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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic conditions of unknown cause or cure. Treatment seeks to reduce symptoms and induce and maintain remission. Many patients have turned to alternatives, such as cannabis, to alleviate living with IBD. This study reports the demographics, prevalence, and perception on cannabis use of patients attending an IBD clinic. Patients agreed to participate and completed an anonymous survey during their visit or online. Descriptive analysis, Fisher’s exact test, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test were used. One hundred and sixty-two adults (85 males, 77 with CD) completed the survey. Sixty (37%) reported use of cannabis, of which 38 (63%) used it to relieve their IBD. A value of 77% reported low to moderate knowledge about cannabis, and 15% reported little to no knowledge. Among cannabis users, 48% had discussed use with their physician, but 88% said they would feel comfortable discussing medical cannabis for IBD. Most saw improvement of their symptoms (85.7%). A considerable number of patients with IBD use medical cannabis for their disease, unknown to their physician. The study reinforces the importance that physicians understand the role of cannabis in the treatment of IBD in order to appropriately counsel patients.

Supporting women to disclose gender-based violence (GBV) is a central feature of how healthcare and other welfare services address this problem. In this paper we take a discursive approach to analyse the process of disclosing GBV from the perspectives of young women who have been subjected to GBV and professionals working in the welfare system. Through a reflective thematic analysis of 13 interviews with young women who have been subjected to GBV and 17 with professionals working in different sectors of the welfare system, we developed four themes about how disclosure is perceived: (i) as a conversation between acquaintances; (ii) as 'no solution'; (iii) as a possible prerequisite for action; and (iv) as difficult because GBV is normalised. Even if disclosure is not the solution per se, it makes it possible to respond institutionally to GBV on an individual basis through the figure of the expert professional who is alert to signs, knows how to support disclosure, and has the power to legitimate women's claims of GBV. We acknowledge the possibilities that supporting disclosure brings for women subjected to GBV, but at the same time, problematise that it can re-centre expertise in the professional and place the responsibility on women. This study was funded by the Health Institute Carlos III (Ref. PI17CIII/00022). Sí

Introduction: Women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) do not tend to go very frequently to formal support services. The objective of this study is to identify barriers related to the accessibility, acceptability, equity, appropriateness and effectiveness of IPV services from the perspective of the professionals working in the IPV public services. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in the Madrid region based on 13 semi‐structured interviews of young women who had survived IPV as well as 17 interviews with professionals. A thematic content analysis was performed, guided by the dimensions proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for friendly services for young people. Results: From the perspective of the young women and professionals, barriers were identified for all the dimensions of the WHO's friendly services for young people: accessibility: lack of information and support from the social setting, scarce dissemination of the services, economic cost, non‐adapted schedules, inadequate locations or lack of services in settings close to young people; acceptability: lack of protocols to guarantee confidentiality, lack of speed in the provision of services or their referral, unwelcoming environments or unsympathetic professional malpractice; equity: discriminatory professional attitudes towards groups with different social status and lack of protocols to ensure the care of these groups; appropriateness: unmet needs and lack of multidisciplinary teams; and effectiveness: shortage of time, resources, competent professionals, protocols and coordination. Conclusions: Strategies are needed to make the necessary changes to promote friendly services for the care of young people exposed to IPV. Additionally, it must be emphasized that resources are needed to raise awareness and disseminate IPV services, as well as to train professionals in this area. Patient or Public Contribution: This paper is based on professionals' perspectives of public IPV‐related services of different areas such as Psychology, Social Work, Nursing, Psychiatry, Social Education and young women exposed to IPV. They either work in the public administration at the local, regional or state level or in NGOs in Spain. The authors thank all the participants for their valuable contributions to this study. This study was funded by the Health Institute Carlos III (Ref. PI17CIII/00022). Sí

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been partially funded by the research grants ECO2016-75909-P (Spanish Ministry of Science, Education, and Universities), ECO2017-88222-P and PID2019-106725GB-I00/SRA (Spanish Research Agency/10.13039/501100011033)., This empirical article examines how the institutional development of the home country and host countries in which multinational enterprises (MNEs) are embedded can drive MNEs’ research and development (R&D) intensity. In doing so, this study analyzes 967 firm-year observations of 234 pharmaceutical firms from 30 developed and less developed countries in the period from 2010 to 2017. We find empirical support for internationalization toward developed countries as a driver of R&D intensity at the firm level. Furthermore, we find that this positive effect is stronger for MNEs from less institutionally developed home countries. The results can help managers, researchers, and policymakers to better understand the innovation process in R&D-intensive industries., Spanish Government ECO2016-75909-P ECO2017-88222-P PID2019-106725GB-I00/SRA

Producción Científica, The use of social media is now as prevalent as ever, and its educational ramifications still need to be fully explored, especially in initial teacher training. The aim of this study is to analyze social studies prospective teachers’ perceptions regarding the usefulness of social media for teacher professional development, and to generate communication, learning and engagement. This research also has the objective of exploring the effects of an intervention during an academic semester with three different groups of university students, applying a didactic strategy based on the use of Twitter, monitoring the interventions of 122 participants. A quantitative analysis was used to process the information obtained using questionnaires as well as the data obtained using MSocial, a tool for Social Network Analysis (SNA). Results indicate that, while pre-service teachers are not necessarily skeptical of the potential of social media for educational purposes, systematic interventions that promote interaction can positively affect their perception of the usefulness of social media. Results also show that the group where prospective educators interacted among themselves the most using Twitter during the interventions was the one that showed a significant increase in prospective teachers’ perception of the educational potential of social media., Universidad de Valladolid - (grant PID 025. COV. 2019-20. PID)

[Background & Aims]: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent, yet largely underappreciated liver condition which is closely associated with obesity and metabolic disease. Despite affecting an estimated 1 in 4 adults globally, NAFLD is largely absent on national and global health agendas., [Methods]: We collected data from 102 countries, accounting for 86% of the world population, on NAFLD policies, guidelines, civil society engagement, clinical management, and epidemiologic data. A preparedness index was developed by coding questions into 6 domains (policies, guidelines, civil awareness, epidemiology and data, NAFLD detection, and NAFLD care management) and categorising the responses as high, medium, and low; a multiple correspondence analysis was then applied., [Results]: The highest scoring countries were India (42.7) and the United Kingdom (40.0), with 32 countries (31%) scoring zero out of 100. For 5 of the domains a minority of countries were categorised as high-level while the majority were categorised as low-level. No country had a national or sub-national strategy for NAFLD and, [Conclusions]: Although NAFLD is a pressing public health problem, no country was found to be well prepared to address it. There is a pressing need for strategies to address NAFLD at national and global levels., The data collection and analysis were funded by the EASL International Liver Foundation with support from, Intercept, Bristol-Myers-Squibb Company, Genfit, and MSD. Data collection for the original European data was funded by the EASL International Liver Foundation supported by Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd., Allergan Pharmaceutical International Ltd., Bristol-Myers-Squibb Company, Pfizer Inc., and Resoundant Inc.

Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de potenciar el pensamiento creativo mediante el cuento corto, en 44 estudiantes de tercero de primaria en la Institución Educativa Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento sede Juan Ramón en la Jagua de Ibirico - Cesar. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un diseño metodológico desde el enfoque cualitativo de corte descriptivo, aplicando las técnicas e instrumentos de la observación directa y participante, partiendo de una prueba diagnóstica; posteriormente, se desarrolló los talleres mediante un programa didáctico, utilizando el cuento corto como estrategia didáctica. Como resultado, se pudo determinar que el cuento corto es un potenciador de la creatividad; su implementación aumentó la imaginación significativamente en los 44 estudiantes. A medida que fueron construyendo nuevos cuentos, pudieron expresar mayor originalidad y creatividad, incrementando así, su pensamiento creativo. Por tanto, se concluye que escribir cuentos cortos es una herramienta que contribuye a la estimulación del pensamiento creativo.

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-021-00340-y

Se presenta un estudio realizado en la Universidad de Valladolid con alumnado del Grado en Educación Infantil, que tiene como objetivo analizar los niveles de empatía histórica, tanto en su dimensión cognitiva como en la afectivo-emocional, a partir del trabajo con fuentes orales. Se diseña un modelo de investigación que, desde un paradigma metodológico cualitativo, y utilizando el software ATLAS.ti, se centra en el análisis de narrativas de estudiantes elaboradas en un ejercicio de empatía histórica, planteado a partir del trabajo con testimonios de dos emigrantes canarias que pasaron algunos años de su infancia y adolescencia en el Sáhara Español. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el trabajo del alumnado con fuentes orales optimiza explicaciones contextualizadas por empatía histórica This paper presents a study carried out at the University of Valladolid (Spain) with students enrolled in the Early Childhood Education Bachelor’s Degree. Historical empathy levels are examined, both in their cognitive and affective-emotional dimensions, in connection with the use of oral sources. A research model based on the qualitative methodological paradigm has been designed, and the ATLAS.ti software has been used to analyze narratives created by students after an intervention in order to foster historical empathy. The intervention focused on the examination of testimonies provided by two Canarian emigrants who spent a few years of their childhood and adolescence in the Spanish Sahara. The results show that the students' work with oral sources can optimize contextualized explanations mediated by historical empathy

13 páginas Objetivo: evaluar la validez y la fiabilidad de la versión española del instrumento Expectativas y conocimiento recibido del paciente hospitalizado (ECPH/CRPH) en pacientes con osteoartritis intervenidos de artroplastia total de rodilla. Material y métodos: El proceso de validación siguió las recomendaciones internacionales: validez de contenido, validez de constructo, validez de criterio y fiabilidad. Un total de 248 pacientes que debían intervenirse de artroplastia total de rodilla en 5 hospitales públicos españoles contestaron la ECPH antes de ser hospitalizados y 220 pacientes contestaron el CRPH al darles el alta hospitalaria. Resultados: el análisis factorial confirmó las dimensiones de la escala original para el conocimiento recibido pero no en la escala para las expectativas. La correlación de las dimensiones de la ECPH con la Escala de Opinión de la Salud de Krantz (KHOS) y la correlación de las dimensiones de la CRPH con la Escala de Acceso a la Información (AKS) indicaron la validez de criterio mostrando unas relaciones positivas. Los resultados señalaron buena fiabilidad con valores de alfa Cronbach elevados. Conclusión: el proceso de validación indica que la versión española del ECPH/CRPH es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir las expectativas y el conocimiento recibido en pacientes quirúrgicos en el contexto español. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of Expectations and Received Knowledge in the Hospitalized Patient (ECPH / CRPH), specifically among patients with osteoarthritis who are undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Material and methods: The validation process followed international recommendations in terms of content validity, construct validity, criterion validity and reliability. A total of 248 patients who were about to undergo total knee arthroplasty at five (5) Spanish public hospitals answered the ECPH before being hospitalized and 220 patients answered the CRPH when they were discharged. Results: Factor analysis confirmed the dimensions of the original scale for the knowledge received, but not with respect to the scale for expectations. The correlation of the ECPH dimensions with the Krantz Health Opinion Scale (KHOS) and the correlation of the CRPH dimensions with the Information Access Scale (AKS) indicated criterion validity, showing positive relationships. The results suggested good reliability with high Cronbach alpha values. Conclusion: The validation process showed the Spanish version of ECPH / CRPH is a valid and reliable instrument to measure the expectations and knowledge received in surgical patients in the Spanish context.

Objective: To know the socio-demographic characteristics of the elderly adults (60-70 years), of the population of Mataró (Barcelona), and their relationship with the knowledge degree and training needs perceived to face a healthy aging. Materials and methods: Descriptive observational cross-sectional study in which a sample of 306 people was analysed. Socio-demographic data and variables related to leisure activities, health status, training, formative needs and predisposition to take a course on aging were evaluated. Results: About a 60 % of the respondents showed interest in receiving training about; healthy habits (59,1 %), proper diet (62,0 %), work out (59,6 %), future limitations (62,6 %), why we grow old (61,0 %), frequent illnesses in the elderly (62,5 %), use of medication (66,1 %), use of the health system (61,9 %), social resources (70,0 %), new technologies (64,0 %), care of sick people (60,5 %), and security aspects (61,6 %). Conclusions: There is a need to receive training among the elderly adult population in order to cope with aging in a healthier way. The main needs perceived by the elderly are: Healthy habits, possible future limitations due to the aging process, use of medication, functioning of the health system and access to social resources, new technologies and, finally, caring for sick relatives. RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer las características sociodemográficas de las personas adultas mayores (60-70 años) de la población de Mataró (Barcelona) y su relación con el grado de conocimientos y las necesidades formativas percibidas para afrontar un envejecimiento saludable. Materiales y método: estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en una muestra de 306 personas. Se valoraron datos sociodemográficos y variables relacionadas con el tiempo libre, el estado de salud, la formación, los intereses formativos y la predisposición a realizar un curso sobre envejecimiento. Resultados: el 60 % de los encuestados mostró interés en recibir formación sobre hábitos saludables (59,1 %), dieta adecuada (62,0 %), ejercicio físico (59,6 %), limitaciones futuras (62,6 %), por qué envejecemos (61,0 %), enfermedades frecuentes en la tercera edad (62,5 %), uso de medicamentos (66,1 %), uso del sistema sanitario (61,9 %), recursos sociales (70,0 %), nuevas tecnologías (64,0 %), cuidado de las personas enfermas (60,5 %) y aspectos de seguridad (61,6 %). Conclusiones: existe la necesidad de recibir formación, entre la población adulta mayor, para afrontar el envejecimiento saludablemente. Así, es preciso tener un conocimiento amplio sobre las posibles limitaciones causadas por el envejecimiento, el uso de medicamentos, el funcionamiento del sistema sanitario, el acceso a los recursos sociales, las nuevas tecnologías, el cuidado de los familiares enfermos y hábitos de vida saludables. RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer as características sociodemográficas das pessoas idosas (60-70 anos) da população de Mataró (Barcelona) e sua relação com o grau de conhecimentos e com as necessidades formativas percebidas para encarar um envelhecimento saudável. Materiais e método: estudo observacional descritivo transversal com uma amostra de 306 pessoas. Dados sociodemográficos e variáveis relacionadas com o tempo livre, o estado de saúde, a formação, os interesses formativos e a predisposição a fazer um curso sobre envelhecimento foram avaliados. Resultados: 60 % dos entrevistados demostrou interesse em receber formação sobre hábitos saudáveis (59,1 %), dieta adequada (62 %), exercício físico (59,6 %), limitações futuras (62,6 %), motivos do envelhecimento (61 %), doenças frequentes na terceira idade (62,5 %), uso de medicamentos (66,1 %), uso do sistema sanitário (61,9 %), recursos sociais (70 %), novas tecnologias (64 %), cuidado de pessoas doentes (60,5 %) e aspectos de segurança (61,6 %). Conclusões: entre a população idosa, existe a necessidade de receber formação para encarar o envelhecimento saudável. Assim, é preciso ter um conhecimento amplo sobre as possíveis limitações causadas pelo envelhecimento, pelo uso de medicamentos, pelo funcionamento do sistema sanitário, pelo acesso aos recursos sociais, pelas novas tecnologias, pelo cuidado dos familiares doentes e pelos hábitos de vida saudáve.

Background: Violence against women (VAW) is a central issue in gender studies and one that has united feminist activists from around the world. But this does not mean that this struggle is singular: indeed, one can say that there are many, diverse and sometimes even contradictory struggles occurring throughout the world. Objectives: To identify and analyze the different struggles faced by women from Roma organizations in Spain in relation to VAW and their work with affected women. Methods: Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted among women actively involved in Roma associations in different Spanish cities, in 2015. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the empirical materials. Results: Our analysis resulted in three themes that captured different struggles that women from Roma organizations have faced: ‘between persistence and rupture of restrictive gender norms’, ‘invisibility and normalization of violence against women’ and ‘willingness and trust in daily work with women’. The activities related to VAW carried out by the interviewed women were more related to their personal initiatives and abilities than to strategies proposed by the organizations they work for. Conclusions: The results show the need to support the initiatives of Romani women and their own struggles related to identity. This is what makes them true promoters of social change and, more specifically, change related to gender relations both within and outside of their communities. The material and analysis of this study are part of a larger research project titled ‘Violence against women and the responses of primary health professionals in Spain’, financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain, Carlos III Institute and Fondos FEDER (Ref.PI13/00874), directed by Professor Carmen Vives-Cases.

Sclerosing bone dysplasias are a series of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases characterized by functional failure of the osteoclasts in bone resorption, leading to an excessive amount of bone mineral density (BMD) which could have serious clinical consequences. We treated three children affected with seriously high levels of BMD with acetazolamide, with the intention of inducing metabolic acidosis, thus increasing bone resorption and reducing BMD. All our patients tolerated and followed the treatment well and the clinical response was satisfactory in all cases.

AIM: To determine the expression of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in normal, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal neoplasia tissues from Puerto Ricans. METHODS: Tissues from patients with IBD, colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), sporadic dysplasia, and sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as normal controls, were identified at several centers in Puerto Rico. Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were de-identified and processed by immunohistochemistry for NK-1R, pEGFR, Cox-2, and VDR. Pictures of representative areas of each tissues diagnosis were taken and scored by three observers using a 4-point scale that assessed intensity of staining. Tissues with CAC were further analyzed by photographing representative areas of IBD and the different grades of dysplasia, in addition to the areas of cancer, within each tissue. Differences in the average age between the five patient groups were assessed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test. The mean scores for normal tissues and tissues with IBD, dysplasia, CRC, and CAC were calculated and statistically compared using one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. Correlations between protein expression patterns were analyzed with the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. Data are presented as mean ± SE. RESULTS: On average, patients with IBD were younger (34.60 ± 5.81) than normal (63.20 ± 6.13, P < 0.01), sporadic dysplasia (68.80 ± 4.42, P < 0.01), sporadic cancer (74.80 ± 4.91, P < 0.001), and CAC (57.50 ± 5.11, P < 0.05) patients. NK-1R in cancer tissue (sporadic CRC, 1.73 ± 0.34; CAC, 1.57 ± 0.53) and sporadic dysplasia (2.00 ± 0.45) were higher than in normal tissues (0.73 ± 0.19). pEGFR was significantly increased in sporadic CRC (1.53 ± 0.43) and CAC (2.25 ± 0.47) when compared to normal tissue (0.07 ± 0.25, P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). Cox-2 was significantly increased in sporadic colorectal cancer (2.20 ± 0.23 vs 0.80 ± 0.37 for normal tissues, P < 0.05). In comparison to normal (2.80 ± 0.13) and CAC (2.50 ± 0.33) tissues, VDR was significantly decreased in sporadic dysplasia (0.00 ± 0.00, P < 0.001 vs normal, P < 0.001 vs CAC) and sporadic CRC (0.47 ± 0.23, P < 0.001 vs normal, P < 0.001 vs CAC). VDR levels negatively correlated with NK-1R (r = -0.48) and pEGFR (r = -0.56) in normal, IBD, sporadic dysplasia and sporadic CRC tissue, but not in CAC. CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemical NK-1R and pEGFR positivity with VDR negativity can be used to identify areas of sporadic colorectal neoplasia. VDR immunoreactivity can distinguish CAC from sporadic cancer.

Las enfermeras oncológicas tienen que afrontar los retos del cuidado oncológico dentro de una expectativa de calidad asistencial. La investigación de enfermería oncológica es necesaria para dar respuesta a problemas actuales o potenciales de los pacientes con cáncer. Además, el cuidado profesional de las enfermeras requiere la integración de la investigación como actividad fundamental, bien participando en proyectos de investigación o bien utilizando los resultados de la evidencia empírica en la práctica asistencial. Este trabajo presenta la estrategia para potenciar la investigación de enfermería centrándose en cuatro aspectos: Obtención de más financiación, aumento de la productividad científica, mejora de la diseminación de los resultados y potenciación del consumo de los resultados publicados por las enfermeras asistenciales.Oncology nurses have to COPE with the demands of the cancer within a reference framework of quality care. Oncology nursing research is needed to respond to actual or potential cancer patient problems. Besides, professional nursing care requires research as a fundamental activity. All nurses have to participate in research as generators of knowledge by participating in nursing research or as consumers of research results in focusing in four targeted aspects: Greater funding directed towards nursing research, increased production of clinical research, improved dissemination, enhanced consumption of research publications by clinicians.

Although primary prevention of HAV and HBV can be achieved through vaccination, the burden of HCV can only be reduced through behavioral interventions to reduce its risk factors. This study evaluated knowledge regarding transmission, clinical manifestations and prevention of viral hepatitis in Puerto Rico. We assessed the level of knowledge about HAV (six questions), HBV (12 questions) and HCV (eight questions) among non-institutionalized Puerto Rican adults aged 21–64 years. Demographic characteristics and self-reported knowledge of these infections were determined through a face-to-face interview. A mean knowledge score was computed by summing correct responses to each scale. Mean knowledge scores according to demographics were compared using ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test. Mean knowledge scores for HAV, HBV and HCV infections were 2.6 ± 1.5, 6.1 ± 2.4, and 3.6 ± 1.1, respectively. For HAV and HBV infections, the mean knowledge score significantly (P < 0.05) increased with age, level of counseling received and number of sources of information. However, for HCV infection the mean knowledge score significantly increased with decreasing age, increased educational level and increased annual family income. Contrary to HBV, a higher HAV and HCV knowledge score was observed among individuals with history of vaccination for HAV and HBV, seropositive status for HAV and HCV, and history of drug use. A sizeable proportion of adults in this study demonstrated an inadequate level of knowledge, especially about transmission routes. Health education must be focused on transmission and prevention methods, including the availability of a vaccine for HAV and HBV, especially among those with chronic liver disease.

Phenotype characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may differ significantly among ethnic subpopulations. The aim of this study was to characterize the IBD phenotype in French Canadians, the most prominent founder population in North America.Using well-characterized phenotype data in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)-IBD Genetics Consortium repository on patients with IBD, we compared phenotypic characteristics of 202 French Canadians with those of 1,287 other Caucasian patients. These included diagnosis, anatomical location, disease behavior, extraintestinal manifestations, surgical history, and family history of IBD.French-Canadian patients with Crohn's disease (CD) were less likely to have stricturing disease (11 vs. 21%, P=0.005; odds ratio (OR): 0.45, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.24-0.85). Using a stringent definition of ethnicity (three out of four grandparents being French Canadians, as opposed to self-report, n=148), French Canadians had a tendency toward developing fistulizing CD (37 vs. 28%, P=0.07), and there was an increased prevalence of sacroiliitis among those with IBD (4 vs. 2%, P=0.045). Among French Canadians, the numbers of current smokers in CD (40 vs. 25%, P=0.006) and former smokers in ulcerative colitis (UC) (35 vs. 20%, P=0.03) were significantly higher. The prevalence of one of the three main variants of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among French-Canadian CD patients was 43.2%. The 3020insC SNP correlated with small bowel disease in French Canadians (25 [corrected] vs. 0%, P=0.006).French Canadians show an IBD phenotype profile distinct from other Caucasian IBD populations, with an accentuated association between smoking status and IBD. This unique profile may have implications regarding the need for a different approach to the management of IBD in this population.

Recent studies have used dense markers to examine the human genome in ancestrally homogeneous populations for hallmarks of selection. No genomewide studies have focused on recently admixed groups--populations that have experienced admixing among continentally divided ancestral populations within the past 200-500 years. New World admixed populations are unique in that they represent the sudden confluence of geographically diverged genomes with novel environmental challenges. Here, we present a novel approach for studying selection by examining the genomewide distribution of ancestry in the genetically admixed Puerto Ricans. We find strong statistical evidence of recent selection in three chromosomal regions, including the human leukocyte antigen region on chromosome 6p, chromosome 8q, and chromosome 11q. Two of these regions harbor genes for olfactory receptors. Interestingly, all three regions exhibit deficiencies in the European-ancestry proportion.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They have been extensively investigated as CAs due to their high biocompatibility and excellent magnetic properties. Furthermore, the ease of functionalization of their surfaces with different types of ligands (antibodies, peptides, sugars, etc.) opens up the possibility of carrying out molecular MRI. Thus, IONPs functionalized with epithelial growth factor receptor antibodies, short peptides, like RGD, or aptamers, among others, have been proposed for the diagnosis of various types of cancer, including breast, stomach, colon, kidney, liver or brain cancer. In addition to cancer diagnosis, different types of IONPs have been developed for other applications, such as the detection of brain inflammation or the early diagnosis of thrombosis. This review addresses key aspects in the development of IONPs for MRI applications, namely, synthesis of the inorganic core, functionalization processes to make IONPs biocompatible and also to target them to specific tissues or cells, and finally in vivo studies in animal models, with special emphasis on tumor models. Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities CTQ2017-86655-R