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© 2018 The Authors Nations and Nationalism published by Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism and John Wiley & Sons Ltd In this article, we explore the geographies of nationhood manifest in everyday life, arguing that our quotidian surroundings continually reproduce the nation as we engage with them. We show that nationhood is obvious and ubiquitous in the lives of people when they are asked to attune to it, and that even when not in the forefront of attention, it partly informs how we make sense of our daily experiences. This is not to claim that nationhood is fully formed or coherent, a separate substratum waiting to be tapped into or closely defined by an identifiable symbolic repertoire, if only we pay attention. Instead, we demonstrate that nationhood is emergent in everyday life, is reproduced continuously and intimately entangled with the sensations, routines, material environments, public encounters, everyday competencies, memories, aspirations and a range of other affective and embodied qualities that comprise how we understand and inhabit our worlds. This mundane experience involves shifting between reflexive and unreflexive states, and the method we deploy - photo-elicitation - is devised to draw out these oscillations and heighten the attunement of participants to the usually unreflexively apprehended taken-for-granted national qualities of everyday space. Here, we aim to empirically foreground the neglected spatial dimensions that characterize the experience of banal nationalism.

As an extension of gentrification, high quality education-driven jiaoyufication not only displaces previous lower class as jiaoyufiers, but also replaces former jiaoyufiers with newcomers, as well as blenching former blue collar neighborhoods. New middle class communities are emerging as spatially limited education-apartment zones attract social groups who attempt to occupy these spaces to facilitate social mobility and consolidation, causing tension between them. Consequently, jiaoyufication has narrowed down opportunities for intra-generation-based social mobility and exacerbated social polarization, gradually replacing traditional social hierarchies with an intergeneration-based neoliberal stratification.

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