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1. In situ evidence of thermally induced rock breakdown widespread on Bennu’s surface

Author

Ronald-Louis Ballouz, C. Drouet d'Aubigny, Bashar Rizk, Carina Bennett, Humberto Campins, S. J. Martel, Daniella DellaGiustina, Erica Jawin, Andrew Ryan, Kevin J. Walsh, Stephen R. Schwartz, Maurizio Pajola, Jamie Molaro, Dante S. Lauretta, Dathon Golish, William F. Bottke, and Romy D. Hanna

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Weathering, Geodynamics, 01 natural sciences, Space weathering, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Astrobiology, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Lead (sea ice), Fracture mechanics, General Chemistry, Regolith, Asteroid, Fracture (geology), lcsh:Q, Asteroids, comets and Kuiper belt, Geology
Abstract

Rock breakdown due to diurnal thermal cycling has been hypothesized to drive boulder degradation and regolith production on airless bodies. Numerous studies have invoked its importance in driving landscape evolution, yet morphological features produced by thermal fracture processes have never been definitively observed on an airless body, or any surface where other weathering mechanisms may be ruled out. The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission provides an opportunity to search for evidence of thermal breakdown and assess its significance on asteroid surfaces. Here we show boulder morphologies observed on Bennu that are consistent with terrestrial observations and models of fatigue-driven exfoliation and demonstrate how crack propagation via thermal stress can lead to their development. The rate and expression of this process will vary with asteroid composition and location, influencing how different bodies evolve and their apparent relative surface ages from space weathering and cratering records., In their study, the authors discuss the potential of thermal weathering on airless bodies. As a case study, they use boulder and fracture morphologies on asteroid Bennu.

Published
2020

2. Particle Size-Frequency Distributions of the OSIRIS-REx Candidate Sample Sites on Asteroid (101955) Bennu

Author

J. D. P. Deshapriya, Bashar Rizk, Erica Jawin, Eric M. Sahr, Jason P. Dworkin, Jennifer Nolau, Daniella DellaGiustina, R. H. Hoover, Kevin J. Walsh, Michael C. Nolan, H. L. Enos, Catherine Elder, Stephanie J. Stewart, Stuart J. Robbins, William V. Boynton, Jacob Padilla, K. N. Burke, Dante S. Lauretta, Maurizio Pajola, Dathon Golish, Peter H. Smith, Hannah C.M. Susorney, Carina Bennett, Edward B. Bierhaus, Harold C. Connolly, Patrick Michel, Jamie Molaro, Timothy J. McCoy, Juliette I. Brodbeck, and Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France

Subjects
Nolan, rubble-pile asteroids, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, K.J, Science, J.I, et al. Particle particle size-frequency distributions, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Bierhaus, H.C, Walsh, E.B, 01 natural sciences, particle size-frequency distributions, power laws, fragmentation, M, C.A, Impact crater, Sample return mission, Connolly, 0103 physical sciences, Burke, K.N, Boynton, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, M.C, D.N, W.V, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], DellaGiustina, Brodbeck, Sampling (statistics), Geodesy, Sample (graphics), Bennett, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Pajola, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Particle, Jr, Sample collection, Frequency distribution, Geology
Abstract

International audience; We manually mapped particles ranging in longest axis from 0.3 cm to 95 m on (101955) Bennu for the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) asteroid sample return mission. This enabled the mission to identify candidate sample collection sites and shed light on the processes that have shaped the surface of this rubble-pile asteroid. Building on a global survey of particles, we used higher-resolution data from regional observations to calculate particle size-frequency distributions (PSFDs) and assess the viability of four candidate sites for sample collection (presence of unobstructed particles ≤ 2 cm). The four candidate sites have common characteristics: each is situated within a crater with a relative abundance of sampleable material. Their PSFDs, however, indicate that each site has experienced different geologic processing. The PSFD power-law slopes range from −3.0 ± 0.2 to −2.3 ± 0.1 across the four sites, based on images with a 0.01-m pixel scale. These values are consistent with, or shallower than, the global survey measurements. At one site, Osprey, the particle packing density appears to reach geometric saturation. We evaluate the uncertainty in these measurements and discuss their implications for other remotely sensed and mapped particles, and their importance to OSIRIS-REx sampling operations.

Published
2021

3. Author Correction: Shape of (101955) Bennu indicative of a rubble pile with internal stiffness

Author

M. Lefevre, Aaron S. Burton, Carina Bennett, J. A. Mapel, Renu Malhotra, Peter Fleming, J. McAdams, N. Mogk, R. L. Ballouz, P. H. Smith, V. Nifo, C. K. Maleszewski, Timothy D. Swindle, E. Dotto, Stephen R. Schwartz, C. May, J. Bayron, D. Patterson, D. Guevel, Ellen S. Howell, Humberto Campins, J. Kissell, E. Brown, J. Wood, E. Muhle, John Robert Brucato, J. Small, B. Miller, Oleksiy Golubov, R. Pennington, K. Harshman, J. Nelson, Catherine Elder, M. McGee, R. Burns, J. Contreras, S. Hull, D. Kubitschek, D. Noss, Andrew J. Liounis, J. Backer, B. May, G. Fitzgibbon, J. Donaldson, D. Worden, Bashar Rizk, R. Witherspoon, Catherine L. Johnson, Erica Jawin, G. Shaw, A. Aqueche, Dolores H. Hill, D. Folta, S. Ferrone, M. Lujan, Giovanni Poggiali, B. G. Williams, S. Selznick, Melissa A. Morris, K. Rios, Sara S. Russell, D. Lambert, J. Hong, Jeffrey B. Plescia, H. Bloomenthal, D. Drinnon, Olivier S. Barnouin, Derek S. Nelson, Amanda E. Toland, Michael C. Moreau, J. A. Seabrook, K. Dill, A. Mirfakhrai, K. Hyde, J. D. P. Deshapriya, Hannah Kaplan, Timothy P. McElrath, Juliette I. Brodbeck, N. Ramos, S. Stewart, James B. Garvin, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, M. Arvizu-Jakubicki, Jason P. Dworkin, Matthew A. Siegler, Collin Lewin, Masatoshi Hirabayashi, L. Bloomquist, S. Gardner, Keiko Nakamura-Messenger, A. H. Nair, M. Schmitzer, P. Haas, Julie Bellerose, Dolan E. Highsmith, L. Koelbel, C. C. Lorentson, J. Zareski, E. Queen, S. R. Chesley, Philip A. Bland, A. Cheuvront, V. E. Hamilton, Ronald G. Mink, N. Mastrodemos, H. C. Connolly, K. Bellamy, M. Killgore, A. Gardner, Y. Takahashi, M. Lambert, R. C. Espiritu, Z. Zeszut, E. T. Morton, Kevin J. Walsh, Timothy D. Glotch, M. Skeen, Brian Kennedy, Matthew R.M. Izawa, G. Neumann, F. Teti, D. Doerres, A. Hasten, F. Ciceri, D. Howell, A. Deguzman, J. Nagy, D. Vaughan, H. Ma, C. Lantz, D. N. Brack, David K. Hammond, Erwan Mazarico, Leilah K. McCarthy, L. Rhoads, Kathleen L. Craft, C. Welch, Jay W. McMahon, C. L. Parish, D. C. Reuter, M. Giuntini, N. Castro, Clive Dickinson, J. Kreiner, K. Kingsbury, S. Dickenshied, Joseph A. Nuth, Alan R. Hildebrand, Erik Asphaug, H. Ido, Eric M. Sahr, A. Harbison, Arlin E. Bartels, T. Forrester, D. Eckart, R. Bandrowski, Michael K. Barker, Robert Gaskell, J. Wendel, S. Freund, Marc Bernacki, Ryan S. Park, A. Taylor, E. B. Bierhaus, S. Millington-Veloza, J. Stromberg, L. B. Breitenfeld, K. Stakkestad, D. Ellis, Timothy J. McCoy, M. Susak, Richard G. Cosentino, C. Manzoni, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, C. Drouet d'Aubigny, A. Bjurstrom, Masako Yoshikawa, S. Francis, J. Peachey, J. Geeraert, K. Marchese, O. Billett, M. Rascon, F. Jaen, B. Diallo, Martin Miner, Kris J. Becker, E. Mazzotta Epifani, Florian Thuillet, A. Knight, James H. Roberts, Pasquale Tricarico, Edward A. Cloutis, T. Fisher, Dale Stanbridge, A. Colpo, Osiris-Rex Team, S. Gonzales, Q. Tran, M. K. Crombie, John Marshall, N. Bojorquez-Murphy, David Vokrouhlický, Allen W. Lunsford, H. Bowles, K. L. Edmundson, R. A. Masterson, Peter G. Antreasian, N. Gorius, Benjamin Rozitis, D. Pino Muñoz, S. Carlson-Kelly, C. Thayer, J. Elsila Cook, B. C. Clark, N. Piacentine, José C. Aponte, M. Al Asad, M. A. Barucci, D. Blum, P. Falkenstern, Neil Bowles, Matthew Chojnacki, J. M. Leonard, J. Daly, K. Yetter, M. R. Fisher, Jeffrey N. Grossman, A. Boggs, N. Jayakody, Cristina A. Thomas, C.M. Ernst, Namrah Habib, J. N. Kidd, R. J. Steele, Andrew B. Calloway, Andrew Ryan, Kimberly T. Tait, Paul O. Hayne, J. Y. Li, K. L. Berry, William V. Boynton, Yanga R. Fernandez, D. A. Lorenz, M. Wasser, Daniel J. Scheeres, K. Fortney, A. Scroggins, B. Allen, B. Sutter, T. Ferro, Jonathan Joseph, Derek C. Richardson, D. Hoak, Brian Carcich, W. Chang, P. Wren, C. Boyles, Kaj E. Williams, B. Marty, J. Liang, J. Hoffman, A. Harch, Daniel R. Wibben, Jamie Molaro, S. Rieger, R. Enos, C. W. Hergenrother, Stephen R. Sutton, J. Grindlay, E. J. Lessac-Chenen, E. Huettner, C. Norman, P. Sherman, L. Swanson, M. Coltrin, S. Van wal, B. Buck, A. Fisher, Kevin Righter, Brian Rush, David D. Rowlands, Lauren McGraw, A. Levine, K. Drozd, D. Gaudreau, A. Nguyen, S. Sides, M. Chodas, R. Dubisher, B. Ashman, Michael Caplinger, Amy Simon, W. Moore, S. S. Balram-Knutson, R. Carpenter, S. Fornasier, Shogo Tachibana, Russell Turner, Ian A. Franchi, Trevor Ireland, Chloe B. Beddingfield, D. F. Everett, M. Corvin, Lindsay P. Keller, Tammy L. Becker, S. Carter, J. L. Rizos Garcia, Mark E. Perry, E. Keates, Michael C. Nolan, P. Vasudeva, C. Fellows, K. Herzog, Mark A. Jenkins, J. R. Weirich, J. Swenson, D. R. Golish, Davide Farnocchia, Lydia C. Philpott, Rebecca R. Ghent, Hannah C.M. Susorney, S. W. Squyres, Pedro Hasselmann, J. Hill, Thomas J. Zega, B. Key, Marco Delbo, A. S. French, P. Sánchez, A. Hilbert, J. Y. Pelgrift, R. P. Binzel, L. McNamara, Vishnu Reddy, Michael Daly, Scott Messenger, Daniella DellaGiustina, Maurizio Pajola, Charles Brunet, Joshua L. Bandfield, J. Padilla, A. Janakus, M. Moreau, R. Garcia, R. A. Chicoine, P. Michel, P. Kaotira, K. S. Johnson, J. Forelli, G. Miller, K. Martin, I. Galinsky, S. Desjardins, Naru Hirata, Christine Hartzell, M. L. Jones, S. Hooven, D. Velez, R. Munoz, Carolyn M. Ernst, C. Emr, N. Martinez-Vlasoff, S. Bendall, R. Zellar, E. Church, Theodore Kareta, T. Warren, P. Wolff, V. Morrison, C. Bryan, S. Bhaskaran, N. Jones, D. Hauf, Jeremy Bauman, R. T. Daly, R. Olds, M. M. Westermann, D. K. Hamara, E. Audi, G. Johnston, Eric Palmer, Courtney Mario, Daniel P. Glavin, T. Haltigin, J. Cutts, Javier Licandro, Xiao-Duan Zou, H. L. Roper, Gregory A. Neumann, William M. Owen, S. Sugita, Y. H. Tang, Kevin Burke, H. L. Enos, D. Gallagher, William F. Bottke, K. Getzandanner, Philip R. Christensen, C. W. V. Wolner, K. Fleshman, D. Poland, J. P. Emery, M.M. Riehl, D. Fennell, D. Sallitt, A. D. Rogers, M. Fitzgibbon, John H. Jones, S. Mullen, S. Salazar, S. Oliver, A. T. Polit, J. Cerna, A. Praet, Mark E. Holdridge, E. M. Ibrahim, Coralie D. Adam, J. de León, Christopher J. Miller, M. Ryle, J. Lyzhoft, M. Loveridge, C. Hoekenga, Brent J. Bos, S. Anwar, K. Chaffin, Devin L. Schrader, B. Lovelace, Romy D. Hanna, C. D. Adam, G. L. Mehall, K. L. Donaldson Hanna, F. Merlin, B. Wright, Guy Libourel, L. F. Lim, N. Shultz, Dante S. Lauretta, K. Hanley, Beth E. Clark, L. Le Corre, K. Thomas-Keprta, Moses Milazzo, W. Hagee, B. Page, M. Fisher, E. McDonough, D. Trang, S. Clemett, A. Rubi, A. Ingegneri, Scott A. Sandford, D. Dean, J. Freemantle, Michael D. Smith, Christopher W. Haberle, L. Nguyen, M. Fulchignoni, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rubble, Stiffness, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], engineering, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Geotechnical engineering, medicine.symptom, Pile, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

4. Bennu’s near-Earth lifetime of 1.75 million years inferred from craters on its boulders

Author

M. Al Asad, Olivier S. Barnouin, P. Michel, Jamie Molaro, C. Avdellidou, Carina Bennett, E. B. Bierhaus, Dante S. Lauretta, Michael C. Nolan, Kevin J. Walsh, Harold C. Connolly, Stephen R. Schwartz, Daniella DellaGiustina, C. W. V. Wolner, Bashar Rizk, Marco Delbo, Maurizio Pajola, R. L. Ballouz, Dathon Golish, Erica Jawin, M. G. Daly, David Trang, R. T. Daly, William F. Bottke, Erik Asphaug, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France., Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Population, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Impact crater, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Size frequency, Asteroid belt, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

An asteroid’s history is determined in large part by its strength against collisions with other objects1,2 (impact strength). Laboratory experiments on centimetre-scale meteorites3 have been extrapolated and buttressed with numerical simulations to derive the impact strength at the asteroid scale4,5. In situ evidence of impacts on boulders on airless planetary bodies has come from Apollo lunar samples6 and images of the asteroid (25143) Itokawa7. It has not yet been possible, however, to assess directly the impact strength, and thus the absolute surface age, of the boulders that constitute the building blocks of a rubble-pile asteroid. Here we report an analysis of the size and depth of craters observed on boulders on the asteroid (101955) Bennu. We show that the impact strength of metre-sized boulders is 0.44 to 1.7 megapascals, which is low compared to that of solid terrestrial materials. We infer that Bennu’s metre-sized boulders record its history of impact by millimetre- to centimetre-scale objects in near-Earth space. We conclude that this population of near-Earth impactors has a size frequency distribution similar to that of metre-scale bolides and originates from the asteroidal population. Our results indicate that Bennu has been dynamically decoupled from the main asteroid belt for 1.75 ± 0.75 million years. Analysis of the size and depth of craters on boulders on the asteroid (101955) Bennu indicates that Bennu has been in near-Earth space for 1.75 ± 0.75 million years.

Published
2020

5. Variations in color and reflectance on the surface of asteroid (101955) Bennu

Author

Kevin J. Walsh, N. Shultz, Jian-Yang Li, L. F. Lim, K. N. Burke, Michael Daly, S. Sugita, Erica Jawin, Juliette I. Brodbeck, Dante S. Lauretta, Daniella DellaGiustina, Kris J. Becker, Tammy L. Becker, Ben Rozitis, Alexis Parkinson, Beth E. Clark, Jennifer Nolau, Carina Bennett, Amanda R. Hendrix, L. Le Corre, P. Michel, Bashar Rizk, C. W. V. Wolner, Pedro Hasselmann, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, Carl Hergenrother, David Trang, Marco Delbo, Sonia Fornasier, N. A. Porter, Eri Tatsumi, Daniel M. Applin, M. A. Barucci, C. Drouet d'Aubigny, Michael C. Nolan, Antara Sen, Maurizio Pajola, C. Avdellidou, Edward A. Cloutis, Koki Yumoto, Ellen S. Howell, J. D. Prasanna Deshapriya, Marcel Popescu, V. E. Hamilton, J. L. Rizos, Hannah Kaplan, Dathon Golish, K. L. Edmundson, Amy Simon, R. B. Van Auken, William F. Bottke, Andrew Ryan, Harold C. Connolly, M. Al Asad, Jamie Molaro, J. D. De Leon, E. B. Bierhaus, P. H. Smith, Humberto Campins, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Multispectral image, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Reflectivity, Texture (geology), Space weathering, Wavelength, Impact crater, 13. Climate action, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The complex history of Bennu's surface The near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu is a carbon-rich body with a rubble pile structure, formed from debris ejected by an impact on a larger parent asteroid. The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft is designed to collect a sample of Bennu's surface and return it to Earth. After arriving at Bennu, OSIRIS-REx performed a detailed survey of the asteroid and reconnaissance of potential sites for sample collection. Three papers present results from those mission phases. DellaGiustina et al. mapped the optical color and albedo of Bennu's surface and established how they relate to boulders and impact craters, finding complex evolution caused by space weathering processes. Simon et al. analyzed near-infrared spectra, finding evidence for organic and carbonate materials that are widely distributed across the surface but are most concentrated on individual boulders. Kaplan et al. examined more detailed data collected on the primary sample site, called Nightingale. They identified bright veins with a distinct infrared spectrum in some boulders, which they interpreted as being carbonates formed by aqueous alteration on the parent asteroid. Together, these results constrain Bennu's evolution and provide context for the sample collected in October 2020. Science , this issue p. eabc3660 , p. eabc3522 , p. eabc3557

Published
2020

6. Exogenic basalt on asteroid (101955) Bennu

Author

Javier Licandro, Erica Jawin, M. Al Asad, J. A. Seabrook, Michael C. Nolan, M. A. Barucci, Kevin J. Walsh, Lydia C. Philpott, G. Poggiali, Timothy J. McCoy, R. P. Binzel, Marco Delbo, C. Avdellidou, Dante S. Lauretta, Marcel Popescu, J. L. Rizos Garcia, D. C. Reuter, Ellen S. Howell, Daniella DellaGiustina, Humberto Campins, Bashar Rizk, William F. Bottke, Hannah Kaplan, Amy Simon, Harold C. Connolly, Eri Tatsumi, V. E. Hamilton, M. G. Daly, Olivier S. Barnouin, Beth E. Clark, L. Le Corre, N. A. Porter, J. de León, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, R. T. Daly, Dathon Golish, Sonia Fornasier, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-18-CE31-0014,ORIGINS,A la recherche des planétésimaux de notre système solaire(2018)

Subjects
Basalt, Planetesimal, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Parent body, Astrobiology, Igneous rock, Planetary science, Meteorite, 13. Climate action, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbonaceous chondrite, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

When rubble-pile asteroid 2008 TC3 impacted Earth on 7 October 2008, the recovered rock fragments indicated that such asteroids can contain exogenic material1,2. However, spacecraft missions to date have only observed exogenous contamination on large, monolithic asteroids that are impervious to collisional disruption3,4. Here, we report the presence of metre-scale exogenic boulders on the surface of near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu—the 0.5-km-diameter, rubble-pile target of the OSIRIS-REx mission5 that has been spectroscopically linked to the CM carbonaceous chondrite meteorites6. Hyperspectral data indicate that the exogenic boulders have the same distinctive pyroxene composition as the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites that come from (4) Vesta, a 525-km-diameter asteroid that has undergone differentiation and extensive igneous processing7–9. Delivery scenarios include the infall of Vesta fragments directly onto Bennu or indirectly onto Bennu’s parent body, where the latter’s disruption created Bennu from a mixture of endogenous and exogenic debris. Our findings demonstrate that rubble-pile asteroids can preserve evidence of inter-asteroid mixing that took place at macroscopic scales well after planetesimal formation ended. Accordingly, the presence of HED-like material on the surface of Bennu provides previously unrecognized constraints on the collisional and dynamical evolution of the inner main belt. Six bright boulders of exotic material on near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu stand out from the average asteroidal surface. This unexpected record of impactors offers clues to the formation history of Bennu.

Published
2020

7. Episodes of particle ejection from the surface of the active asteroid (101955) Bennu

Author

Christine Hartzell, Guy Libourel, Bashar Rizk, Jian-Yang Li, Daniel J. Scheeres, David Vokrouhlický, C. Drouet d'Aubigny, Derek S. Nelson, Y. Takahashi, Robert A. Jacobson, Michael C. Moreau, Harold C. Connolly, Eric M. Sahr, William F. Bottke, J. A. Seabrook, J. Y. Pelgrift, Leilah K. McCarthy, J. M. Leonard, Ben Rozitis, Kris J. Becker, S. Selznick, J. de León, Josh Emery, Humberto Campins, Javier Licandro, Carl Hergenrother, Erica Jawin, Marina Brozovic, M. Al Asad, A. B. Davis, Florian Thuillet, Jamie Molaro, Pasquale Tricarico, E. J. Lessac-Chenen, Peter G. Antreasian, Jason P. Dworkin, C. K. Maleszewski, Davide Farnocchia, Carina Bennett, Jay W. McMahon, C. Manzoni, C. W. V. Wolner, Steven R. Chesley, P. Michel, Peter Jenniskens, Andrew J. Liounis, J. N. Kidd, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, Dathon Golish, Michael Daly, Daniella DellaGiustina, Daniel P. Glavin, H. L. Roper, William M. Owen, Coralie D. Adam, Brent J. Bos, B. May, Dante S. Lauretta, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Lhomond)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dept. of Physics, University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), IHU-LIRYC, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon [Mexique] (UANL), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire de physique de l'état condensé (LPEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Dipartimento di Matematica, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Université de Washington Seattle, University of Michigan Medical School [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Institute of Astronomy, Charles University [Prague] (CU), ANR-15-IDEX-0001,UCA JEDI,Idex UCA JEDI(2015), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Central Florida [Orlando], CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, Le Mans Université (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie [Hôpital Saint-Louis], Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l'Environnement - UMR 8516 (LASIRe), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Charles University [Prague], and ANR: 15-IDEX-0001,UCA JEDI,Idex UCA JEDI(2015)

Subjects
Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Origin of water on Earth, Population, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Meteoroid, Spacecraft, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business.industry, 13. Climate action, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Solar time, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Orbit determination, Geology
Abstract

INTRODUCTION Active asteroids are small bodies in the Solar System that show ongoing mass loss, such as the ejection of dust, which may be caused by large impacts, volatile release, or rotational acceleration. Studying them informs our understanding of the evolution and destruction of asteroids and the origin of volatile materials such as water on Earth. The OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer) spacecraft has rendezvoused with the near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu. The selection of Bennu as the OSIRIS-REx target was partially based on its spectral similarity to some active asteroids. Observations designed to detect mass loss at Bennu were conducted from Earth and during the spacecraft’s approach, but no signs of asteroid activity were found. However, when the spacecraft entered orbit in January 2019, we serendipitously observed particles in the vicinity of Bennu that had apparently been ejected from its surface. RATIONALE We analyzed the properties and behavior of particles ejected from Bennu to determine the possible mechanisms of ejection and provide understanding of the broader population of active asteroids. Images obtained by the spacecraft indicate multiple discrete ejection events with a range of energies and resultant particle trajectories. We characterized three large ejection events that respectively occurred on 6 January, 19 January, and 11 February 2019. Tracking of individual particles across multiple images by means of optical navigation techniques provided the initial conditions for orbit determination modeling. By combining these approaches, we estimated the locations and times of ejection events and determined initial velocity vectors of particles. We estimated the particle sizes and the minimum energies of the ejection events using a particle albedo and density consistent with observations of Bennu. RESULTS Particles with diameters from 3 m s–1. Estimated energies ranged from 270 mJ for the 6 January event to 8 mJ for the 11 February event. The three events arose from widely separated sites, which do not show any obvious geological distinction from the rest of Bennu’s surface. However, these events all occurred in the late afternoon, between about 15:00 and 18:00 local solar time. In addition to discrete ejection events, we detected a persistent background of particles in the Bennu environment. Some of these background particles have been observed to persist on temporary orbits that last several days—in one case, with a semimajor axis >1 km. The orbital characteristics of these gravitationally bound objects make it possible to determine the ratio of their cross-sectional area to their mass. Combined with their photometric phase functions, this information constrains the parameter space of the particles’ diameters, densities, and albedos. CONCLUSION Plausible mechanisms for the large ejection events include thermal fracturing, volatile release through dehydration of phyllosilicates, and meteoroid impacts. The late-afternoon timing of the events is consistent with any of these mechanisms. Bennu’s boulder geology indicates that thermal fracturing, perhaps enhanced by volatile release, could occur on the asteroid surface. Smaller events, especially those that occur on the night side of Bennu, could be attributable to reimpacting particles. Our observations classify Bennu as an active asteroid. Active asteroids are commonly identified by major mass loss events observable with telescopes, on scales much greater than we observed at Bennu. Our findings indicate that there is a continuum of mass loss event magnitudes among active asteroids.

Published
2019

8. The operational environment and rotational acceleration of asteroid (101955) Bennu from OSIRIS-REx observations

Author

Daniella DellaGiustina, Paul Hayne, Timothy McCoy, Oleksiy Golubov, Peter Antreasian, Elisabetta Dotto, Amy Simon, Michael Nolan, Kris Becker, Josh Steele, Marc Bernacki, Julia De León, Erica Jawin, Namrah Habib, Theodore Kareta, Stephen Schwartz, Hannah Susorney, Cristina Thomas, Jian-Yang Li, Phil Bland, Lillian Nguyen, Tristram Warren, Trevor Ireland, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Daniel Pino Muñoz, Juan Luis Rizos, Olivier Barnouin, Kenneth Edmundson, Michael Daly, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Okayama University, Misasa, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lockheed Martin Space Sciences Laboratory, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Dept. of Physics, University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Ithaca College, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, University of Colorado [Boulder], Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux (CEMEF), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Angular acceleration, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 03 medical and health sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Phase function, lcsh:Science, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, Spacecraft, biology, business.industry, Comets and Kuiper belt, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, Rings and moons, Asteroids, Highly sensitive, 030104 developmental biology, Asteroid, Physics::Space Physics, Natural satellite, lcsh:Q, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Osiris, 0210 nano-technology, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Geology
Abstract

著者人数: 24名ほか (The OSIRIS-REx Team: 所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所 (JAXA)(ISAS): Van wal, S.; 吉川, 真; 渡邊, 誠一郎), Number of authors: 24 and others (The OSIRIS-REx Team: Affiliation. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS): Van wal, S.; Yoshikawa, Makoto; Watanabe, Sei-ichiro), Accepted: 2019-02-26, 資料番号: SA1180355000

Published
2019

9. Heterogeneous mass distribution of the rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu

Author

P. Michel, Pasquale Tricarico, Peter G. Antreasian, David D. Rowlands, Michael Daly, J. A. Seabrook, J. M. Leonard, Ben Rozitis, K. Getzandanner, J. R. Weirich, Michael C. Nolan, Julie Bellerose, Jay W. McMahon, Andrew T. Vaughan, Y. Takahashi, J. Small, Robert Gaskell, B. Page, Ronald-Louis Ballouz, M. Al Asad, Dolan E. Highsmith, Eric Palmer, Kevin J. Walsh, Brian Kennedy, D. N. Brack, Andrew Ryan, Brian Rush, A. S. French, Ryan S. Park, Lydia C. Philpott, Daniel P. Lubey, Olivier S. Barnouin, Sander Goossens, Steven R. Chesley, Catherine L. Johnson, Erica Jawin, A. B. Davis, N. Mastrodemos, J. Geeraert, Josh Emery, Dante S. Lauretta, Davide Farnocchia, Christine Hartzell, D. Velez, Daniel J. Scheeres, Michael C. Moreau, V. E. Hamilton, Erwan Mazarico, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Equator, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Parent body, Gravitational field, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Mass distribution, Spacecraft, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business.industry, SciAdv r-articles, Geophysics, Accretion (astrophysics), Asteroid, Equatorial bulge, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Geology, Planetary Science, Research Article
Abstract

The asteroid (101955) Bennu has a heterogeneous internal mass distribution with an underdense center and equatorial bulge., The gravity field of a small body provides insight into its internal mass distribution. We used two approaches to measure the gravity field of the rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu: (i) tracking and modeling the spacecraft in orbit about the asteroid and (ii) tracking and modeling pebble-sized particles naturally ejected from Bennu’s surface into sustained orbits. These approaches yield statistically consistent results up to degree and order 3, with the particle-based field being statistically significant up to degree and order 9. Comparisons with a constant-density shape model show that Bennu has a heterogeneous mass distribution. These deviations can be modeled with lower densities at Bennu’s equatorial bulge and center. The lower-density equator is consistent with recent migration and redistribution of material. The lower-density center is consistent with a past period of rapid rotation, either from a previous Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack cycle or arising during Bennu’s accretion following the disruption of its parent body.

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