowledges support from the European Union¿s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 844138.

[EN] Here we show that the porous metal-organic spin crossover(SCO) framework [Fe(tvp)2(NCS)2]@4(CH3CNmiddotH2O) [1@4(CH3CNmiddotH2O)] is an excellent precursor material for the systematic synthesis, via single-crystal to single-crystal transformation, of a series of halobenzeneclathrates. Immersion of samples constituted of single crystals of1@4(CH3CNmiddotH2O)in the liquid halobenzenes PhXn,X=F(n=1-6), X = Cl(n= 1, 2), and X = Br (n= 1) at room temperature induces complete replacement of the guest molecules by PhXnto afford1@2PhXn. Single-crystal analyses of the new clathrates confirm the integrity of the porousframe work with the PhXnguests being organized by pairs via pi-stackingfilling the nanochannels. The magnetic and calorimetric data confirm the occurrence of practically complete SCO behavior in all of the clathrates. The characteristic SCO equilibrium temperatures,T1/2, seem to be the result ofa subtle balance in the host-guest interactions, which are temperature- and spin-state-dependent. The radically distinctsupra molecular organization of the PhCl2guests in1@2PhCl2affords a rare example of four-step SCO behavior following the sequence [HS1:LS0][HS2/3:LS1/3][HS1/2:LS1/2][HS1/4:LS3/4][HS0:LS1], which has been structurally characterized, This work was supported by Grant PID2019-106147GB-I00 (funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu (CEX2019-000919-M). A.O.-S. thanks the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and "ESF Investing in your future" for a predoctoral scholarship (PRE2020-092798).

Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices (H-PDLC) are involved in many applications, e.g. diffraction lenses, optical data storage, and image capture devices. H-PDLC is based on a light-sensitive monomer and liquid crystal (LC) mixture exposed to an interference pattern. The monomer concentration rises in the illuminated area, whereas in the dark zones, the LC is concentrated, setting up LC droplets of fewer nanometers. Accurate knowledge of the elastic behaviour of the LC director distribution and the influence of the boundaries with the polymer matrix can help to optimise the diffraction efficiency or the angular selectivity of these devices, keeping the driving voltage low. Here, a review of the latest analysis for accurately estimating the director distribution in LC-based devices is shown. This analysis is carried on in three steps. Firstly, an accurate model based on creating a considerably high number of droplets surrounding the polymer matrix fringes is performed. In this step, the user can modify the ratio between the areas filled with LC and polymer and the size and aspect ratio of the droplets. This packing step can be very demanding depending on the thickness of the grating and the domain dimensions considered for the analysis (2D or 3D). Secondly, a formulation based on estimating the director distribution is performed to derive the permittivity tensor from the LC director. Thirdly and last, from the information obtained in the previous step, a Finite-Difference Time-Domain simulation is performed to estimate the electromagnetic field distribution inside the domain considered accurately. The diffraction efficiencies and many indirect parameters can be computed from this rigorous analysis. The work was supported by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci´on” of Spain (projects FIS2017-82919-R; PID2019-106601RB-I00), by the “Universidad de Alicante” (UATALENTO18-10;ACIE-20-10), and by Generalitat Valenciana (projects PROMETEO /2021/006, BEST/2021/021; IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER programme).

Diffraction gratings are recorded in a holographic photopolymer containing nematic liquid crystal and peppermint oil. The presence of the oil modifies the polymerization and the holographic response. The composite containing oil adulterated with triethyl citrate obtains a diffraction efficiency related to the oil’s purity. The results obtained suggest the possibility of developing a holographic chemical analysis method for quality control of raw materials. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) under projects; PID2019-106601RB-I00 FIS2017-82919-R; Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) under projects: IDIFEDER/2021/014; (cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme) PROMETEO 2021/006.

Maximizing phase modulation in photopolymers remains a challenge in order to use these materials to fabricate photonics devices. Different material compositions and irradiation conditions have been studied in order to achieve it. One of the main conclusions has been that with continuous laser exposure better results are achieved. However, our results show that higher phase modulation can be achieved using pulsed laser. The study has been done with crosslinked acrylamide-based photopolymers (AA/PVA), Biophotopol and Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (HPDLC) exposed with a pulsed laser (532 nm). Thus, phase modulation increases of 8-15% have been achieved between pulsed laser and continuous laser exposure, with a maximum phase depth of 3π radians in AA/PVA, ~3π/2 in Biophotopol and ~π in H-PDLC. This opens the door to the use of this photopolymer in large-scale manufacturing, such as H-PDLC photopolymers to fabricate tunable lenses using the laser-induced direct transfer (LIFT) technique. The work was supported by the “Generalitat Valenciana” (Spain) (IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme, projects PROMETEO/2021/006 and projects BEST/2021/021), “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of Spain (projects FIS2017-82919-R; PID2019-106601RB-I00), by the ‘‘Universidad de Alicante’’ (UATALENTO18-10; ACIE-20-10), and Marie Skłodowska Curie Postdoctoral Global Fellowship “FOCUSIS” grant agreement 844977.

The study of the optical properties and behaviour of holograms stored in hydrogel matrices when the material is immersed in liquid medium represent a very important challenge currently. Hydrogels are 3D polymer networks capable of undergoing reversible volume changes. These hydrogels can be chemically modified to obtain materials with different properties such as to be sensitive to a range of relevant analytes. Emergent applications require that the holograms stored in hydrogels be time-stable in a liquid medium. One of the most important applications of this type of system are holographic sensors. Holographic sensors have advantages over other types of sensors such as the possibility of miniaturization due to the use of holographic techniques, the ability to produce three-dimensional images, real-time quantification, possibility of low-cost mass manufacturing and label-free analyte- responsive. Due to these advantages, these sensors have great potential to be used in different areas such as environmental detection, veterinary testing, pharmaceutical bioassays and medical diagnosis. Therefore, the optical behaviour of the holograms and the optimization of the hydrogel’s matrices must be well studied. When volume phase holograms are stored in hydrogels matrices in liquid medium, the holographic planes can undergo a bending process that give rise to asymmetries in the lateral lobes around the Bragg angle. This bending affect to the diffraction efficiency, wavelength of maximum diffraction efficiency and the angular sensibility. These parameters are used as signal transducers in holographic sensors in transmission mode. The general aim of this work has been study the bending that is produced in the holographic planes when unslanted transmission volume phase holographic grating with a frequency of 1200 lines/mm have been stored in hydrogel matrices based on acrylamide (AA) and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) using different solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, water and buffer solution) during the manufacturing process. Considering previous works on bending, and grating attenuated hologram. This work was supported by the by “Generalitat Valenciana” of Spain (projects PROMETEO/2021/006 and IDIFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by European Union through the FEDER Programme) and by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of Spain (projects FIS2017-82919-R and PID2019-106601RB-I00).

[EN] Hybrid organic-inorganic halides are considered as outstanding materials when used as the absorber layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of its efficiency, relieve of fabrication and low-cost materials. However, the content of lead (Pb) in the material may origin a dramatic after effect on human's health caused by its toxicity. Here, we investigate replacing the lead in MAPbI(3) with tin (Sn) to show its influence on the growth of the film nucleation and stability of the solar device based on MASnI(3). By analysing the manufactured perovskite films by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the properties of the thin films when lead is replaced by tin are reported. The simulation run for the case of MAPbI(3) is reported, where V-oc = 0.856 V, J(sc) = 25.65 mA cm(-2), FF = 86.09%, and ETA = 18.91%, and for MASnI(3,) V-oc = 0.887 V, J(sc) = 14.02 mA cm(-2), FF = 83.72%, and ETA = 10.42%. In perovskite-based devices using MASnI(3) as absorber, it was found to be more stable despite of its lower efficiency, which could be improved by enhancing the bandgap alignment of MaSnI(3). The results of this paper also allow the development of a new, reliable production system for PSCs., This research was funded by grant PID2019-107137RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe."

In order to investigate the long-term evolution of radiation-induced defects in the fission- and fusion-relevant material iron, we introduce cascade overlap effects into Object Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. In addition to cascade overlap, we study the effect of introducing discrete C15 Laves phase clusters into the simulations. By applying either, none, or both of these effects we identify how they influence the evolution of the system. We find that both cascade overlap and C15 clusters affect the evolution of the radiation damage in different ways and on different time scales. Cascade overlap is found to reduce the number of Frenkel pairs. On the other hand, the explicit consideration of C15 Laves phase clusters increases the accumulation of defects at low dose. The results are compared to Molecular Dynamics simulation results under similar conditions. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under grant agreement no. 633053.

[EN] Recent trends in waste management have initiated interest in recycled materials for sound absorption applications. The present paper studies the possibility of paper sludge to be recycled as material for sound absorption applications. Paper sludge (PS) is the water treatment waste, produced during paper production. Two different methods were studied to produce paper sludge and slaked lime composite acoustic panels for sound absorption applications at low and mid-frequencies. The sound absorption coefficient of paper sludge composite panels is measured in an impedance tube using the two-microphone method. The samples produced with different methods showed different behaviours of sound absorption. The primary method to produce showed acoustic asymmetry in the vertical direction of the samples, and it was considerably fragile as well. An improved method to produce PS composite panels was proposed in this paper. Using this method, homogenous and robust acoustic panels were obtained., The authors would like to kindly thank the technician Javier Zaragoza Dolz and Dr. Olga Kizinievi for their fruitful suggestions on this study. This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Union FEDER through Project PID2019-109175GB-C22

[EN] A novel method to analyse the spatial distribution of neutrino candidates recorded with the ANTARES neutrino telescope is introduced, searching for an excess of neutrinos in a region of arbitrary size and shape from any direction in the sky. Techniques originating from the domains of machine learning, pat- tern recognition and image processing are used to purify the sample of neutrino candidates and for the analysis of the obtained skymap. In contrast to a dedicated search for a speci¿c neutrino emission model, this approach is sensitive to a wide range of possible morphologies of potential sources of high-energy neutrino emission. The application of these methods to ANTARES data yields a large-scale excess with a post-trial signi¿cance of 2.5¿ . Applied to public data from IceCube in its IC40 con¿guration, an excess consistent with the results from ANTARES is observed with a post-trial signi¿cance of 2.1¿ ., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), IdEx program and UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), Labex OCEVU (ANR-11-LABX-0060) and the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economia y Cornpetitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (refs. FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, -2-P and -3-P, (MINECO/FEDER)), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), and Prometeo and Grisolia programs (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities.

[EN] Holograms can shape wavefronts to produce arbitrary acoustic images. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate how acoustic holograms can produce controlled thermal patterns in absorbing media at ultrasonic frequencies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible holographic ultrasound lenses were designed by time-reversal methods and manufactured using 3D-printing. Several thermal holographic patterns were measured using MRI thermometry and a thermographic camera in gelatin-milk phantoms and in an ex vivo liver tissue. The results show that acoustic holograms enable spatially controlled heating in arbitrary regions. Increasing the temperature using low-cost and MRI-compatible holographic transducers might be of great interest for many biomedical applications, such as ultrasound hyperthermia, where the control of specific thermal patterns is needed., This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICINN) through Grant Nos. IJC2018-037897-I, FPU19/00601, and PID2019-111436RB-C22, by the Agencia Valenciana de la Innovacio through Grant Nos. INNCON/2021/8 and INNVA1/2020/92, and by Generalitat Valenciana through Grant No. AICO/2020/268. Action co-financed by the European Union through the Programa Operativo del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) of the Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020 (Nos. IDIFEDER/2018/022 and IDIFEDER/2021/004). Action co-financed by BPI France, Region Grand Est and FEDER (UFOGUIDE project).

[EN] This work reported the successive incorporation of tetrabutylammonium (TBA) into Methylammonium lead Iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite. The thin films were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmittance electron microscopy (TEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. It was shown that introducing TBA increases the crystallinity, grain size, surface morphology without pin-hole, and roughness of the MAPbI3 thin films. Moreover, the MA(1-X)TBAX PbI3 thin film shows better stability in a relative humidity of ~60% after 15 days than the pure MAPbI3 thin film. The obtained results are hoped to be helpful for stability and improvement of the performance of the MAPbI3 thin films by doping TBA cations under ambient conditions., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (ENE 2016-77798-C4-2-R). Author AB acknowledged the Post-doctoral contract supported by the RRHH, the Postdoctoral contract the Margarita Salas financed with union European Next Generation EU. Grant PID2019-107137RB-C21 and PID2019-107137RB-C22OAQ funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe.

Zigzag edged nanographenes such as peri-acenoacenes are promising materials for organic lasers, but the effects of heteroatom doping on the electronic properties and gain medium performance remain unclear. Herein, the facile synthesis of a new 1,2-oxaborine (BO) doped peri-tetracenotetracene derivative, the bis(1,2-oxaborine)peri-tetracenotetracene (BOTT-Mes), is reported. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirms the BO-doped planar structure and the nonexistence of intermolecular π–π stacking in solid state. Compared with the all-carbon peri-tetracenotetracene derivative (TT-Ar), the BO-doped BOTT-Mes exhibits more disrupted π-conjugation at the BO sites, a lower-lying highest occupied molecular orbital, and a larger energy gap. Due to its rigid skeleton and nonaggregative feature, it displays well-resolved absorption and emission spectra with a small Stokes shift (8 nm) and high photoluminescence quantum yield (80%) when it is dispersed in a polystyrene (PS) thin film. Notably, 1,2-oxaborine doping improves the film amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) performance, with a lower ASE threshold (Eth-ASE = 66 µJ cm–2) as compared to the TT-Ar doped PS film (Eth-ASE = 100 µJ cm–2). Furthermore, a low threshold (22 µJ cm–2) solution-processed distributed feedback laser is fabricated, indicating the feasibility of using BOTT-Mes as gain medium for practical laser applications. J.W. acknowledges financial support from A*STAR Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering grant (A20E5c0089) and National Research Foundation Investigatorship Award (NRF-NRFI05-2019-0005). The group at the University of Alicante acknowledges financial support from the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of Spain, European Regional Development Fund and European Social Funds (PID2019-106114GB-I00 and BES-2016-077681) and from the Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades y Sociedad Digital de la Comunidad Valenciana (Grant No. AICO/2021/093).

The year 2022 marks the 75th anniversary of Dennis Gabor’s invention of the holographic method and for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971. The year 2022 also marks the sixtieth anniversary of the publication in 1962 of two seminal papers in the field of holography. In one of them Yuri Denisyuk introduces the reflection hologram and in the other paper Emmeth Leith and Juris Upatnieks describe the holographic process from a communication- theory viewpoint. In this paper, we carry out a brief description of the different “origins” of holography, making special mention to the way Gabor, Denisyuk y Leith established the basis, which made possible the spectacular development of holography from the invention of the laser at the beginning of the decade of 1960. This work was supported by the “Generalitat Valenciana” of Spain (projects PROMETEO/2021/006; IDIFEDER/2021/014, potential FEDER funding) and by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of Spain (project PID2019-106601RB-I00).

The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding support from the following Spanish programs: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER); Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2020/049, /2021/023); Junta de Andalucia (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18)., The primary scientific goal of neutrino telescopes is the detection and study of cosmic neutrino signals. However, the range of physics topics that these instruments can tackle is exceedingly wide and diverse. Neutrinos coming from outside the Earth, in association with othermessengers, can contribute to clarify the question of the mechanisms that power the astrophysical accelerators which are known to exist from the observation of high-energy cosmic and gamma rays. Cosmic neutrinos can also be used to bring relevant information about the nature of dark matter, to study the intrinsic properties of neutrinos and to look for physics beyond the Standard Model. Likewise, atmospheric neutrinos can be used to study an ample variety of particle physics issues, such as neutrino oscillation phenomena, the determination of the neutrino mass ordering, non-standard neutrino interactions, neutrino decays and a diversity of other physics topics. In this article, we review a selected number of these topics, chosen on the basis of their scientific relevance and the involvement in their study of the Spanish physics community working in the KM3NeT and ANTARES neutrino telescopes., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU) PGC2018-096663-B-C41 A-C42 B-C43 B-C44, MCIU/FEDER, Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEO/2020/019, GenT CIDEGENT/2018/034 2020/049 2021/023, Junta de Andalucia A-FQM-053-UGR18