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The article presents data from field studies of the use of biological products and fertilizers with microelements in the cultivation of four crops: winter wheat, sunflower, grain corn, soybeans. Schemes for the introduction of drugs, indicators of the comparative economic efficiency of their use are presented. The results of the conducted studies have proved the effectiveness of the use of biological products and fertilizers with trace elements. For all crops, there was an increase in yields: winter wheat - by 1.2%, sunflower - by 7.5%, corn for grain - by 7.8%, soybeans - by 13.6%. The increase in profit from each hectare of crops was: for winter wheat - by 8.7%, sunflower - by 9.2%, corn for grain - by 6.9%, soybeans - by 17.9%.

Ecological specialists have an important role to play in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations. To do this, they need not only professional, field-specific (hard), skills but also universal, meta-subject soft skills. The article presents the results of a survey study of the attitude of students, future ecologists (229 respondents), to the formation of soft skills in the educational process. The data obtained are generally consistent with the well-known models of flexible skills (in particular, “4Cs”), as well as with the core competencies for sustainable development proposed by UNESCO. It seems appropriate to intensify the actions of the academic community (university and college administration, teachers, tutors, authors of textbooks, etc.) aimed not only at the development of students' environmental self-awareness, but also at the practical development of their abilities necessary for systematic, critical and creative, individual and team identification, solution and prevention of environmental problems of various scale and level in conditions of uncertainty.

In the paper an appreciable hierarchy of mathematical models is proposed. It describes the actual dynamics of COVID-19 thickness during 02/12/2020 – 09/22/2021. The incidence sub-model reflects reliably regular (aperiodic and periodic), as well as random components. It is established that the dynamics of the epidemy is essentially seasonal thrice a year. Model elaborated enables to clarify and explain weak weekly fluctuations in the death rate dynamics. It turned out that the maximum risk of death is at 15 and 22 days of disease duration. It means that this virus will presumably be a "satellite" of the human population with corresponded mortality at 1.75%. Calculations performed enable to estimate the level of stochastics in disease and death dynamics. It is near to the amplitude of periodic variation. Computer experiments with developed model predict the global dynamics of the incidence of COVID-19. New epidemic data can show the prospect of improving our model to regard the competitiveness between new sporadically emerging virus strains.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most common modifications in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNAs. It has been experimentally confirmed that m6A methylation is involved in the regulation of stability and translation of various mRNAs. Until recently, the majority of m6A-related studies have been focused on the cytoplasmic functions of this modification. Here, we review new data on the role of m6A in several key biological processes taking place in the cell nucleus, such as transcription, chromatin organization, splicing, nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, and R-loop metabolism. Based on analysis of these data, we suggest that m6A methylation of nuclear RNAs is another level of gene expression regulation which, together with DNA methylation and histone modifications, controls chromatin structure and functioning in various biological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve sustainable development, we need a deep understanding of both social and humanitarian processes and relationships in living and nonliving nature. The development of scientific research areas that are related to sustainability are very important. Unfortunately, sustainable development is not among scientific and technical priorities in Russian Federation. This study analyzes the dynamics of PhD and Doctoral dissertations on sustainable development performed in various areas of science in the USSR and Russia in 1987–2019. The majority of dissertations (1 322 in total ) were in the area of economics (85.4 %), while significantly fewer were in philosophy (2.9 %), technical (2.3%), and geographical (2.2 %) sciences. There are almost no dissertations in the fields of biological and chemical sciences, pharmaceutics and medicine. Our data indicate a significant imbalance and economic bias in the study of sustainable development issues. In this regard, it can be assumed that interdisciplinarity, which can be implemented in the framework of convergent and transdisciplinary approaches, is one of important methodological problem of sustainable development. Examples of relevant interdisciplinary projects are considered.

A brief review of the existing auxiliary prosthetic control systems was carried out. The concept of an intelligent prosthesis is proposed, which will expand the possibilities of application and simplify the use of the prosthesis. The required actions of the vision system in automatic and manual capture modes are considered. The sequence of operation of the subsystems of the technical vision system is determined. The possibility of implementing a prosthesis vision system based on neural network technology is shown. The method of using a ready-made neural network for recognition of objects by a prosthesis is considered. The possibilities of using the considered neural network technologies in the mathematical education of engineers are presented. A version of the prosthesis design is proposed. The possibility of constructing the described prosthesis is shown.

The number of data centers worldwide is increasing year by year, mostly because of the development of cloud services and applications. In the near future, the rate of construction of data centers will grow, with a corresponding increase in their electrical energy consumption. The requirements of the reliability of the electrical power supply of data centers are one of the highest among industrial power consumers, since uninterrupted power supply is critically important for the continuous functioning of server hardware. The assessment of electrical power supply reliability is one of the most important parts of the design process of data centers. However, the speed of the development of new power equipment does not always make it possible to use classical probabilistic and statistical methods for reliability assessment. Therefore, the development of new methods for reliability assessment based on alternative approaches, which can eliminate the disadvantages of probabilistic and statistical methods, are of great interest. This paper discusses the alternative method for analyzing the reliability of electrical power supply for the case of data centers. The method defines the reliability through the internal information of the system that characterizes the system's topology, flows of information, energy, and matter in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational creation of the consumer quality of constructions, which is taking into account some cultural, historical and other, accepted for society development paradigms enters to replace mass sustainable development of the industry of a construction in case of development of the recreational territories around megalopolises, using intellectual systems in a construction, ecological, energy-saving technologies in increase in a consumer evaluation of quality. For the residential development of the recreational territories of cities it is important to provide not only complex conditions of their development, to keep their potential for future generations, providing their social-and-economic development, to consider national and climatic features, but also to use their potential opportunities and traditions of the people inhabiting them, rationally and economically. The educated development of the construction industry is the new term entered into the use of constructors, when the consumer quality of building and structures meets national preferences taking into account traditions and advanced achievements in the use of materials, architectural and project decisions, production technologies and climatic opportunities with the minimum damage to the environment. Its accomplishment assumes enhancement and introduction of local-and-standard regulation with implementation of innovative solutions.

Since the late 1980s, long-term monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems in metal-contaminated areas near the Middle Ural Copper Smelter has been carried out in the Central Urals. As a part of these monitoring programmes, the data on species diversity, community composition and abundance of soil macroinvertebrates continue to be gathered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Since the late 1980s, long-term monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems in metal-contaminated areas has been carried out in the Central Urals. As a part of these monitoring programmes, the data on soil macroinvertebrates in undisturbed areas as reference sites continues to be gathered. These data help study the local biodiversity and long-term dynamics of soil macroinvertebrate abundance in non-polluted areas. New information The dataset (available from the GBIF network at https://www.gbif.org/dataset/bf5 bc7f6-71a3-4abd-8abc-861ee3cbf84a) includes information from a long-term monitoring programme for two taxa of Annelids, Lumbricidae and Enchytraeidae, which dwell in the topsoil of spruce-fir, birch, pine and floodplain forests in the Central Urals. The dataset includes information on the earthworm community structure (list of species, species abundance, number of egg cocoons, cocoon exuvia, juveniles and adults) and enchytraeid abundance. The dataset consists of 553 sampling events (= samples, corresponding to upper and lower layers of the soil monoliths) and 12739 occurrences (earthworms, mainly identified to species and earthworm cocoons and enchytraeids, identified to family) collected during 1990-1991, 2004, 2014-2016 and 2018-2020. In total, 3305 individuals of earthworms were collected, representing ten (out of twelve) species and all eight genera recorded for the fauna of the Central Urals. In addition, 7292 earthworm egg cocoons and cocoon exuvia and 6926 individuals of enchytraeids were accumulated. The presenceabsence data on each of the ten earthworm species, egg cocoons, cocoon exuvia and enchytraeids are provided for each sampling event. All data were collected in undisturbed non-polluted areas and are used as a local reference for ecotoxicological monitoring. The dataset provides valuable information for estimating the composition and abundance of earthworm communities in different habitats over a long time and contributes to the study of soil fauna biodiversity in the Urals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During longtime space fights and interplanetary missions among numerous outboard risks, the crew faces onboard microbiological intruders as well. There is no way to send biological tests for the analysis to the Earth in such missions, so special onboard system of methods and activities must solve two different problems: sampling different types of bacteria and fungus and perform independent analysis of collected material without professional microbiologist among the crew and any help from the Earth. So we meet an interesting task to create system that would minimize human factor and rely mostly on computing machinery. In order to use pattern recognition method, we need to perform proper tests sampling and prepare them for the machine analysis. Stereoscopy and spectrometry is the only way to achieve our goal. Apart from tests sampling it is necessary to develop modified mathematical model for pattern recognition of bacteria and fungus, which were found during the flight. For that reason we are making mathematical model, describing microbiological samples. Still, we have a lot of work to do but the result of our research could become common use not only in space sector, but also in clinical medicine as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of substantiation and choice of a rational number of cutters on the outer cutting drums of the geokhod for the formation of grooves in medium strength rocks is considered in this article. It is established that the coefficient of variation of the torque must be taken into account while determining the number of cutters. It is established that the required feed velocities are realized with a crown-type outer cutting drum at one or two cutters in the cutting lines, and the coefficient of torque variation does not exceed 20% at any allowable number of cutters and equal lag angle. On the disk-type outer cutting drum required feed velocities are realized with the number of cutters in the cutting lines from 1 to 4. The minimum number of cutters providing a coefficient of variation of the torque on the disk-type outer cutting drum above the set depends on the angle of coverage and reduces with the increase of the angle of coverage. The example of schematic designs of OCD AR and OCD EP development is shown for a prototype model of geokhod (3.2 m diameter) using the obtained expressions to determine the basic geometric, kinematic, force, and structural parameters. The possibility of decision making of the type of OCD for geokhod and its creation is confirmed. The documentation design documents for production crown-type OCD for a prototype of geokhod were developed based on the conducted research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ca2+‐mediated signaling is widely spread in nature and plays critical role in the individual development of various organisms ranging from microorganisms to mammals. In vertebrates, Ca2+ is involved in important developmental events: fertilization, body plan establishment, and organogenesis. The two later events are defined by embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs are capable of self‐renewal and are pluripotent by nature, that is, can give rise to all types of cells that make up the body. Given the paramount importance of Ca2+ signalization in the development, it is therefore not surprising this process also plays role in the biology of stem cells. In this review, we scrutinize the published experimental data on the role of Ca2+ ions in embryonic stem cells self‐renewal and pluripotency. In line with this, we also discuss possible mechanisms of p53 inhibition as a major hindrance to self‐renewal of ESCs. Finally, we argue about the role of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of heteromeric transmembrane receptors, and GPCR‐mediated signalization in stem cells, and propose the role for the GPCR‐G‐protein‐PLC‐Ca2+‐downstream signaling pathway in the regulation of pluripotency of both mouse and human ESCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cilia have multiple functions in the development of the entire organism, and participate in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. In the last decade, studies have shown that they are implicated in the development of the visceral left-right asymmetry in different vertebrates. At the same time, some neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, and dyslexia, are known to be associated with lateralization failure. In this review, we consider possible links in the mechanisms of determination of visceral asymmetry and brain lateralization, through cilia. We review the functions of seven genes associated with both cilia, and with neurodevelopmental diseases, keeping in mind their possible role in the establishment of the left-right brain asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially identified in DNA damage repair, ATM-interactor (ATMIN) further functions as a transcriptional regulator of lung morphogenesis. Here we analyse three mouse mutants, Atmingpg6/gpg6, AtminH210Q/H210Q and Dynll1GT/GT, revealing how ATMIN and its transcriptional target dynein light chain LC8-type 1 (DYNLL1) are required for normal lung morphogenesis and ciliogenesis. Expression screening of ciliogenic genes confirmed Dynll1 to be controlled by ATMIN and further revealed moderately altered expression of known intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein-encoding loci in Atmin mutant embryos. Significantly, Dynll1GT/GT embryonic cilia exhibited shortening and bulging, highly similar to the characterised retrograde IFT phenotype of Dync2h1. Depletion of ATMIN or DYNLL1 in cultured cells recapitulated the in vivo ciliogenesis phenotypes and expression of DYNLL1 or the related DYNLL2 rescued the effects of loss of ATMIN, demonstrating that ATMIN primarily promotes ciliogenesis by regulating Dynll1 expression. Furthermore, DYNLL1 as well as DYNLL2 localised to cilia in puncta, consistent with IFT particles, and physically interacted with WDR34, a mammalian homologue of the Chlamydomonas cytoplasmic dynein 2 intermediate chain that also localised to the cilium. This study extends the established Atmin-Dynll1 relationship into a developmental and a ciliary context, uncovering a novel series of interactions between DYNLL1, WDR34 and ATMIN. This identifies potential novel components of cytoplasmic dynein 2 and furthermore provides fresh insights into the molecular pathogenesis of human skeletal ciliopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vertebrates show clear asymmetry in left-right (L-R) patterning of their organs and associated vasculature. During mammalian development a cilia driven leftwards flow of liquid leads to the left-sided expression of Nodal, which in turn activates asymmetric expression of the transcription factor Pitx2. While Pitx2 asymmetry drives many aspects of asymmetric morphogenesis, it is clear from published data that additional asymmetrically expressed loci must exist. Results: A L-R expression screen identified the cytoskeletally-associated gene, actin binding lim protein 1 (Ablim1), as asymmetrically expressed in both the node and left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). LPM expression closely mirrors that of Nodal. Significantly, Ablim1 LPM asymmetry was detected in the absence of detectable Nodal. In the node, Ablim1 was initially expressed symmetrically across the entire structure, resolving to give a peri-nodal ring at the headfold stage in a flow and Pkd2-dependent manner. The peri-nodal ring of Ablim1 expression became asymmetric by the mid-headfold stage, showing stronger right than left-sided expression. Node asymmetry became more apparent as development proceeded; expression retreated in an anticlockwise direction, disappearing first from the left anterior node. Indeed, at early somite stages Ablim1 shows a unique asymmetric expression pattern, in the left lateral plate and to the right side of the node. Conclusion: Left LPM Ablim1 is expressed in the absence of detectable LPM Nodal, clearly revealing existence of a Pitx2 and Nodal-independent left-sided signal in mammals. At the node, a previously unrecognised action of early nodal flow and Pkd2 activity, within the pit of the node, influences gene expression in a symmetric manner. Subsequent Ablim1 expression in the peri-nodal ring reveals a very early indication of L-R asymmetry. Ablim1 expression analysis at the node acts as an indicator of nodal flow. Together these results make Ablim1 a candidate for controlling aspects of L-R identity and patterning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling pathway is fundamental to a number of key developmental events, including initiation of neural tube closure. Disruption of the PCP pathway causes the severe neural tube defect of craniorachischisis, in which almost the entire brain and spinal cord fails to close. Identification of mouse mutants with craniorachischisis has proven a powerful way of identifying molecules that are components or regulators of the PCP pathway. In addition, identification of an allelic series of mutants, including hypomorphs and neomorphs in addition to complete nulls, can provide novel genetic tools to help elucidate the function of the PCP proteins. Results: We report the identification of a new N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutant with craniorachischisis, which we have named chuzhoi (chz). We demonstrate that chuzhoi mutant embryos fail to undergo initiation of neural tube closure, and have characteristics consistent with defective convergent extension. These characteristics include a broadened midline and reduced rate of increase of their length-to-width ratio. In addition, we demonstrate disruption in the orientation of outer hair cells in the inner ear, and defects in heart and lung development in chuzhoi mutants. We demonstrate a genetic interaction between chuzhoi mutants and both Vangl2Lp and Celsr1Crsh mutants, strengthening the hypothesis that chuzhoi is involved in regulating the PCP pathway. We demonstrate that chuzhoi maps to Chromosome 17 and carries a splice site mutation in Ptk7. This mutation results in the insertion of three amino acids into the Ptk7 protein and causes disruption of Ptk7 protein expression in chuzhoi mutants. Conclusions: The chuzhoi mutant provides an additional genetic resource to help investigate the developmental basis of several congenital abnormalities including neural tube, heart and lung defects and their relationship to disruption of PCP. The chuzhoi mutation differentially affects the expression levels of the two Ptk7 protein isoforms and, while some Ptk7 protein can still be detected at the membrane, chuzhoi mutants demonstrate a significant reduction in membrane localization of Ptk7 protein. This mutant provides a useful tool to allow future studies aimed at understanding the molecular function of Ptk7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebrate organs show consistent left-right (L-R) asymmetry in placement and patterning. To identify genes involved in this process we performed an ENU-based genetic screen. Of 135 lines analyzed 11 showed clear single gene defects affecting L-R patterning, including 3 new alleles of known L-R genes and mutants in novel L-R loci. We identified six lines (termed 'gasping') that, in addition to abnormal L-R patterning and associated cardiovascular defects, had complex phenotypes including pulmonary agenesis, exencephaly, polydactyly, ocular and craniofacial malformations. These complex abnormalities are present in certain human disease syndromes (e.g., HYLS, SRPS, VACTERL). Gasping embryos also show defects in ciliogenesis, suggesting a role for cilia in these human congenital malformation syndromes. Our results indicate that genes controlling ciliogenesis and left-right asymmetry have, in addition to their known roles in cardiac patterning, major and unexpected roles in pulmonary, craniofacial, ocular and limb development with implications for human congenital malformation syndromes. Developmental Dynamics 238:581-594, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrulation in amphibian embryos is a composition of several differently located morphogenetic movements which are perfectly coordinated with each other both in space and time. We hypothesize that this coordination is mediated by biomechanical interactions between different parts of a gastrulating embryo based upon the tendency of each part to hyper-restore the value of its mechanical stress (see Beloussov and Grabovsky, 2006). The entire process of gastrulation in amphibian embryos is considered as a chain of these mutually coupled reactions, which are largely dependent upon the geometry of a given embryo part. We divide gastrulation into several partly overlapped steps, give a theoretical interpretation for each of them, formulate the experiments for testing our interpretation and describe the experimental results which confirm our point of view. Among the predicted experimental results are: inhibition of radial cell intercalation by relaxation of tensile stresses at the blastula stage; inversion of convergent intercalation movements by relaxation of circumferential stresses at the early gastrula stage; stress-promoted reorientation of axial rudiments, and others. We also show that gastrulation is going on under a more or less constant average value of tensile stresses which may play a role as rate-limiting factors. A macromorphological biomechanical approach developed in this paper is regarded as complementary to exploring the molecular machinery of gastrulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ca 2+ -mediated signaling is widely spread in nature and plays critical role in the individual development of various organisms ranging from microorganisms to mammals. In vertebrates, Ca 2+ is involved in important developmental events: fertilization, body plan establishment, and organogenesis. The two later events are defined by embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs are capable of self-renewal and are pluripotent by nature, that is, can give rise to all types of cells that make up the body. Given the paramount importance of Ca 2+ signalization in the development, it is therefore not surprising this process also plays role in the biology of stem cells. In this review, we scrutinize the published experimental data on the role of Ca 2+ ions in embryonic stem cells self-renewal and pluripotency. In line with this, we also discuss possible mechanisms of p53 inhibition as a major hindrance to self-renewal of ESCs. Finally, we argue about the role of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of heteromeric transmembrane receptors, and GPCR-mediated signalization in stem cells, and propose the role for the GPCR-G-protein-PLC-Ca 2+ -downstream signaling pathway in the regulation of pluripotency of both mouse and human ESCs., (© 2018 International Federation for Cell Biology.)

Gene therapy suggests a promising approach to treat genetic diseases by applying genes as pharmaceuticals. Cancer is a complex disease, which strongly depends on a particular genetic make-up and hence can be treated with gene therapy. From about 2,000 clinical trials carried out so far, more than 60% were cancer targeted. Development of precise and effective gene therapy approaches is intimately connected with achievements in the molecular biology techniques. The field of gene therapy was recently revolutionized by the introduction of "programmable" nucleases, including ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR, which target specific genomic loci with high efficacy and precision. Furthermore, when combined with DNA transposons for the delivery purposes into cells, these programmable nucleases represent a promising alternative to the conventional viral-mediated gene delivery. In addition to "programmable" nucleases, a new class of TALE- and CRISPR-based "artificial transcription effectors" has been developed to mediate precise regulation of specific genes. In sum, these new molecular tools may be used in a wide plethora of gene therapy strategies. This review highlights the current status of novel genome editing tools and discusses their suitability and perspectives in respect to cancer gene therapy studies.