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Isabelle Pin, Isa Cerveri, Lucia Cazzoletti, Andrei Malinovschi, Josep M. Antó, Simone Accordini, Deborah Jarvis, David Gislason, Ane Johannessen, Bénédicte Leynaert, Pierpaolo Marchetti, Diogenes S. Ferreira, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Alessandro Marcon, Christer Janson, Rain Jögi, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, Angelo Corsico, Joachim Heinrich, Joost Weyler, Vieillissement et Maladies chroniques : approches épidémiologique et de santé publique (VIMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), 2610, 4350 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, 99/0034-02 97/0035, 97/0035-02, 99/0034-04, 99/0034-06, 99/0034-07, 99/350 90MR/10, 91AF/6 SEPAR R01 HL62633-01 018996 911631 Russell Sage Foundation, RSF ResMed Foundation AstraZeneca GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Novartis U.S. Public Health Service, USPHS: R01 HL62633-01 Chiesi Farmaceutici, Chiesi Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, FAS Boehringer Ingelheim VÃ¥rdalstiftelsen Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, FAG Commercial Aircraft of China, COMAC Wellcome Trust, WT: WT 084703MA Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 633212 Growing Spine Foundation, GSF Gobierno del Principado de Asturias Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, BMRF Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, AAFA Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, MISAN Union Chimique Belge, UCB Medical Research Council, MRC: 92091, G0901214 National Institute for Health Research, NIHR British Lung Foundation, BLF European Commission, EC: EU-PEAL PL01237 National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: G.0402.00 Asthma Foundation of Victoria Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: FR1526/1-1, HE 3294/10-1, MA 711/4-1, MA 711/6-1, NO 262/7-1 Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNSF: 3100-059302, 3200-042532, 3200-052720, 3247-065896, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104284, 3247BO-104288, 33CSCO-108796, 33CSCO-134276/1, 4026-028099, 4026-28099 Eesti Teadusfondi, ETF: 1088 ForskningsrÃ¥det för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap, FAS Eesti Teadusagentuur: 562 Bundesamt für Gesundheit, BAG Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Generalitat de Catalunya Consell Català de Recerca i Innovació: 1999SGR 00241 Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium: SF0180060s09 Hjärt-Lungfonden Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: C03/011, C03/09 Háskóli Íslands, HI Norges ForskningsrÃ¥d: 101422/310, 214123 Medicinska ForskningsrÃ¥det, MFR Cancéropôle Ile de France Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 381/05.93 Ministeriet Sundhed Forebyggelse SUVA Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica, SEPAR: FIS 09/01511, FIS PS09/00716, FIS PS09/02185, FIS PS09/03190, SEPAR 1001/2010 Horizon 2020 Universiteit Antwerpen Comité des Maladies Respiratoires de l'Isère Comissió Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovació Tecnològica, CIRIT: 1997 SGR 00079, 1999 SGR 00214 Servicio Murciano de Salud Regione del Veneto Regione Piemonte Astma- och Allergiförbundet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux Office Fédéral de l'Education et de la Science, OFES Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, BMBWF Helmholtz Zentrum München Lungenliga Schweiz Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, MARM: G03/176 Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé INCLIVA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria: 91/0016-060-05/E, 92/0319, 93/0393, PS09/00716, PS09/01511, PS09/02185, PS09/02457, PS09/03190 Fundació Autònoma Solidària, FAS Servicio Andaluz de Salud, SAS, The ALEC study is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement number 633212. ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. National funders who supported data collection in the original studies are listed in Appendix E4 in this article's Online Repository at www.jaci-inpractice.org. The funders had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication.Conflicts of interest: D. S. Ferreira reports grants from the Asthma Foundation of Victoria, Allen and Hanburys, National Health and Medical Research Council. I. Pin reports travel grants and honoraria from Novartis, Zambon, and AstraZeneca, and nonfinancial support from AGIR?dom. R. J?gi reports grants from Estonian Research Council Personal Research (grant no. 562), and consultancy, lecture, and travel fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer, and Novartis. The rest of the authors report no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.Financial support for ECRHS I: The coordination of this work was supported by the European Commission, and the authors and participants are grateful to the late C. Baya and M. Hallen for their help during the study and K. Vuylsteek and the members of the COMAC for their support. The following grants helped to fund the local studies: Australia: Asthma Foundation of Victoria, Allen and Hanbury's, Belgium: Belgian Science Policy Office, National Fund for Scientific Research, Estonia: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 1088), France: Minist?re de la Sant?, Glaxo France, Institut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine, Contrat de Plan Etat-R?gion Languedoc-Rousillon, Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie des travailleurs salari?s, Comit? national contre les maladies respiratoires et la tuberculose (90MR/10, 91AF/6), Ministre delegu? de la sant?, R?seau national de sant? publique, France, Germany: Helmholtz Zentrum Munich and Bundesminister f?r Forschung und Technologie, Italy: Ministero dell'Universit? e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Regione Veneto (grant RSF no. 381/05.93), Norway: Norwegian Research Council project no. 101422/310, Portugal: Glaxo Farmac?utica Lda, Sandoz Portugesa, Spain: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (nos. 91/0016-060-05/E, 92/0319, and 93/0393), Hospital General de Albacete, Hospital General Juan Ram?n Jim?nez, Direcci?n Regional de Salud P?blica (Consejer?a de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias), Consell Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovaci? Tecnol?gica (1997 SGR 00079), and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sweden: The Swedish Medical Research Council, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Association against Asthma and Allergy, Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 4026-28099), and UK: National Asthma Campaign, British Lung Foundation, Department of Health, South Thames Regional Health Authority.Financial support for ECRHS II: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Belgium: Antwerp: Fund for Scientific Research (grant code G.0402.00), University of Antwerp, and Flemish Health Ministry, Estonia: Tartu: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 4350), France: (All) Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique?Direction de la Recherche Clinique de Grenoble 2000 number 2610, Ministry of Health, Minist?re de l'Emploi et de la Solidarit?, Direction G?nerale de la Sant?, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Bordeaux: Institut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine, Grenoble: Comite des Maladies Respiratoires de l'Isere, Montpellier: Aventis (France), Direction Regionale des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales Languedoc-Roussillon, Paris: Union Chimique Belge-Pharma (France), Aventis (France), Glaxo France, Germany: Erfurt: GSF?National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code FR1526/1-1), Hamburg: GSF?National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code MA 711/4-1), Iceland: Reykjavik: Icelandic Research Council and Icelandic University Hospital Fund, Italy: Pavia: GlaxoSmithKline Italy, Italian Ministry of University and Scientific and Technological Research (MURST), and Local University Funding for Research 1998 and 1999, Turin: Azienda Sanitaria Locale 4 Regione Piemonte (Italy), Azienda Ospedaliera Centro Traumatologico Ospedaliero/Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico?Istituto Clinico Ortopedico Regina Maria Adelaide Regione Piemonte, Verona: Ministero dell'Universit? e della Ricerca Scientifica (MURST), Glaxo Wellcome s.p.a., Norway: Bergen: Norwegian Research Council, Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association, Glaxo Wellcome AS, and Norway Research Fund, Spain: Fondo de Investigacion Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Consejeria de Sanidad, Barcelona: Sociedad Espanola de Neumolog?a y Cirug?a Toracica, Public Health Service (grant code R01 HL62633-01), Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Consell Interdepartamentalde Recerca i Innovaci? Tecnol?gica (grant code 1999SGR 00241), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Centros de Epidemiolog?a y Salud P?blica, C03/09, Red de Bases moleculares y fisiol?gicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias, C03/011 and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente G03/176, Huelva: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Galdakao: Basque Health Department, Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitaria (97/0035-02, 97/0035, 99/0034-01, 99/0034-02, 99/0034-04, 99/0034-06, 99/350, and 99/0034-07), European Commission (EU-PEAL PL01237), Generalitat de Catalunya (CIRIT 1999 SGR 00214), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Sociedad Espa?ola de Neumolog?a y Cirug?a Tor?cica (SEPAR R01 HL62633-01), Red de Centros de Epidemiolog?a y Salud P?blica (C03/09), Red de Bases moleculares y fisiol?gicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias (C03/011), and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente (G03/176, 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01, and 99/0034-02), Sweden: G?teborg, Umea, AND Uppsala: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma and Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer and Allergy Foundation, and Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS), Switzerland: Basel: Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science, and Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, UK: Ipswich and Norwich: Asthma UK (formerly known as National Asthma Campaign).Financial support for ECRHS III: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Belgium: Antwerp: South and Antwerp City: Research Foundation Flanders (grant code G.0.410.08.N.10), Estonia: Tartu: the Estonian Ministry of Education (SF0180060s09), France: (All): Minist?re de la Sant?, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique national 2010, Bordeaux: INSERM U897 Universit? Bordeaux segalen, Grenoble: Comite Scientifique AGIRadom 2011, and Paris: Agence Nationale de la Sant?, R?gion Ile de France, domaine d'int?r?t majeur, Germany: Erfurt: German Research Foundation (HE 3294/10-1), Hamburg: German Research Foundation (MA 711/6-1, NO 262/7-1), Iceland: Reykjavik: The Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund, University of Iceland Research Fund, ResMed Foundation, California, USA, Orkuveita Reykjavikur (Geothermal plant), and Vegager?in (The Icelandic Road Administration, Italy: All Italian centers were funded by the Italian Ministry of Health, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, in addition, Verona was funded by Cariverona Foundation and Education Ministry (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit? e della Ricerca), Norway: Norwegian Research Council (grant no. 214123), Western Norway Regional Health Authorities (grant no. 911631), and Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Spain: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (PS09/02457, PS09/00716, PS09/01511, PS09/02185, PS09/03190), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sociedad Espa?ola de Neumolog?a y Cirurg?a Tor?cica (SEPAR 1001/2010), Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (PS09/02457), Barcelona: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS PS09/00716), Galdakao: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS 09/01511), Huelva: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS PS09/02185) and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria (FIS PS09/03190), Sweden: All centers were funded by The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, The Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association, The Swedish Association against Lung and Heart Disease, Swedish Research Council for health, working life and welfare, G?teborg: also received further funding from the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. Umea: also received funding from Vasterbotten Country Council ALF grant, Switzerland: The Swiss National Science Foundation (grants nos. 33CSCO-134276/1, 33CSCO-108796, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO-104284, 3247-065896, 3100-059302, 3200-052720, 3200-042532, and 4026-028099), The Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, The Federal Office of Public Health, The Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargan, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Z?rich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel-Stadt/Basel, Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais, and Zurich, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics, European Commission 018996 (GABRIEL), Wellcome Trust WT 084703MA, and UK: Medical Research Council (grant no.92091), support also provided by the National Institute for Health Research through the Primary Care Research Network., Financial support for ECRHS III: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Estonia: Tartu: the Estonian Ministry of Education ( SF0180060s09 ), France: (All): Ministère de la Santé, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique national 2010, Bordeaux: INSERM U897 Université Bordeaux segalen, and Paris: Agence Nationale de la Santé, Région Ile de France, domaine d'intérêt majeur, Germany: Erfurt: German Research Foundation ( HE 3294/10-1 ), Hamburg: German Research Foundation ( MA 711/6-1 , NO 262/7-1 ), Iceland: Reykjavik: The Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund, University of Iceland Research Fund, ResMed Foundation , California, USA , Orkuveita Reykjavikur (Geothermal plant), and Vegagerðin (The Icelandic Road Administration, Italy: All Italian centers were funded by the Italian Ministry of Health , Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, in addition, Verona was funded by Cariverona Foundation and Education Ministry (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca), Norway: Norwegian Research Council (grant no. 214123 ), Western Norway Regional Health Authorities (grant no. 911631 ), and Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Spain: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PS09/02457, PS09/00716, PS09/01511, PS09/02185, PS09/03190), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirurgía Torácica ( SEPAR 1001/2010), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PS09/02457), Barcelona: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PS09/00716), Galdakao: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS 09/01511), Huelva: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PS09/02185) and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Oviedo: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PS09/03190), Sweden: All centers were funded by The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, The Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association , The Swedish Association against Lung and Heart Disease , Swedish Research Council for health, working life and welfare, Göteborg: also received further funding from the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research . Umea: also received funding from Vasterbotten Country Council ALF grant, Switzerland: The Swiss National Science Foundation (grants nos. 33CSCO-134276/1 , 33CSCO-108796 , 3247BO-104283 , 3247BO-104288 , 3247BO-104284 , 3247-065896 , 3100-059302 , 3200-052720 , 3200-042532 , and 4026-028099 ), The Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, The Federal Office of Public Health, The Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargan, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich, the Swiss Lung League , the canton's Lung League of Basel-Stadt/Basel, Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais, and Zurich, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft , UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics , European Commission 018996 (GABRIEL), Wellcome Trust WT 084703MA, and UK: Medical Research Council (grant no. 92091 ), support also provided by the National Institute for Health Research through the Primary Care Research Network ., Conflicts of interest: D. S. Ferreira reports grants from the Asthma Foundation of Victoria , Allen and Hanburys , National Health and Medical Research Council . I. Pin reports travel grants and honoraria from Novartis , Zambon , and AstraZeneca , and nonfinancial support from AGIRàdom. R. Jõgi reports grants from Estonian Research Council Personal Research (grant no. 562 ), and consultancy, lecture, and travel fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer, and Novartis. The rest of the authors report no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., Financial support for ECRHS II: Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, Belgium: Antwerp: Fund for Scientific Research (grant code G.0402.00 ), University of Antwerp , and Flemish Health Ministry, Estonia: Tartu: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 4350 ), France: (All) Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique—Direction de la Recherche Clinique de Grenoble 2000 number 2610, Ministry of Health , Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité, Direction Génerale de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Bordeaux: Institut Pneumologique d’Aquitaine, Grenoble: Comite des Maladies Respiratoires de l’Isere, Germany: Erfurt: GSF— National Research Centre for Environment and Health , Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code FR1526/1-1 ), Hamburg: GSF— National Research Centre for Environment and Health , Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant code MA 711/4-1 ), Turin: Azienda Sanitaria Locale 4 Regione Piemonte (Italy), Azienda Ospedaliera Centro Traumatologico Ospedaliero/Centro Traumatologico Ortopedico—Istituto Clinico Ortopedico Regina Maria Adelaide Regione Piemonte, Verona: Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca Scientifica (MURST), Glaxo Wellcome s.p.a., Norway: Bergen: Norwegian Research Council , Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association , Glaxo Wellcome AS , and Norway Research Fund, Spain: Fondo de Investigacion Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01 , 99/0034-01 , and 99/0034-02 ), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Consejeria de Sanidad, Barcelona: Sociedad Espanola de Neumología y Cirugía Toracica, Public Health Service (grant code R01 HL62633-01 ), Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01 , 99/0034-01 , and 99/0034-02 ), Consell Interdepartamentalde Recerca i Innovació Tecnológica (grant code 1999SGR 00241 ), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red de Centros de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, C03/09, Red de Bases moleculares y fisiológicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias, C03/011 and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente G03/176, Huelva: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (grant codes 97/0035-01 , 99/0034-01 , and 99/0034-02 ), Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitaria ( 97/0035-02 , 97/0035 , 99/0034-01 , 99/0034-02 , 99/0034-04 , 99/0034-06 , 99/350 , and 99/0034-07 ), European Commission ( EU-PEAL PL01237 ), Generalitat de Catalunya ( CIRIT 1999 SGR 00214), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica ( SEPAR R01 HL62633-01 ), Red de Centros de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (C03/09), Red de Bases moleculares y fisiológicas de las Enfermedades Respiratorias (C03/011), and Red de Grupos Infancia y Medio Ambiente (G03/176, Sweden: Göteborg, Umea, AND Uppsala: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research , Swedish Asthma and Allergy Foundation , Swedish Cancer and Allergy Foundation , and Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research ( FAS ), Switzerland: Basel: Swiss National Science Foundation , Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science , and Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, UK: Ipswich and Norwich: Asthma UK (formerly known as National Asthma Campaign)., Financial support for ECRHS I: The coordination of this work was supported by the European Commission , and the authors and participants are grateful to the late C. Baya and M. Hallen for their help during the study and K. Vuylsteek and the members of the COMAC for their support. The following grants helped to fund the local studies: Australia: Asthma Foundation of Victoria , Allen and Hanbury's, Belgium: Belgian Science Policy Office , National Fund for Scientific Research, Estonia: Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 1088 ), France: Ministère de la Santé, Glaxo France , Institut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine , Contrat de Plan Etat-Région Languedoc-Rousillon , Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie des travailleurs salariés, Comité national contre les maladies respiratoires et la tuberculose (90MR/10, 91AF/6), Ministre delegué de la santé, Réseau national de santé publique, France, Germany: Helmholtz Zentrum Munich and Bundesminister für Forschung und Technologie, Italy: Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Regione Veneto (grant RSF no. 381/05.93 ), Portugal: Glaxo Farmacêutica Lda, Sandoz Portugesa, Spain: Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (nos. 91/0016-060-05/E , 92/0319 , and 93/0393 ), Hospital General de Albacete, Hospital General Juan Ramón Jiménez, Dirección Regional de Salud Pública (Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias), Consell Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovació Tecnològica (1997 SGR 00079), and Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sweden: The Swedish Medical Research Council , the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation , the Swedish Association against Asthma and Allergy, Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 4026-28099 ), and UK: National Asthma Campaign , British Lung Foundation , Department of Health , South Thames Regional Health Authority ., The ALEC study is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement number 633212. ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. National funders who supported data collection in the original studies are listed in Appendix E4 in this article's Online Repository at www.jaci-inpractice.org . The funders had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication., Commission of the European Communities, Medical Research Council (MRC), and Ageing Lungs European Cohorts ALEC

Adamson, Aiko, Guillemin, Jean-Claude, Burk, Peeter, University of Tartu, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), This work was supported by institutional research funding IUT (IUT20-15) of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. We acknowledge the Estonian Science Foundation (Grant No. 8809) and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research Targeted Financing Project No. SF0180120s08. This work is a part of an Integrated Exchange Program ‘PARROT’ co-financed by the Estonian Science Foundation and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In addition, the work has been partially supported by graduate school 'Functional materials and technologies' receiving funding from the European Social Fund under project 1.2.0401.09-0079 in Estonia., Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Leho Tedersoo, Vladimir Mikryukov, Alexander Zizka, Mohammad Bahram, Niloufar Hagh‐Doust, Sten Anslan, Oleh Prylutskyi, Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo, Fernando T. Maestre, Jaan Pärn, Maarja Öpik, Mari Moora, Martin Zobel, Mikk Espenberg, Ülo Mander, Abdul Nasir Khalid, Adriana Corrales, Ahto Agan, Aída‐M. Vasco‐Palacios, Alessandro Saitta, Andrea C. Rinaldi, Annemieke Verbeken, Bobby P. Sulistyo, Boris Tamgnoue, Brendan Furneaux, Camila Duarte Ritter, Casper Nyamukondiwa, Cathy Sharp, César Marín, Daniyal Gohar, Darta Klavina, Dipon Sharmah, Dong Qin Dai, Eduardo Nouhra, Elisabeth Machteld Biersma, Elisabeth Rähn, Erin K. Cameron, Eske De Crop, Eveli Otsing, Evgeny A. Davydov, Felipe E. Albornoz, Francis Q. Brearley, Franz Buegger, Geoffrey Zahn, Gregory Bonito, Inga Hiiesalu, Isabel C. Barrio, Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen, Jelena Ankuda, John Y. Kupagme, Jose G. Maciá‐Vicente, Joseph Djeugap Fovo, József Geml, Juha M. Alatalo, Julieta Alvarez‐Manjarrez, Kadri Põldmaa, Kadri Runnel, Kalev Adamson, Kari Anne Bråthen, Karin Pritsch, Kassim I. Tchan, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Kevin D. Hyde, Kevin K. Newsham, Kristel Panksep, Adebola A. Lateef, Liis Tiirmann, Linda Hansson, Louis J. Lamit, Malka Saba, Maria Tuomi, Marieka Gryzenhout, Marijn Bauters, Meike Piepenbring, Nalin Wijayawardene, Nourou S. Yorou, Olavi Kurina, Peter E. Mortimer, Peter Meidl, Petr Kohout, Rolf Henrik Nilsson, Rasmus Puusepp, Rein Drenkhan, Roberto Garibay‐Orijel, Roberto Godoy, Saad Alkahtani, Saleh Rahimlou, Sergey V. Dudov, Sergei Põlme, Soumya Ghosh, Sunil Mundra, Talaat Ahmed, Tarquin Netherway, Terry W. Henkel, Tomas Roslin, Vincent Nteziryayo, Vladimir E. Fedosov, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, W. A. Erandi Yasanthika, Young Woon Lim, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Alexandre Antonelli, Urmas Kõljalg, Kessy Abarenkov, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio 'Ramón Margalef', Laboratorio de Ecología de Zonas Áridas y Cambio Global (DRYLAB), Estonian Science Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Tedersoo, Leho, Zizka, Alexander, Hagh-Doust, Niloufar, Anslan, Sten, Prylutskyi. Oleh, Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Maestre, Fernando T., Moora, Mari, Zobel, Martin, Espenberg, Mikk, Mander, Ülo, Khalid, Abdul Nasir, Corrales, Adriana, Agan, Ahto, Vasco-Palacios, Aída-M., Saitta, A., Sulistyo, Bobby P., Furneaux, Brendan, Duarte Ritter, Camila, Nyamukondiwa, Casper, Marín, César, Gohar, Daniyal, Klavina, Darta, Dai, Dong Qin, Machteld Biersma, Elisabeth, Otsing. Eveli, Davydov, Evgeniy A., Albornoz, Felipe E., Buegger, Franz, Zahn, Geoffrey, Bonito, Gregory, Hiiesalu, Inga, Barrio, Isabel C., Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Kupagme, John Y., Maciá-Vicente, Jose G., Geml, József, Alatalo, Juha M., Álvarez-Manjarrez, Julieta, Põldmaa, Kadri, Runnel, Kadrid, Bråthen, Kari Anne, Pritsch, Karin, Armolaitis, Kęstutis, Panksep, Kristel, Lateef, Adebola A., Saba, M., Tuomi, Maria W., Gryzenhout, M., Bauters, Marijn, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Yorou, Nourou S., Kurina, Olavi, Kohout, Petr, Nilsson, R. H., Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Rahimlou, Saleh, Ghosh, Soumya, Mundra, Sunil, Netherway, Tarquin, Henkel, Terry W., Roslin, Tomas, Fedosov, V., Lim, Young Woon, Antonelli, Alexandre, Koljalg, Urmas, Abarenkov, K., Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Alvarez-Manjarrez, Julieta/0000-0002-5581-7443, Espenberg, Mikk/0000-0003-0469-6394, Marin, Cesar/0000-0002-2529-8929, Mikryukov, Vladimir, Bahram, Mohammad, Prylutskyi, Oleh, Parn, Jaan, Opik, Maarja, Mander, Ulo, Vasco-Palacios, Aida-M, Saitta, Alessandro, Rinaldi, Andrea C., Verbeken, Annemieke, Tamgnoue, Boris, Ritter, Camila Duarte, Sharp, Cathy, Marin, Cesar, Sharmah, Dipon, Nouhra, Eduardo, Biersma, Elisabeth Machteld, Rahn, Elisabeth, Cameron, Erin K., De Crop, Eske, Otsing, Eveli, Davydov, Evgeny A., Brearley, Francis Q., Ankuda, Jelena, Macia-Vicente, Jose G., Fovo, Joseph Djeugap, Geml, Jozsef, Alvarez-Manjarrez, Julieta, Poldmaa, Kadri, Runnel, Kadri, Adamson, Kalev, Brathen, Kari Anne, Tchan, Kassim, I, Hyde, Kevin D., Newsham, Kevin K., Tiirmann, Liis, Hansson, Linda, Lamit, Louis J., Saba, Malka, Tuomi, Maria, Gryzenhout, Marieka, Piepenbring, Meike, Wijayawardene, Nalin, Mortimer, Peter E., Meidl, Peter, Nilsson, Rolf Henrik, Puusepp, Rasmus, Drenkhan, Rein, Godoy, Roberto, Alkahtani, Saad, Dudov, Sergey, V, Polme, Sergei, Ahmed , Talaat, Nteziryayo, Vincent, Fedosov, Vladimir E., Onipchenko, Vladimir G., Yasanthika, W. A. Erandi, SOUDZILOVSKAIA, Nadia, Abarenkov, Kessy, Tedersoo, Leho [0000-0002-1635-1249], Zizka, Alexander [0000-0002-1680-9192, Hagh-Doust, Niloufar [0000-0003-0616-5829], Anslan, Sten [0000-0002-2299-454X], Prylutskyi. Oleh [0000-0001-5730-517X], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Maestre, Fernando T. [0000-0002-7434-4856], Moora, Mari [0000-0002-4819-7506], Zobel, Martin [0000-0001-7957-6704], Espenberg, Mikk [0000-0003-0469-6394], Mander, Ülo [Mander, Ülo], Khalid, Abdul Nasir [0000-0002-5635-8031], Corrales, Adriana [0000-0001-9885-4634], Agan, Ahto [0000-0001-9010-8944], Vasco-Palacios, Aída-M. [0000-0003-0539-9711], Saitta, A. [0000-0002-5670-7780], Sulistyo, Bobby P. [0000-0002-5203-4822], Furneaux, Brendan [0000-0003-3522-7363], Duarte Ritter, Camila [0000-0002-3371-7425], Nyamukondiwa, Casper [0000-0002-0395-4980], Marín, César [0000-0002-2529-8929], Gohar, Daniyal [0000-0003-0312-1142], Klavina, Darta [0000-0002-1455-9062], Dai, Dong Qin [0000-0001-8935-8807], Machteld Biersma, Elisabeth [0000-0002-9877-2177], Otsing. Eveli [0000-0001-7416-257X], Davydov, Evgeniy A. [0000-0002-2316-8506], Albornoz, Felipe E. [0000-0001-9526-0945], Buegger, Franz [0000-0003-3526-4711], Zahn, Geoffrey []0000-0002-8691-692X, Bonito, Gregory [0000-0002-7262-8978], Hiiesalu, Inga [0000-0002-5457-2376], Barrio, Isabel C. [0000-0002-8120-5248], Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob [0000-0003-4713-6004], Kupagme, John Y. [0000-0002-9981-050X], Maciá-Vicente, Jose G. [0000-0002-7174-7270], Geml, József [0000-0001-8745-0423], Alatalo, Juha M. [0000-0001-5084-850X], Álvarez-Manjarrez, Julieta [0000-0002-5581-7443], Põldmaa, Kadri [0000-0002-7936-2455], Runnel, Kadrid [0000-0002-7308-3623], Bråthen, Kari Anne [0000-0003-0942-1074], Pritsch, Karin [0000-0001-6384-2473], Armolaitis, Kęstutis [0000-0001-8295-2440], Panksep, Kristel [0000-0003-4743-6111], Lateef, Adebola A. [0000-0002-0510-7996], Saba, M. [0000-0001-7673-2345], Tuomi, Maria W. [0000-0002-7154-5177], Gryzenhout, M. [0000-0002-9224-4277], Bauters, Marijn [0000-0003-0978-6639], Wijayawardene, Nalin N. [0000-0003-0522-5498], Yorou, Nourou S. [0000-0001-6997-811X], Kurina, Olavi [0000-0002-4858-4629], Kohout, Petr [0000-0002-3985-2310], Nilsson, R. H. [0000-0002-8052-0107], Garibay-Orijel, Roberto [0000-0002-6977-7550], Rahimlou, Saleh [0000-0003-0427-1329], Ghosh, Soumya [0000-0002-4945-3516], Mundra, Sunil [0000-0002-0535-118X], Netherway, Tarquin [0000-0002-9049-9225], Henkel, Terry W. [0000-0001-9760-8837], Roslin, Tomas [0000-0002-2957-4791], Fedosov, V. [0000-0002-5331-6346], Lim, Young Woon [0000-0003-2864-3449], Antonelli, Alexandre [0000-0003-1842-9297], Koljalg, Urmas [0000-0002-5171-1668], and Abarenkov, K. [0000-0001-5526-4845

Pankaj Trivedi, Javier Gutiérrez Illán, Sebastián Abades, Alberto L. Teixido, Thulani P. Makhalanyane, Hang-Wei Hu, Miguel Berdugo, Felipe Bastida, Blessing Sokoya, Xiaobing Zhou, Eli Zaady, Ana Maria Rey, Jun-Tao Wang, Brajesh K. Singh, Christina Siebe, Fernando D. Alfaro, José L. Moreno, Alexandra Rodríguez, Tine Grebenc, Jorge Durán, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, Tina Unuk Nahberger, Concha Cano-Díaz, Jianyong Wang, José Luis Blanco-Pastor, Jay Prakash Verma, Leho Tedersoo, Noah Fierer, Xin-Quan Zhou, David J. Eldridge, Ji-Zheng He, Adebola R. Bamigboye, César Plaza, Yu-Rong Liu, Gabriel Felipe Peñaloza-Bojacá, Ling Wang, Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Huazhong Agricultural University, University of Colorado [Boulder], Western Sydney University, University of Melbourne, Fujian Normal University [Fujian], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (P3F), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Washington State University (WSU), University of Pretoria [South Africa], Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Gilat Research Center, Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), Northeast Normal University, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte] (UFMG), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography [Urumqi] (XIEG), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Universidad Mayor [Santiago de Chile], University of Tartu, Fundación BBVA, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), National Science Foundation (US), Estonian Science Foundation, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Australian Research Council, Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Chile), European Commission, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Fundación Séneca, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Slovenian Research Agency, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (Portugal), and Science and Engineering Research Board (India)

Phillips, Helen R. P., Bach, Elizabeth M., Bartz, Marie L. C., Bennett, Joanne M., Beugnon, Rémy, Briones, Maria J. I., Brown, George G., Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Guerra, Carlos A., König-Ries, Birgitta, Krebs, Julia J., Orgiazzi, Alberto, Ramirez, Kelly S., Russell, David J., Schwarz, Benjamin, Wall, Diana H., Brose, Ulrich, Decaëns, Thibaud, Lavelle, Patrick, Loreau, Michel, Mathieu, Jérôme, Mulder, Christian, van der Putten, Wim H., Rillig, Matthias C., Thakur, Madhav P., de Vries, Franciska T., Wardle, David A., Ammer, Christian, Ammer, Sabine, Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Baretta, Dilmar, Barkusky, Dietmar, Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, Jose C., Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Brossard, Michel, Burtis, James C., Capowiez, Yvan, Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Choi, Amy, Clause, Julia, Cluzeau, Daniel, Coors, Anja, Crotty, Felicity V., Crumsey, Jasmine M., Dávalos, Andrea, Cosín, Darío J. Díaz, Dobson, Annise M., Domínguez, Anahí, Duhour, Andrés Esteban, van Eekeren, Nick, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Fusilero, Abegail, Geraskina, Anna P., Gholami, Shaieste, González, Grizelle, Gundale, Michael J., López, Mónica Gutiérrez, Hackenberger, Branimir K., Hackenberger, Davorka K., Hernández, Luis M., Hirth, Jeff R., Hishi, Takuo, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Holmstrup, Martin, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., Lwanga, Esperanza Huerta, Huhta, Veikko, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Irmler, Ulrich, Ivask, Mari, Jesús, Juan B., Johnson-Maynard, Jodi L., Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Keith, Aidan M., Kernecker, Maria L., Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Lebedev, Iurii M., Le Cadre, Edith, Lincoln, Noa K., López-Hernández, Danilo, Loss, Scott R., Marichal, Raphael, Matula, Radim, Minamiya, Yukio, Moos, Jan Hendrik, Moreno, Gerardo, Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Motohiro, Hasegawa, Muys, Bart, Neirynck, Johan, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Nuzzo, Victoria, Mujeeb Rahman, P., Pansu, Johan, Paudel, Shishir, Pérès, Guénola, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Ponge, Jean-François, Prietzel, Jörg, Rapoport, Irina B., Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz, Rebollo, Salvador, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, van Schaik, Loes, Scharenbroch, Bryant, Schirrmann, Michael, Schmidt, Olaf, Schröder, Boris, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Szlavecz, Katalin, Talavera, José Antonio, Trigo, Dolores, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Uribe-López, Sheila, de Valença, Anne W., Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Webster, Emily R., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Whalen, Joann K., Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Wu, Pengfei, Zenkova, Irina V., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Eisenhauer, Nico, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig University, Saint Mary's University [Halifax], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University of Canberra, Universidade de Vigo, Embrapa Forestry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Catania [Italy], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), University of Nairobi (UoN), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), National University of Río Cuarto = Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Brandenburg University of Technology [Cottbus – Senftenberg] (BTU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Cornell University [New York], University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Adelaide, University of Toronto, Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Aberystwyth University, Royal Agricultural University (RAU), University of Georgia [USA], State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Yale University [New Haven], Universidad Nacional de Luján [Buenos Aires], Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Trier University, Animal Biodiversity and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences [Fort Collins], Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines - Mindanao, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering - Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity (RAS), Razi University of Kermanshah, USDA Forest Service, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Agriculture engineering, Agroecology Postgraduate Program, Maranhão State University, Agriculture Victoria (AgriBio), Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Department of Bioscience [Aarhus], Northern Kentucky University, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, EI Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT)-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), Soil Physics and Land Management Group, University of Jyväskylä (JYU), College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, School of Forest Resources and Conservation [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS|FFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USAMVBT), Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Matej Bel University (UMB), UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences [Tarbiat], Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology [Moscow] (Skoltech), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (IZET), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Tochigi Prefectural Museum, Thuenen-Institute of Biodiversity, Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, University of Extremadura, INDEHESA, Forestry School, Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Doshisha University [Kyoto], Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven-Heverlee], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Natural Area Consultants, Department of Zoology, PSMO College, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens (PHIPPS), Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Geobotany, Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories, Russian Academy of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Groupp (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, The Morton Arboretum, Department Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD School of Geography, UCD Earth Institute, University College, Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institute of Geoecology, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC), Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, RAS, Institute of Mathematical Problems in Biology (IMPB RAS), Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Kochi University, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Nanotechnology Engineering, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Earth Innovation Institute, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Natural resource sciences, The Nature Conservancy, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Southwest Minzu University [Chengdu], Institute of Industrial Ecology Problems of the North of the Kola Science Center of RAS, Henan Agricultural University, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, H.R.P.P., B.K-R., and the sWorm workshops were supported by the sDiv [Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG FZT 118)]. H.R.P.P., O.F. and N.E. acknowledge funding by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 677232 to NE). K.S.R. and W.H.v.d.P. were supported by ERC-ADV grant 323020 to W.H.v.d.P. Also supported by iDiv (DFG FZT118) Flexpool proposal 34600850 (C.A.G. and N.E.), the Academy of Finland (285882) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (postdoctoral fellowship and RGPIN-2019-05758) (E.K.C.), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01LO0901A) (D.J.R.), ERC-AdG 694368 (M.R.), the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41) (M.L), and the BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship to F.T.d.V. (BB/L02456X/1). In addition, data collection was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (12-04-01538-a, 12-04-01734-a, 14-44-03666-r_center_a, 15-29-02724-ofi_m, 16-04-01878-a 19-05-00245, 19-04-00-609-a), Tarbiat Modares University, Aurora Organic Dairy, UGC(NERO) (F. 1-6/Acctt./NERO/2007-08/1485), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (RGPIN-2017-05391), Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12), Science for Global Development through Wageningen University, Norman Borlaug LEAP Programme and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Sao Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (12/22510-8), Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, INIA - Spanish Agency (SUM 2006-00012-00-0), Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) (2005-S-LS-8), University of Hawai'i at Manoa (HAW01127H, HAW01123M), European Union FP7 (FunDivEurope, 265171, ROUTES 265156), U.S. Department of the Navy, Commander Pacific Fleet (W9126G-13-2-0047), Science and Engineering Research Board (SB/SO/AS-030/2013) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (RC-1542), Maranhao State Research Foundation (FAPEMA 03135/13, 02471/17), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES 3281/2013), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (LTT17033), Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, Zone Atelier Alpes, French National Research Agency (ANR-11-BSV7-0020, ANR-09-STRA-0002, ANR 06 BIODIV 0009), Austrian Science Fund (P16027, T441), Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank Frankfurt am Main, Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (Project Ref. A AAB 62 03 qA731606), SEPAQ, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland, Science Foundation Ireland (EEB0061), University of Toronto (Faculty of Forestry), National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, NKU College of Arts & Sciences Grant, osterreichische Forschungsforderungsgesellschaft (837393 and 837426), Mountain Agriculture Research Unit of the University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, UNEP/GEF/TSBF-CIAT Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Belowground Biodiversity, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland, Complutense University of Madrid/European Union FP7 project BioBio (FPU UCM 613520), GRDC, AWI, LWRRDC, DRDC, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and FONCyT (National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion) (PICT, PAE, PIP), Universidad Nacional de Lujan y FONCyT (PICT 2293 (2006)), Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies du Quebec (131894), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHR1000/3-1, SCHR1000/6-1, 6-2 (FOR 1598), WO 670/7-1, WO 670/7-2, & SCHA 1719/1-2), CONACYT (FONDOS MIXTOS TABASCO/PROYECTO11316), NSF (DGE-0549245, DGE-0549245, DEB-BE-0909452, NSF1241932, LTER Program DEB-97-14835), Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Dean's Scholar Program at UIC, Garden Club of America Zone VI Fellowship in Urban Forestry from the Casey Tree Endowment Fund, J.E. Weaver Competitive Grant from the Nebraska Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Depaul University, Elmore Hadley Award for Research in Ecology and Evolution from the UIC Dept. of Biological Sciences, Spanish CICYT (AMB96-1161, REN2000-0783/GLO, REN2003-05553/GLO, REN2003-03989/GLO, CGL2007-60661/BOS), Yokohama National University, MEXT KAKENHI (25220104), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (25281053, 17KT0074, 25252026), ADEME (0775C0035), Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (CGL2017-86926-P), Syngenta Philippines, UPSTREAM, LTSER (Val Mazia/Matschertal), Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship (747607), National Science & Technology Base Resource Survey Project of China (2018FY100306), McKnight Foundation (14-168), Program of Fundamental Researches of Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18-118021490070-5), Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 310690/2017-0, 404191/2019-3, 307486/2013-3), French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry (Project No B62), INRA AIDY project, MIUR PRIN 2008, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Estonian Science Foundation, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Canada, Russian Science Foundation (16-17-10284), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41371270), Australian Research Council (FT120100463), USDA Forest Service-IITF. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL., ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), ANR-11-BSV7-0020,METABAR,Metacode-barre ADN pour une nouvelle génération de suivi de la biodiversité(2011), ANR-09-STRA-0002,FORGECO,Du diagnostic à l'action: créer les conditions d'une gestion integrée et viable des écosystèmes forestiers sur les territoires(2009), ANR-06-BDIV-0009,AMAZ_BD,Biodiversité des paysages amazoniens. Déterminants socio-économiques et productio de biens et services écosystèmiques(2006), European Project: 677232,H2020,ERC-2015-STG,ECOWORM(2016), European Project: 323020,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2012-ADG_20120314,SPECIALS(2013), European Project: 265171,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,FUNDIVEUROPE(2010), European Project: 265156,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,ROUTES(2011), European Project: ERC-2015-AdG 694368, European Project: 227161,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2008-2B,BIOBIO(2009), Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Natural Resources & The Environment [CALS], College of Agriculture and Life Sciences [Cornell University] (CALS), Cornell University [New York]-Cornell University [New York], Department of Entomology [CALS], Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Kyushu University, Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. ISFOOD - Institute for Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain, Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Ciencias, Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Zientziak Saila, Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Universidade Positivo, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Department of Soil Zoology, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), UCD School of Biology & Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aberystwyth University, Odum School of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Yale School Forestry & Environment Studies, Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable -INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Tarbiat Modaras University, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Animal Biology (Zoology area), Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, University of California, Justus-Liebig-University [Gießen, Germany], University of Helsinki, HELEN R. P. PHILLIPS, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, ERIN K. CAMERON, Saint Mary’s University, NICO EISENHAUER, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig University., Wageningen University, JOSÉ ANTONIO TALAVERA, University of La Laguna, DOLORES TRIGO, University Complutense of Madrid, JIRO TSUKAMOTO, Kochi University, SHEILA URIBE-LÓPEZ, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, ANNE W. DE VALENÇA, Unit Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, IÑIGO VIRTO, Universidad Pública de Navarra, ADRIAN A. WACKETT, University of Minnesota, MATTHEW W. WARREN, Earth Innovation Institute, WEIXIN ZHANG, Henan University, DANIEL CLUZEAU, Université de Rennes, ANJA COORS, ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, FELICITY V. CROTTY, Aberystwyth Universtiy, Royal Agricultural University, JASMINE M. CRUMSEY, University of Georgia, Saint Marys University, ELIZABETH M. BACH, Colorado State University, MARIE L. C. BARTZ, Universidade Positivo, University of Coimbra, JOANNE M. BENNETT, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, RÉMY BEUGNON, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, MARIA J. I. BRIONES, Universidad de Vigo, GEORGE GARDNER BROWN, CNPF, OLGA FERLIAN, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, KONSTANTIN B. GONGALSKY, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, CARLOS A. GUERRA, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, BIRGITTA KÖNIG-RIES, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Friedrich Schiller University, JULIA J. KREBS, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, ALBERTO ORGIAZZI, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, KELLY S. RAMIREZ, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, DAVID J. RUSSELL, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, BENJAMIN SCHWARZ, University of Freiburg, DIANA H. WALL, Colorado State University, ULRICH BROSE, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, THIBAUD DECAËNS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier, PATRICK LAVELLE, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement, MICHEL LOREAU, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, JÉRÔME MATHIEU, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, CHRISTIAN MULDER, University of Catania, WIM H. VAN DER PUTTEN, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, MATTHIAS C. RILLIG, Freie Universität Berlin, MADHAV P. THAKUR, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, FRANCISKA T. DE VRIES, University of Amsterdam, DAVID A. WARDLE, Nanyang Technological University, CHRISTIAN AMMER, University of Göttingen, SABINE AMMER, University of Göttingen, MIWA ARAI, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, FREDRICK O. AYUKE, University of Nairobi, Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture, GEOFF H. BAKER, Health & Biosecurity, DILMAR BARETTA, Santa Catarina State University, DIETMAR BARKUSKY, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, ROBIN BEAUSÉJOUR, Université de Sherbrooke, JOSE C. BEDANO, National University of Rio Cuarto, KLAUS BIRKHOFER, Brandenburg University of Technology, ERIC BLANCHART, Institut Agro, BERND BLOSSEY, Cornell University, THOMAS BOLGER, University College Dublin, ROBERT L. BRADLEY, Université de Sherbrooke, MICHEL BROSSARD, Institut Agro, JAMES C. BURTIS, Cornell University, YVAN CAPOWIEZ, Site Agroparc, TIMOTHY R. CAVAGNARO, The University of Adelaide, AMY CHOI, University of Toronto, JULIA CLAUSE, Université de Poitiers, ANDREA DÁVALOS, SUNY Cortland, DARÍO J. DÍAZ COSÍN, University Complutense of Madrid, ANNISE M. DOBSON, Yale University, ANAHÍ DOMÍNGUEZ, National University of Rio Cuarto, ANDRÉS ESTEBAN DUHOUR, Universidad Nacional de Luján, NICK VAN EEKEREN, Louis Bolk Institute, CHRISTOPH EMMERLING, University of Trier, LILIANA B. FALCO, Universidad Nacional de Luján, ROSA FERNÁNDEZ, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, STEVEN J. FONTE, Colorado State University, CARLOS FRAGOSO, Institute of Ecology A.C., ANDRÉ L. C. FRANCO, Colorado State University, ABEGAIL FUSILERO, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Ghent University, ANNA P. GERASKINA, Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS, SHAIESTE GHOLAMI, Razi University, GRIZELLE GONZÁLEZ, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, MICHAEL J. GUNDALE, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, MÓNICA GUTIÉRREZ LÓPEZ, University Complutense of Madrid, BRANIMIR K. HACKENBERGER, University of Osijek, DAVORKA K. HACKENBERGER, University of Osijek, LUIS M. HERNÁNDEZ, Maranhão State University, JEFF R. HIRTH, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria, TAKUO HISHI, Kyushu University, ANDREW R. HOLDSWORTH, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, MARTIN HOLMSTRUP, Aarhus University, KRISTINE N. HOPFENSPERGER, Northern Kentucky University, ESPERANZA HUERTA LWANGA, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Wageningen University & Research, VEIKKO HUHTA, University of Jyväskylä, TUNSISA T. HURISSO, Colorado State University, Lincoln University of Missouri, BASIL V. IANNONE III, University of Florida, MADALINA IORDACHE, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat 'King Michael the 1st of Romania', ULRICH IRMLER, University of Kiel, MARI IVASK, Tallinn University of Technology, JUAN B. JESÚS, University Complutense of Madrid, JODI L. JOHNSON-MAYNARD, University of Idaho, MONIKA JOSCHKO, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, NOBUHIRO KANEKO, Fukushima University, RADOSLAVA KANIANSKA, Matej Bel University, AIDAN M. KEITH, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, MARIA L. KERNECKER, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, ARMAND W. KONÉ, Université Nangui Abrogoua, YAHYA KOOCH, Tarbiat Modares University, SANNA T. KUKKONEN, Natural Resources Institute Finland, H. LALTHANZARA, Pachhunga University College, DANIEL R. LAMMEL, Freie Universität Berlin, IURII M. LEBEDEV, Russian Academy of Sciences, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, EDITH LE CADRE, Institut Agro, NOA K. LINCOLN, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, DANILO LÓPEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, Universidad Central de Venezuela, SCOTT R. LOSS, Oklahoma State University, RAPHAEL MARICHAL, Univ Montpellier, RADIM MATULA, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, YUKIO MINAMIYA, Tochigi Prefectural Museum, JAN HENDRIK MOOS, Thuenen-Institute of Biodiversity, GERARDO MORENO, University of Extremadura, ALEJANDRO MORÓN-RÍOS, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, HASEGAWA MOTOHIRO, Doshisha University, BART MUYS, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, JOHAN NEIRYNCK, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, LINDSEY NORGROVE, Bern University of Applied Sciences, MARTA NOVO, University Complutense of Madrid, VISA NUUTINEN, Natural Resources Institute Finland, VICTORIA NUZZO, Natural Area Consultants, P. MUJEEB RAHMAN, PSMO College, JOHAN PANSU, CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Sorbonne Université, SHISHIR PAUDEL, Oklahoma State University, Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, GUÉNOLA PÉRÈS, CNRS-Université de Rennes, Institut Agro, LORENZO PÉREZ CAMACHO, University of Alcalá, JEAN-FRANÇOIS PONGE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, JÖRG PRIETZEL, Technical University of Munich, IRINA B. RAPOPORT, Russian Academy of Sciences, MUHAMMAD IMTIAZ RASHID, King Abdulaziz University, SALVADOR REBOLLO, University of Alcalá, MIGUEL Á. RODRÍGUEZ, University of Alcalá, ALEXANDER M. ROTH, University of Minnesot, Friends of the Mississippi River, GUILLAUME X. ROUSSEAU, Maranhão State University, Federal University of Maranhão, ANNA ROZEN, University of Wisconsin, EHSAN SAYAD, Razi University, LOES VAN SCHAIK, Wageningen University & Research, BRYANT SCHARENBROCH, University of Wisconsin, MICHAEL SCHIRRMANN, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, OLAF SCHMIDT, University College Dublin, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, BORIS SCHRÖDER, Technische Universität Braunschweig, JULIA SEEBER, University of Innsbruck, MAXIM P. SHASHKOV, Russian Academy of Sciences, JASWINDER SINGH, Khalsa College Amritsar, SANDY M. SMITH, University of Toronto, MICHAEL STEINWANDTER, Institute for Alpine Environment, KATALIN SZLAVECZ, Johns Hopkins University, EMILY R. WEBSTER, University of California, NATHANIEL H. WEHR, University of Hawaii, JOANN K. WHALEN, Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, MICHAEL B. WIRONEN, The Nature Conservancy, VOLKMAR WOLTERS, Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, PENGFEI WU, Southwest Minzu University, IRINA V. ZENKOVA, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), and Technical University of Munich (TUM)

Toomas Tammaru, Robert B. Davis, Melissa R. L. Whitaker, Niklas Wahlberg, Juhan Javoiš, Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, James R. Carey, Erki Õunap, Freerk Molleman, Kwaku Aduse-Poku, Ants Kaasik, Andreas Prinzing, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IISER Pune), University of Tartu, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Harvard University [Cambridge], Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Lund University [Lund], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of California, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Grant Number: ATIP, Bixby International Travel Grant, Région Bretagne, European Regional Development Fund, Estonian Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: 9215, IUT20‐33, National Institute on Aging. Grant Numbers: PO1 AG022500‐01, PO1 AG608761‐10, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Grant Numbers: DST/I, NSPIRE/04/2013/000476, Harvard University, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of California (UC)

Bailey, Richard I., Molleman, Freerk, Vasseur, Chloe, Woas, Steffen, Prinzing, Andreas, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, University of Tartu, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IISER Pune), Region Bretagne, Estonian Science Foundation [9215, IUT20-33], European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence FIBIR), Region Bretagne (ACOMB), Region Bretagne (SAD), CNRS (ATIP grant), Government of India (INSPIRE Faculty Award) [DST/INSPIRE/04/2013/000476], Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Rava, Marta, Ahmed, Ismaïl, Kogevinas, Manolis, Le Moual, Nicole, Bouzigon, Emmanuelle, Curjuric, Ivan, Dizier, Marie-Hélène, Dumas, Orianne, Gonzalez, Juan, Imboden, Medea, Mehta, Amar, Tubert-Bitter, Pascale, Zock, Jan-Paul, Jarvis, Deborah, Probst-Hensch, Nicole, Demenais, Florence, Nadif, Rachel, Faraldo, Beatrice, Vieillissement et Maladies chroniques : approches épidémiologique et de santé publique (VIMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Biostatistique, Biomathématique, Pharmacoépidémiologie et Maladies Infectieuses (B2PHI), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF)-Catalunya ministerio de salud, Variabilité Génétique et Maladies Humaines, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidemiology & Public Health [Basel, Switzerland], Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel]-Medical School University of Basel, Department of Environmental Health [Boston, USA], Harvard School of Public Health, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health Group [London, U.K.], Imperial College London-National Heart and Lung Institute, U946, Fondation Jean Dausset/CEPH, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The genotyping of all three studies was funded by the French National Agency of Research (ANR-PRSP 2009: IAGO), and by the European Commission (contract n° 018996) (GABRIEL) and the Wellcome Trust grant (WT 084703MA), both awarded to the GABRIEL consortium (a multidisciplinary study to identify the genetic and environmental causes of asthma in the European Community). EGEA: Research funded by the French Agency of health safety, environment and work (AFSSET, EST-09-15). SAPALDIA: The Swiss National Science Foundation (grants no 33CS30-148470/1, 33CSCO-134276/1, 33CSCO-108796, 324730_135673, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO-104284, 3247-065896, 3100-059302, 3200-052720, 3200-042532, 4026-028099, PMPDP3_129021/1, PMPDP3_141671/1), the Federal Office for the Environment, the Federal Office of Public Health, the Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel Stadt/ Basel Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais, Graubünden and Zurich, Stiftung ehemals Bündner Heilstätten, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics.ECRHS: The co-ordination of ECRHS II was supported by the European Commission, as part of their Quality of Life program. This work was also funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH grant 1R01HL062633) and the Carlos III Health Institute of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumption (FIS grant 01/3058). The following bodies funded the local studies in ECRHS II included in this paper: Albacete: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Consejeria de Sanidad, Barcelona: SEPAR, Public Health Service (grant code: R01 HL62633-01), Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code:97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02) CIRIT (grant code: 1999SGR 00241) Red Respira ISCII, Basel: Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Federal Office for Education & Science, Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA), USC NIEHS Center grant 5P30 ES07048, Bergen: Norwegian Research Council, Norwegian Asthma & Allergy Association (NAAF), Glaxo Wellcome AS, Norway Research Fund, Erfurt: GSF-National Research Centre for Environment & Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant code FR 1526/1-1), Galdakao: Basque Health Dept, Grenoble: Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique-DRC de Grenoble 2000 no. 2610, Ministry of Health, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, Ministere de l'Emploi et de la Solidarite, Direction Generale de la Sante, CHU de Grenoble, Comite des Maladies Respiratoires de l’Isere, Hamburg: GSF-National Reasearch Centre for Environment & Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant code MA 711/4-1), Ipswich and Norwich: Asthma UK (formerly known as National Asthma Campaign), Huelva: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Paris: Ministere de l'Emploi et de la Solidarite, Direction Generale de la Sante, UCB-Pharma (France), Aventis (France), Glaxo France, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique-DRC de Grenoble 2000 no. 2610, Ministry of Health, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, CHU de Grenoble, Tartu: Estonian Science Foundation, Umeå: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences & Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma & Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer & Allergy Foundation, and Uppsala: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences & Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma & Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer & Allergy Foundation.

Ester Oras, Estonian Science Foundation Grant (ETF ETF8956) ‘The Materiality of Religion — religious artifacts in Estonian archaeological collections’, and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence CECT)

Pustylnik, I. B., Pustynski, V. F., and Estonian Science Foundation for a supporting grant ETF 2629.

Laura Kananen, Kristi Pettai, Tessa Sipilä, Ricard Navinés, Eduard Maron, Birgit Kagerbauer, Margarita Muiños-Gimeno, Xavier Estivill, Yolanda Espinosa-Parrilla, Iiris Hovatta, Mònica Gratacòs, Rocío Martín-Santos, Monica Guidi, Andres Metspalu, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fundació La Marató de TV3, Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Estonian Government, Fundación Genoma España, Academy of Finland, Yrjo and Tuulikki Ilvonen Foundation, and Estonian Science Foundation

Rita Guzun, Valdur Saks, Claire Monge, Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée (LBFA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), This work was supported by INSERM, France, by Agence Nationale de la Recherche, project ANR-07-BLAN-0086-01 France, and by grants of Estonian Science Foundation (N° 7117 and 6142 to V. S.)., and Hamant, Sarah

Igor V. Bartish, Pille Gerhold, James F. Cahill, Andreas Prinzing, Marten Winter, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, University of Tartu, University of Alberta, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence FIBIR, P Gerhold), Estonian Science Foundation (grant 8613, P Gerhold), a NSERC Discovery Grant (JF Cahill), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig from the German Science Foundation (DFGFZT 118, M Winter), and Purkyne Fellowship from Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (IV Bartish)., Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)

Javier Luque, Olev Vinn, Stéphane Hourdez, Departament de Fisicoquímica and Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Adaptation et Biologie des Invertébrés en Conditions Extrêmes (ABICE), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geology, University of Tartu, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Sepkoski Grant (Paleontological Society), Estonian Science Foundation grant [ETF9064], Palaeontological Association Research Grant, Estonian Research Council grant [IUT20-34], Estonian Ministry of Education and Science [SF0180051s08], Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Postgraduate Scholarship (NSERC CGS-D, Canada), and NSERC Canada discovery grant [A7245]

Doris Lechner, Miriam Capri, Stefan Böhringer, Stefan Schreiber, Gonneke Willemsen, Paolo Garagnani, Irene Maeve Rea, Andres Metspalu, Palmi V. Jonsson, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Lene Christiansen, Fernando Rivadeneira, Giuseppina Rose, J. Wouter Jukema, Serena Dato, Owen A. Ross, Almut Nebel, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Gary Saunders, Bernard Jeune, David J. Stott, Jeanine J. Houwing-Duistermaat, A. Murphy, Anton J. M. de Craen, Friederike Flachsbart, Karen Andersen-Ranberg, Albert Hofman, Ian Ford, Ellen A. Nohr, Giuseppe Passarino, Krista Fischer, Elisa Cevenini, Carmen Martin-Ruiz, Jutta Gampe, Iris Postmus, Christopher P. Nelson, Stefano Salvioli, Alberto Montesanto, Mark Lathrop, Marianne Nygaard, Marie E. Breen, Jennifer Harrow, Hae-Won Uh, Erik B. van den Akker, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, André G. Uitterlinden, Alexander Viktorin, Bastiaan T. Heijmans, Susan E. McNerlan, Quinta Helmer, Naveed Sattar, Claudio Franceschi, Eco J. C. de Geus, E. Mihailov, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Qihua Tan, Kari Stefansson, Yoichiro Kamatani, Paolina Crocco, Henning Tiemeier, Stella Trompet, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Marian Beekman, Riin Tamm, Amke Caliebe, Maris Alver, Femke-Anouska Heinsen, Pilar Galan, Daníel F. Guðbjartsson, Joris Deelen, Linda Broer, Ruud van der Breggen, Kristin L. Ayers, Anna M. Bennet, Dorret I. Boomsma, P. Eline Slagboom, Kaare Christensen, Diana van Heemst, Joanna Collerton, Karen Davies, Rudi G. J. Westendorp, Hélène Blanché, Lavinia Paternoster, Nilesh J. Samani, Hreinn Stefansson, Simon P. Mooijaart, Heather J. Cordell, Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging [Leiden, Netherlands] (NCHA), LeidenUniversity Medical Centre, Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University [Newcastle], National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d’Étude du Polymorphisme Humain, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], University of Tartu, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), deCODE genetics [Reykjavik], Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, University of Calabria, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University Hospitals Leicester, Genome Campus, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences [Belfast], Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), University of Iowa [Iowa City], DIMES: Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Hospital, Institute for Ageing and Health, University of Glasgow, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam Medical Center, Landspitali National University Hospital of Iceland, University of Iceland, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Institut de Génomique, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Estonian Biocentre, Partenaires INRAE, Aarhus University [Aarhus], School of Social and Community Medicine, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Mayo Clinic, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Sophia Children's Hospital, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Augustinus Foundation, Avera Institute for Human Genetics (AIHG), AXA Research Fund, Belfast City Hospital Trust Fund, Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI -NL) [184.021.007], Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB), CERA Foundation, Commissariat a L'Energie Atomique (CEA)-Centre National de Genotypage (CNG), Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (DASTI)/The Danish Council for Independent Research (DCIR) [11-107308], Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Department of Health and Social Services (Northern Ireland), DFG-Cluster of Excellence 'Inflammation at Interfaces', Dunhill Medical Trust [R124/0509], Egmont Foundation, Estonian Science Foundation [7859], Estonian Government [SF0180142s08], European Research Council (ERC) [230374], European Science Foundation (ESF) [EU/QLRT-2001-01254], European Union [FP5-QLK6-CY-2001-00128, FP6-LIFESCIHEALTH-36894, FP6-LSH M-CT-2004-503270, FP7-HEALTH-2007-B-223004, FP7-HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, FP7-HEALTH-F4-2008-202047, FP7-HEALTH-2009-single-stage-242244, FP7-HEALTH-2010-two-stage-259679], Fondation Caisse d'Epargne Rhone-Alpes Lyon CERAL, Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health (NIMH) [MH081802], GenomEUtwin [EU/QLRT-2001-01254, QLG2-CT-2002-01254], Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Health Foundation, Heart and Lung foundation [20070481], Innovation-Oriented Research Program on Genomics (SenterNovem) [IGE05007], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), King's College London, Medical Research Council (MRC) [G0500997, G0601333], Ministere de l'Enseignement superieur et de la Recherche (MESR), National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Aging (NIA) [P01AG08761, R01D0042157-01A, U01DK066134], National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, NBIC BioAssist [NWO-NBIC/BioAssist/RK/2008.024], Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (NCHA) [050-060-810], Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI), Netherlands Heart Foundation (NHF) [2001 D 032], Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, MagW/ZonMW) [904-61-090, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 400-05-717, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, Middelg-root-911-09-032], Netspar - Living longer for a good health, NHS North of Tyne (Newcastle Primary Care Trust), Pharmacy Foundation, Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository [NIMH U24 MH068457-06], Swedish Research Council [M-2005-1112], Tampere University Hospital and Academy of Finland, Danish Interdisciplinary Research Council, Health Foundation (Helsefonden), Ministry for Higher Education, National Program for Research Infrastructure [09-063256], March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), Unilever Discover Colworth, Universite Paris 13, University of Tartu [SP1GVAR-ENG], Velux Foundation, VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Wellcome Trust [084762, 085475, 087436], IDEAL [FP7-HEALTH-2010-two-stage-259679], Research and Education into Ageing-0153, European Regional Development Fund, Deelen J, Beekman M, Uh HW, Broer L, Ayers KL, Tan Q, Kamatani Y, Bennet AM, Tamm R, Trompet S, Guðbjartsson DF, Flachsbart F, Rose G, Viktorin A, Fischer K, Nygaard M, Cordell HJ, Crocco P, van den Akker EB, Böhringer S, Helmer Q, Nelson CP, Saunders GI, Alver M, Andersen-Ranberg K, Breen ME, van der Breggen R, Caliebe A, Capri M, Cevenini E, Collerton JC, Dato S, Davies K, Ford I, Gampe J, Garagnani P, de Geus EJ, Harrow J, van Heemst D, Heijmans BT, Heinsen FA, Hottenga JJ, Hofman A, Jeune B, Jonsson PV, Lathrop M, Lechner D, Martin-Ruiz C, McNerlan SE, Mihailov E, Montesanto A, Mooijaart SP, Murphy A, Nohr EA, Paternoster L, Postmus I, Rivadeneira F, Ross OA, Salvioli S, Sattar N, Schreiber S, Stefánsson H, Stott DJ, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Westendorp RG, Willemsen G, Samani NJ, Galan P, Sørensen TI, Boomsma DI, Jukema JW, Rea IM, Passarino G, de Craen AJ, Christensen K, Nebel A, Stefánsson K, Metspalu A, Magnusson P, Blanché H, Christiansen L, Kirkwood TB, van Duijn CM, Franceschi C, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Slagboom PE., Leiden Univ, Dept Mol Epidemiol, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands [ 2 ] Leiden Univ, Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands [ 3 ] Leiden Univ, Dept Med Stat & Bioinformat, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands [ 4 ] Leiden Univ, Dept Cardiol, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands [ 5 ] Leiden Univ, Dept Gerontol & Geriatr, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands [ 6 ] Erasmus MC, Dept Epidemiol, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands [ 7 ] Erasmus MC, Dept Internal Med, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands [ 8 ] Newcastle Univ, Int Ctr Life, Inst Med Genet, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, Tyne & Wear, England [ 9 ] Univ So Denmark, Inst Publ Hlth, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark [ 10 ] Univ So Denmark, Inst Clin Res, Dept Gynecol & Obstet, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark [ 11 ] Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Genet, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark [ 12 ] Odense Univ Hosp, Clin Biochem & Pharmacol, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark [ 13 ] Fdn Jean Dausset CEPH, F-75010 Paris, France [ 14 ] Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol & Biostat, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden [ 15 ] Univ Tartu, Estonian Genome Ctr, Tartu 51010, Estonia [ 16 ] Univ Tartu, Inst Mol & Cell Biol, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia [ 17 ] deCODE Genet, Populat Gen, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland [ 18 ] Univ Kiel, Inst Clin Mol Biol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany [ 19 ] Univ Kiel, Inst Med Informat & Stat, D-24105 Kiel, Germany [ 20 ] Univ Calabria, Dept Biol Ecol & Earth Sci, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy [ 21 ] Delft Univ Technol, Delft Bioinformat Lab, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands [ 22 ] Univ Leicester, Dept Cardiovasc Sci, Leicester LE3 9QP, Leics, England [ 23 ] Glenfield Hosp, Cardiovasc Biomed Res Unit, Natl Inst Hlth Res, Leicester LE3 9QP, Leics, England [ 24 ] Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England [ 25 ] Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Med Dent & Biomed Sci, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland [ 26 ] Univ Iowa, Dept Psychiat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA [ 27 ] Univ Bologna, Dept Expt Diagnost & Specialty Med, I-40126 Bologna, Italy [ 28 ] Univ Bologna, Interdepartmental Ctr L Galvani, I-40126 Bologna, Italy [ 29 ] Newcastle Univ, Inst Ageing & Hlth, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, Tyne & Wear, England [ 30 ] Univ Glasgow, Robertson Ctr Biostat, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland [ 31 ] Univ Glasgow, Inst Cardiovasc & Med Sci, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland [ 32 ] Max Planck Inst Demograf Forsch, Lab Stat Demog, D-18057 Rostock, Germany [ 33 ] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biol Psychol, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands [ 34 ] Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, EMGO Inst Hlth & Care Res, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands [ 35 ] Landspitali Univ Hosp, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland [ 36 ] Univ Iceland, Fac Med, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland [ 37 ] CEA, Inst Genom, F-91057 Evry, France [ 38 ] McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada [ 39 ] Genome Quebec Innovat Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada [ 40 ] Belfast Hlth & Social Care Trust, Cytogenet Lab, Belfast BT8 8BH, Antrim, North Ireland [ 41 ] Estonian Bioctr, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia [ 42 ] Aarhus Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Epidemiol Sect, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark [ 43 ] Univ Bristol, Sch Social & Community Med, MRC Ctr Causal Anal Translat Epidemiol, Bristol BS8 2BN, Avon, England [ 44 ] Mayo Clin, Dept Neurosci, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA [ 45 ] Univ Glasgow, Fac Med, BHF Glasgow Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Glasgow G12 8TA, Lanark, Scotland [ 46 ] Univ Kiel, PopGen Biobank, D-24105 Kiel, Germany [ 47 ] Univ Hosp Schleswig Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany [ 48 ] Sophia Childrens Univ Hosp, Erasmus Med Ctr, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands [ 49 ] Univ Paris 04, UREN, U557, INSERM, F-93017 Bobigny, France [ 50 ] U1125 Inra, F-93017 Bobigny, France [ 51 ] Cnam, F-93017 Bobigny, France [ 52 ] Univ Paris 13, CRNH IdF, F-93017 Bobigny, France [ 53 ] Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth & Med Sci, Sect Metab Genet, Novo Nordisk Fdn Ctr, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark [ 54 ] Inst Prevent Med, DK-2000 Copenhagen, Denmark [ 55 ] Frederiksberg Univ Hosp, DK-2000 Copenhagen, Denmark [ 56 ] Interuniv Cardiol Inst Netherlands, NL-3501 DG Utrecht, Netherlands [ 57 ] Bellaria Hosp, IRCCS Inst Neurol Sci, I-40139 Bologna, Italy [ 58 ] CNR, ISOF, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Epidemiology, Surgery, Internal Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, ProdInra, Migration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), VU University Amsterdam, Biological Psychology, and EMGO+ - Lifestyle, Overweight and Diabetes

Mägi, Marek and European Social Fund (project 'Doctoral School of Energy and Geotech-nology II'), Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (project SF0140016s11), Estonian Science Foundation (Grant ETF757) and Estonian Archimedes Foundation (project VA431)

Mart Viljus, Aive Viljus, and Estonian Science Foundation

Vellau, Helen, Leppik, Ene, Frerot, Brigitte, Tammaru, Toomas, ProdInra, Migration, University of Tartu, Physiologie de l'Insecte : Signalisation et Communication (PISC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G), Estonian Science Foundation 9294, Partenariat Hubert Curien (PHC) Parrot program 20668RB, European Union through European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence FIBIR), and SF0180122s08

Sergei Põlme, Mari Moora, Cherdchai Phosri, Maarja Öpik, John Davison, Kadri Koorem, Jaanus Paal, Inga Hiiesalu, Ülle Saks, Madis Metsis, Teele Jairus, Martin Zobel, Miguel E. Leal, José M. Facelli, Odile Thiéry, Ülle Reier, Jesse M. Kalwij, Heidy Schimann, Jaan Liira, Martti Vasar, Juan Jose Cantero, Valentina Neshataeva, Dept.Bot, University of Tartu, Dept Bot, Dept Biol Agr, Fac Agron & Vet, National University of Río Cuarto = Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Sch Earth & Environm Sci, University of Adelaide, Dept Biol, University of Regina (UR), Dept Bio, Albertine Rift Program, Wildlife Conservat Soc, Cent Africa Program, Missouri Botanical Garden, Ctr Biol Integrated Syst, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), Komarov Bot Inst, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (RAAS), Inst Res & Dev, Fac Sci & Technol, Microbiol Programme, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat Univ, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Estonian Science Foundation [9050, 9157, 7738], European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence FIBIR), Parrot project [14541QM], Hubert Curien Partnership between France and Estonia, [SF0180098s08], Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, and Missouri Botanical Garden (USA)

Sirje Rüütel Boudinot, Pierre Boudinot, Jaanus Suurväli, Jacques Robert, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), University of Rochester [USA], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Tallinn University of Technology, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Estonian Research Council [SF0140066s09], Estonian Science Foundation [ETF8914], National Science Foundation [IOB-0923772], and National Institutes of Health [R24-AI-059830]

Ivan Curjuric, Kari E. North, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Nora Franceschini, Rachel Nadif, Matthias Wjst, Stefano Guerra, George T. O'Connor, Francine Kauffmann, Adaikalavan Ramasamy, Deborah Jarvis, Jemma B. Wilk, Florent Monier, Medea Imboden, David P. Strachan, Ashok Kumar, Emmanuelle Bouzigon, Manolis Kogevinas, Dirkje S. Postma, Florian Kronenberg, Judith M. Vonk, Gerard H. Koppelman, Mark Lathrop, Florence Demenais, Miriam F. Moffatt, Janine Altmüller, Laura R. Loehr, Joachim Heinrich, Valérie Siroux, Christian Schindler, Juan R. González, Stephanie J. London, Gian Andri Thun, Dana B. Hancock, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Life Course Epidemiology (LCE), Epidemiology & Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel]-Medical School University of Basel, Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fondation Jean Dausset, Variabilité Génétique et Maladies Humaines, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-School of public health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Behavioral Health Epidemiology Program, Research Triangle Institute International (RTI International), Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU)-Boston University [Boston] (BU)-Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology & Epidemiology, University of Groningen [Groningen]-University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG)-Beatrix Children's Hospital-Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Institut d'oncologie/développement Albert Bonniot de Grenoble (INSERM U823), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-EFS-CHU Grenoble-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF)-Catalunya ministerio de salud, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Generalitat de Catalunya, Institute of Epidemiology [Neuherberg] (EPI), German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Center München (GmbH), Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)-UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health-Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Cologne Center for Genomics-University of Cologne, Arizona Respiratory Center, Division of genetic epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University [Austria] (IMU)-HMNC Brain Health-Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre National de Génotypage (CNG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique d'Evry (IG), Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda] (NHLBI), Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, Epidemiology, National School of Public Health-Medical School of Athens, EGEA: INSERM-Ministry of Research 'Cohortes et Collections' grant (4CH06G). French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, University Paris Diderot-Paris 7, grants from the French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (grant AFSSETAPR- SE-2004), the French National Agency for Research (grants ANR 05- SEST-020- 02/05-9-97 and ANR 06-CEBS), PHRC-Paris, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD)) SAPALDIA: Swiss National Science Foundation (grants no 4026-28099,3347CO- 108796, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO-104284, 32-65896.01,32- 59302.99, 32-52720.97, 32-4253.94), the Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, the Federal Office of Public Health, the Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Zurich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel Stadt/ Basel Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino and Zurich, Freie Akademische Gesellschaft (FAG), UBS Wealth Foundation. ECRHS: The co-ordination of ECRHS II was supported by the European Commission, as part of their Quality of Life programme. The following bodies funded the local studies in ECRHS II: Albacete: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Consejeria de Sanidad, Barcelona: SEPAR, Public Health Service (grant code: R01 HL62633-01), Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02) CIRIT (grant code: 1999SGR 00241) Red Respira ISCII, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Basel: Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Federal Office for Education & Science, Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA), USC NIEHS Center grant 5P30 ES07048, Bergen: Norwegian Research Council, Norwegian Asthma & Allergy Association (NAAF), Glaxo Wellcome AS, Norway Research Fund, Erfurt: GSF-National Research Centre for Environment & Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant code FR 1526/1-1), Galdakao: Basque Health Dept, Grenoble: Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique-DRC de Grenoble 2000 no. 2610, Ministry of Health, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, CHU de Grenoble, Ministere de l'Emploi et de la Solidarite, Direction Generale de la Sante, Comite des Maladies Respiratoires de l'Isere, Hamburg: GSF-National Reasearch Centre for Environment & Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant code MA 711/4-1), Ipswich and Norwich: Asthma UK (formerly known as National Asthma Campaign), Huelva: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Oviedo: Fondo de Investigaciones Santarias (FIS) (grant code: 97/0035-01, 99/0034-01 and 99/0034-02), Paris: Ministere de l'Emploi et de la Solidarite, Direction Generale de la Sante, UCB-Pharma (France), Aventis (France), Glaxo France, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique-DRC de Grenoble 2000 no. 2610, Ministry of Health, Direction de la Recherche Clinique, CHU de Grenoble, Tartu: Estonian Science Foundation, Umeå: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences & Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma & Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer & Allergy Foundation, Uppsala: Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences & Allergy Research, Swedish Asthma & Allergy Foundation, Swedish Cancer & Allergy Foundation, Financial support for ECRHS I for centres in ECRHS II was provided by: Ministère de la Santé, Glaxo France, Insitut Pneumologique d'Aquitaine, Contrat de Plan Etat-Région Languedoc-Rousillon, CNMATS, CNMRT (90MR/10, 91AF/6), Ministre delegué de la santé, RNSP, France, GSF, and the Bundesminister für Forschung und Technologie, Bonn, Germany, Norwegian Research Council project no. 101422/310, Ministero Sanidad y Consumo FIS (grants #91/0016060/00E-05E and #93/0393), and grants from Hospital General de Albacete, Hospital General Juan Ramón Jiménenz, Consejeria de Sanidad Principado de Asturias, Spain, The Swedish Medical Research Council, the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, the Swedish Association against Asthma and Allergy, Swiss National Science Foundation grant 4026-28099, National Asthma Campaign, British Lung Foundation, Department of Health, South Thames Regional Health Authority, UK. A.R. was supported by the Department of Health, UK and the European Commission as part of GABRIEL contract number 018996 under the Integrated Program LSH-2004-1.2.5-1. Genotyping of the discovery cohort and part of B58C was funded by the GABRIEL asthma genetic consortium supported by a contract from the European Commission(018996) and grants from the French Ministry of Research, the Wellcome Trust (WT084703MA), and Asthma UK. Replication cohorts: ARIC: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C), R01HL087641, R01HL59367 and R01HL086694, National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402, and National Institutes of Health contract HHSN268200625226C. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant Number UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. Work for this manuscript was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS, Z01ES043012). FHS: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278). Dr. Wilk by a Young Clinical Scientist Award from the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI). A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. B58C: British 1958 Birth Cohort was funded by the Medical Research Council grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust grant 068545/Z/02 (http://www.b58cgene.sgul.ac.uk/). Genotyping was funded by the Wellcome Trust grant 076113/B/04/Z, by the United States National Institutes of Health and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation U01 DK062418 and by the European Commission Framework Programme 6 (018996). Dutch Asthma Study: The Dutch Asthma study has been funded by the Netherlands Asthma Foundation grants AF 3.2.07.015, and AF 98.48 and a grant from the University Medical Center Groningen, Nadif, Rachel, University of Oxford, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), HMNC Brain Health-Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology-Innsbruck Medical University = Medizinische Universität Innsbruck (IMU), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Biologie François JACOB (JACOB), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Jean-Claude Guillemin, Eva Roos Nerut, Peeter Burk, Balázs Németh, Aiko Adamson, José-Luis M. Abboud, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was supported by Picasso grants from the Spanish MICINN (22973TL,CTQ2006-10178/BQU, and CTQ2009-13652), by the Estonian Science Foundation (8809), and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research Targeted Financing (SF0180120s08)., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Toulouze, Eva, Niglas, Liivo, Centre de recherches Europes-Eurasie (CREE EA 4513), Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco), University of Tartu, Estonian Science Foundation (grant No. 8335), European Project: CECT, University of Tartu (UT), and Department of Ethnology

Perrier, Vincent, Vannier, Jean, Siveter, David J., Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geology [Leicester], University of Leicester, Estonian Science Foundation , Estonian, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)

Gilles Divita, Sébastien Deshayes, Anna Rydström, Laurence Crombez, Gudrun Aldrian, Margus Pooga, Karidia Konate, Kärt Padari, Hassan Boukhaddaoui, Centre de recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Department of Developmental Biology, University of Tartu, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier - Déficits sensoriels et moteurs (INM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), This work was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR- ANR-06- BLAN-0071), the Estonian Science Foundation (ESF8705) and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (180019s11)., Dubois, Frederic, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM)

Lutsar, I, Trafojer, Um, Heath, Pt, Metsvaht, T, Standing, J, Esposito, S, de Cabre VM, Oeser, C, Aboulker, Jp, Giaquinto, Carlo, the NeoMero Consortium, Giaquinto, Carlo, Rossi, Paolo, Sharland, Mike, Heininger, Ulrich, Roilides, Emmanuel, Warris, Adilia, Usonis, Vytautas, Omeñaca Terés, Félix, Ceci, Adriana, Institute of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of pediatrics, Division of Clinical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL)-St George's, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinics of Tartu, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, University College of London [London] (UCL), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Essais Therapeutiques et Infection Par Le Vih, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), JFS is supported by a Methodology Fellowship G1002305 from the UK Medical Research Council. IL and TM are partly supported by the grants of Estonian Science Foundation (8799) and Estonian Target Financing (SF0182726s06) and from the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund and the Archimedes Foundation, NeoMero Consortium, European Project: 242146,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2009-single-stage,NEOMERO(2010), Institute of Child Health University College London, BMC, Ed., and European multicenter network to evaluate pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of Meropenem in neonatal sepsis and meningitis - NEOMERO - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2010-01-01 - 2015-06-30 - 242146 - VALID

Valdur Saks, Rita Guzun, Bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics = Keemilise ja bioloogilise füüsika instituut [Estonie] (NICPB | KBFI), This work was supported by grant from Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France, project ANR-07-BLAN-0086-01 and by grants N 7117 and 7823 from Estonian Science Foundation., ANR-07-BLAN-0086,MOLSYBEN,MOLECULAR SYSTEM BIOENERGETICS(2007), Hamant, Sarah, and Blanc - MOLECULAR SYSTEM BIOENERGETICS - - MOLSYBEN2007 - ANR-07-BLAN-0086 - BLANC - VALID

Laurent Parry, Pierre Fafournoux, Daima Örd, Sarah Lambert-Langlais, Céline Jousse, Cédric Chaveroux, Valérie Carraro, Anne-Catherine Maurin, Alain Bruhat, Julien Averous, Tõnis Örd, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Estonian Bioctr, Université Tartu, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA, France), Estonian Science Foundation [7683], and University of Tartu

Niglas, Liivo, Toulouze, Eva, University of Tartu, Centre de recherches Europes-Eurasie (CREE EA 4513), Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco), Estonian Science Foundation, grant no. 8335, European Project: CECT, University of Tartu (UT), and Department of Ethnology

Saks, Valdur, Beraud, Nathalie, Wallimann, Theo, Hamant, Sarah, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics = Keemilise ja bioloogilise füüsika instituut [Estonie] (NICPB | KBFI), Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée (LBFA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Institute of Cell Biology, and This work was supported by grants N 6142 and 7117 from Estonian Science Foundation, by grant from Region Rhone Alpes for N.B., and by grant from Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France, project ANR-07-BLAN-0086-01 for VS. This work was also supported by funding from Swiss National Science Foundation grant No. 3100A0-114137 to T.W.

Karin Hauff, G. Seufert, Nadia Bertin, John Tenhunen, Rainer Steinbrecher, Ülo Niinemets, Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Dept Plant Physio, University of Tartu, Fraunhofer-Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Department of Plant Ecology, BITOK, European Commission (BEMA, DG XII/D-1 and VOCAMOD, Contract Nr. ENV4-CT97-0424), by the Estonian Science Foundation (Grant 4584), the Estonian Minister of Education (Grant 0180517s98), and by the German Federal Minister of Research and Technology (BMFT, grants BEO 51– 0339476 A, EST 001–98)., Fraunhofer, and Fraunhofer Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung