26,739 results on '"EVOLUTIONARY theories"'
Search Results
2. Neural Networks in Legal Theory.
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Verenich, Vadim
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MACHINE learning , *JURISPRUDENCE , *ARTIFICIAL neural networks , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *NONMONOTONIC logic , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *SYLLOGISM , *ASSIMILATION (Sociology) - Abstract
This article explores the domain of legal analysis and its methodologies, emphasising the significance of generalisation in legal systems. It discusses the process of generalisation in relation to legal concepts and the development of ideal concepts that form the foundation of law. The article examines the role of logical induction and its similarities with semantic generalisation, highlighting their importance in legal decision-making. It also critiques the formal-deductive approach in legal practice and advocates for more adaptable models, incorporating fuzzy logic, non-monotonic defeasible reasoning, and artificial intelligence. The potential application of neural networks, specifically deep learning algorithms, in legal theory is also discussed. The article discusses how neural networks encode legal knowledge in their synaptic connections, while the syllogistic model condenses legal information into axioms. The article also highlights how neural networks assimilate novel experiences and exhibit evolutionary progression, unlike the deductive model of law. Additionally, the article examines the historical and theoretical foundations of jurisprudence that align with the basic principles of neural networks. It delves into the statistical analysis of legal phenomena and theories that view legal development as an evolutionary process. The article then explores Friedrich Hayek's theory of law as an autonomous self-organising system and its compatibility with neural network models. It concludes by discussing the implications of Hayek's theory on the role of a lawyer and the precision of neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. The View from the Future: Aurobindo Ghose's Anticolonial Darwinism.
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MARWAH, INDER S.
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BIOLOGICAL evolution , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *POLITICAL science , *IMPERIALISM , *AUTONOMY & independence movements - Abstract
Darwinism and evolutionary theory have a bad track record in political theory, given their entanglements with fin-de-siècle militarist imperialisms, racialized hierarchies, and eugenic reformism. In colonial contexts, however, Darwinism had an entirely different afterlife as anticolonialists marshaled evolutionist frameworks to contest the parameters of colonial rule. This article exhumes just such an evolutionary anticolonialism in the political thought of Aurobindo Ghose, radical firebrand of the early Indian independence movement. I argue that Ghose drew on a nuanced reform Darwinism to criticize British imperialism and advance an alternative grounded in the Indian polity's mutualism. Evolutionism formed a conceptual ecosystem framing his understanding of progress—national, civilizational, and spiritual—and reformulating the temporal and conceptual coordinates of the liberal empire he resisted. The article thus exposes the constructiveness of anticolonial politics, the hybridity of South Asian intellectual history, and the surprising critical potential of Darwinism in colonial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Evolution's Worst Mistake.
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Dee, James H.
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EVOLUTIONARY theories , *SEXUAL intercourse - Published
- 2024
5. Towards meaningful institutional change: Responsive bureaucracy and the governance of anthropological ethics.
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Elfenbein, Timothy W. and Hoffman, Andrew S.
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SOCIAL change , *BUREAUCRACY , *ANTHROPOLOGICAL ethics , *ETHNOGRAPHIC analysis , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
This article advocates for a deeper engagement with the organizational structures that shape the governance of research ethics in anthropology. The authors argue that anthropological critiques of bureaucracy often sidestep the kinds of knowledge needed to pursue meaningful institutional change. They show how different regulatory dynamics and organizational arrangements across jurisdictions produce more or less responsive bureaucracies, comparing Institutional Review Boards in the United States with a case study of a European university's Ethics Review Committee. The authors suggest that such organizational understandings of bureaucratic processes can more meaningfully inform their redesign and contribute to developing more appropriately scaled ethics governance. In so doing, ethics review promises greater responsiveness to the particular demands of ethnographic research while remaining legible to regulatory stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. EcoLaw: Legality, Life, and the Normativity of Nature.
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AUZ, JUAN
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NORMATIVITY (Ethics) , *HUMAN behavior , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *NATURAL law , *INDIGENOUS Australians - Published
- 2024
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7. Interdisciplinarity of information science: an evolutionary perspective of theory application.
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Zhang, Chao, Wang, Fang, Huang, Yi, and Chang, Le
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INFORMATION science , *CITATION indexes , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *BIG data - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to reveal the interdisciplinarity of information science (IS) from the perspective of the evolution of theory application. Design/methodology/approach: Select eight representative IS journals as data sources, extract the theories mentioned in the full texts of the research papers and then measure annual interdisciplinarity of IS by conducting theory co-occurrence network analysis, diversity measure and evolution analysis. Findings: As a young and vibrant discipline, IS has been continuously absorbing and internalizing external theoretical knowledge and thus formed a high degree of interdisciplinarity. With the continuous application of some kernel theories, the interdisciplinarity of IS appears to be decreasing and gradually converging into a few neighboring disciplines. Influenced by big data and artificial intelligence, the research paradigm of IS is shifting from a theory centered one to a technology centered one. Research limitations/implications: This study helps to understand the evolution of the interdisciplinarity of IS in the past 21 years. The main limitation is that the data were collected from eight journals indexed by the Social Sciences Citation Index and a small amount of theories might have been omitted. Originality/value: This study identifies the kernel theories in IS research, measures the interdisciplinarity of IS based on the evolution of the co-occurrence network of theory source disciplines and reveals the paradigm shift being happening in IS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Existence and Approximate Controllability of Solutions for an Impulsive Evolution Equation with Nonlocal Conditions in Banach Space.
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Lixin Sheng, Weimin Hu, You-Hui Su, and Yongzhen Yun
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EVOLUTIONARY theories ,NONLINEAR control theory ,PARTIAL differential equations ,MATHEMATICS ,LIPSCHITZ spaces - Abstract
In this article, we study the existence of mild solutions and approximate controllability for non-autonomous impulsive evolution equations with nonlocal conditions in Banach space. The existence of mild solutions and some conditions for approximate controllability of these non-autonomous impulsive evolution equations are given by using the Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem, the theory of evolution family and the resolvent operator. In particular, the impulsive functions are supposed to be continuous and the nonlocal item is divided into Lipschitz continuous and completely bounded. An example is given as an application of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Understanding through the Numbers: Number Systems, Their Evolution, and Their Perception among Kula People from Alor Island, Southeastern Indonesia.
- Author
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Wu, Shiyue and Perono Cacciafoco, Francesco
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ANTHROPOLOGICAL linguistics ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,DOCUMENTATION ,LANGUAGE & languages - Abstract
This paper aims at documenting and reconstructing the linguistic processes generating and substantiating the use of number systems, numbers in general, elementary arithmetic, and the related concepts and notions among the Kula people from Alor Island, Southeastern Indonesia. The Kula is a Papuan population from the Alor–Pantar Archipelago (Timor area). The name of their language, Kula (or Kola), corresponds to the ethnonym. The language is, currently, endangered and not completely documented. At the level of linguistic features, numeral systems and the terms for numerals from Eastern Alor exhibit, to some extent, unique characteristics, if compared to other languages spoken in other sectors of the island. Therefore, the Kula numbering system is not only significant at the lexicological and lexicographic level, but also represents the essential role of cognitive strategies (e.g., the choice of the base for the numbering systems and the visual representation of counting with the aid of actual 'objects', like hands and fingers) in the coinage of numerical terms among the local speakers. Indeed, the development of numeral systems reflects the evolution of human language and the ability of humans to construct abstract numerical concepts. The way numerals are encoded and expressed in a language can impact the patterns according to which numerical notions are conceptualized and understood. Different numeral systems can indicate variations in cognitive processes involving notions of quantities and measurements. Therefore, the structure and characteristics of a numeral system may affect how numeral concepts are mentally represented and developed. This paper focuses on the number system of the Kula people and the lexical units used by the local speakers to indicate (and to explain) the numbers, with the related concepts, notions, and symbolism. The investigation delves into the degrees of abstraction of the Kula numeral system and tries to ascertain its origins and reconstruct it. Moreover, the article applies to the analysis a comparative approach, which takes into account several Papuan and Austronesian languages from Alor Island and Eastern Timor, with the dual aim of investigating, at a preliminary level, a possible common evolution and/or divergent naming processes in local numbering systems and their historical–linguistic and etymological origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. I WAS A TEENAGE LETTERHACK!
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EVOLUTIONARY theories - Published
- 2024
11. Time of the State: Stochastic Evolution, Coexistence, and Immanent Variation.
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LUZECKY, ROBERT W.
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PHILOSOPHY of time , *IMMANENCE (Philosophy) , *PRODUCTION (Economic theory) , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
The article explores the theorization of temporality offered by French philosopher Gilles Deleuze through the books "Capitalism and Schizophrenia," which he authored with colleague Félix Guattari and "Difference and Repetition." It discussed the involvement of immanent variation of coexistence in temporality, the expression of immanent variation through social formations, and the response of Deleuze to Marxian claims regarding the role of economic production in the evolution of society.
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- 2022
12. William James and Philosophy of History: Causes and Moments.
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WERTZ, S. K.
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PHILOSOPHY of history , *PHILOSOPHERS , *PSYCHOLOGISTS , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
An essay is presented which explores the views and theories of American philosopher and psychologist William James on the philosophy of history. Topics discussed include his defense of the great person theory of history in his 1890 article "The Importance of Individuals," the response of James to the evolutionary philosophy of colleague Herbert Spencer, and the conception of both mental and social evolution which James addressed in his 1890 book "Principles of Psychology."
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- 2022
13. A unified framework for evolutionary genetic and physiological theories of aging.
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Lemaître, Jean-François, Moorad, Jacob, Gaillard, Jean-Michel, Maklakov, Alexei A., and Nussey, Daniel H.
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AGE , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *NATURAL selection , *VITAL statistics , *ONTOLOGY , *AGING - Abstract
Why and how we age are 2 intertwined questions that have fascinated scientists for many decades. However, attempts to answer these questions remain compartmentalized, preventing a comprehensive understanding of the aging process. We argue that the current lack of knowledge about the evolution of aging mechanisms is due to a lack of clarity regarding evolutionary theories of aging that explicitly involve physiological processes: the disposable soma theory (DST) and the developmental theory of aging (DTA). In this Essay, we propose a new hierarchical model linking genes to vital rates, enabling us to critically reevaluate the DST and DTA in terms of their relationship to evolutionary genetic theories of aging (mutation accumulation (MA) and antagonistic pleiotropy (AP)). We also demonstrate how these 2 theories can be incorporated in a unified hierarchical framework. The new framework will help to generate testable hypotheses of how the hallmarks of aging are shaped by natural selection. Why and how we age are two intertwined questions that have fascinated scientists for many decades. This Essay proposes a new hierarchical model that links genes to vital rates, enabling a critical re-evaluation of the disposable soma theory and the developmental theory of aging in terms of their relationship to evolutionary genetic theories of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. Simoniteuthis, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg.
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Fuchs, Dirk, Weis, Robert, and Thuy, Ben
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VAMPYROMORPHA , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *PREDATION , *OLIGOCENE Epoch , *LINEAGE - Abstract
The evolutionary history of the cephalopod order Vampyromorpha with its only recent representative, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, the deep-sea vampire squid, is still obscure and a new specimen from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg, provides new information on the vampyromorph morphology at this period. The new taxon Simoniteuthis michaelyi. gen. n. sp., which is based on a nearly complete gladius with associated head–arm complex, is morphologically intermediate between the families Loligosepiidae and Geopeltidae. Interestingly, the arm crown displays only four arm pairs, although an arm configuration consisting of five arm pairs should be expected in vampyromorph stem lineage representatives. This observation encouraged us to critically review the presumed homology of the filaments of Vampyroteuthis and the lost arm pair in cirrate and incirrate octopods. Moreover, two bony fishes in the mouth region implicated that Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp. preyed upon them in hostile water depths, a taphonomic phenomenon called distraction sinking. By contrast to modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis, Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp. roamed and hunted in shallower waters as typical for Mesozoic stem lineage vampyromorphs. According to the current fossil record, a vertical migration into deeper waters (probably associated with a shift in feeding behaviour) occurred at least since the Oligocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. Unpacking the Effects of Livestream Viewing in the Relationship Between Loneliness and Well-Being: An Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness Perspective.
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Goh, Zhang Hao and Tandoc Jr., Edson C.
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LIVE streaming , *LONELINESS , *PSYCHOLOGICAL well-being , *MASS media use , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *AFFECT (Psychology) , *COGNITION - Abstract
Livestream content has been gaining popularity in recent years. Although it has been known that livestream viewing can mitigate the adverse effects of loneliness on individuals' well-being, the specific cognitive-affective processes involved are not given due attention. Situated in the Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness, the current study draws upon a national survey data (n = 911) to demonstrate that one's hypervigilance and their negative emotional state serially mediate the relationship between their feelings of loneliness and their perceived well-being. The frequency of livestream views was also found to be moderating the serial mediation paths and the direct effect between feelings of loneliness on perceived well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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16. President's Letter.
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Bassnett, Susan
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EVOLUTIONARY theories ,REFLECTIONS ,INTERNATIONAL adoption - Abstract
The article provides insights into the personal reflections of Susan Bassnett during her recent visit to Rome, highlighting the layers of memories associated with the city and its evolution over time. Topics include recollections of significant places, encounters with notable figures, and reflections on the changing landscape, intertwined with reflections on literature and contemporary global concerns.
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- 2024
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17. Where Do Substantial Forms Come From? -- A Critique of the Theistic Evolution of Mariusz Tabaczek.
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CHABEREK, MICHAEL
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EVOLUTIONARY theories , *BIOLOGICAL evolution , *BIOLOGICAL extinction , *CHICKEN as food , *MOLECULAR biology , *NATURAL selection - Abstract
This article examines the compatibility between theistic evolution and Thomistic metaphysics. It critiques the idea proposed by Mariusz Tabaczek, arguing that it is not possible to reconcile the philosophical views of St. Thomas Aquinas with the concept of biological macroevolution. The article explores points of incompatibility presented by Tabaczek and questions whether they are essential to Aquinas's doctrine. It also discusses the problem of the emergence of new species through evolution and evaluates whether Tabaczek's solution provides an explanation for this issue. The author concludes that theistic evolution is not only in conflict with Thomistic metaphysics but also with the Christian faith as interpreted by the Church. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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18. 'Look both ways' – you might be hit by the traffic: On Peter Beilharz's Antipodean social theorising.
- Author
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Rundell, John
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BIRTHDAYS , *ANTIPODEANS (Group of artists) , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *COSMOPOLITANISM , *MODERNITY , *IDENTITY & society - Abstract
The article focuses on celebrating Peter Beilharz's 70th birthday, reflecting on his extensive work in Antipodean social theory. It delves into the fixation on place in Australia, the dynamic relationships shaping Antipodean identities, and the evolution of Antipodean modernity through traffic and cosmopolitanism, as highlighted in Beilharz's essays on Bernard Smith's work and Antipodean theory.
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- 2023
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19. From Chico to Caesar, Why Chimps Are Good to Think.
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Mechling, Jay
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CHIMPANZEES , *HUMAN behavior , *NATURE & nurture , *POPULAR culture , *SOCIAL psychology , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
Americans since Darwin have projected onto chimpanzees, the primates closest to us in evolutionary history, their anxieties about race, sex, family, and questions regarding the relationship between nature and nurture, questions basic to understanding what it means to be human. The history of scientific discourse and discourse in American popular culture about chimpanzees since the middle of the nineteenth century show patterns responsive to specific American anxieties at moments in history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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20. The Category of Thirdness in the New Mechanical Philosophy.
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Jurková, Barbora
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BIOSEMIOTICS ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,HUMANITIES ,NATURAL history - Abstract
This paper discusses some of the possible connections between the principles of modeling in the new mechanical philosophy and the modeling used by Charles S. Peirce in his work on categories and evolutionary theory. The main goal is to show that the theoretical approaches used in the new mechanism can be beneficial for disciplines that are not clearly labelled as either humanities or natural science – for example, biosemiotics – and that this philosophical movement can help close the gap between natural science and the humanities. In individual chapters, this text deals with: the difference between the doctrine of the universal mechanism and the doctrine of the new mechanism, exploring the concept of the category of Thirdness and evolutionary theory in the work of Charles S. Peirce and finally focusing on the similarities between Peirce's work and the approach of the new mechanical philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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21. The morphological evolution of Chinese urban cemeteries from the perspective of fringe belt: A case study of Nanjing.
- Author
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Deng, Hao and Li, Meichen
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CEMETERIES ,URBAN morphology ,CITIES & towns ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,HISTORIC districts - Abstract
The urban cemetery is the material carrier of citizens' view of life and death, and it also evolves with time as a special part of the urban form. Since the reform of the housing system in the 1990s, China has entered a period of rapid urbanization, and the urban cemeteries has entered a cycle of shock and accelerated transformation. The cemeteries originally located on the urban fringe were gradually surrounded by new built-up areas as the city sprawled, and then most of them inevitably migrated outward under the pressure of urban population explosion and land shortage. Taking Nanjing as an example, this paper presents the morphological evolution of Nanjing's urban cemetery since the early 20th century, discusses the relationship between the evolution of the cemetery and the urban fringe belt, and analyzes the reasons for its evolution. The different types of morphological evolution of Nanjing cemetery are further summarized, revealing the general law and its Chinese particularity. The article concludes with a discussion of the value and significance of morphological research on urban cemeteries in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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22. Long-lasting redundant gnrh1/3 expression in GnRH neurons enabled apparent switching of paralog usage during evolution
- Author
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Chika Fujimori, Kohei Sugimoto, Mio Ishida, Christopher Yang, Daichi Kayo, Soma Tomihara, Kaori Sano, Yasuhisa Akazome, Yoshitaka Oka, and Shinji Kanda
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Cellular neuroscience ,Evolutionary mechanisms ,Evolutionary theories ,Ichthyology ,Phylogenetics ,Science - Abstract
Summary: Expressed subtype of paralogous genes in functionally homologous cells sometimes show differences across species, the reasons for which have not been explained. The present study examined hypophysiotropic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in vertebrates to investigate this mechanism. These neurons express either gnrh1 or gnrh3 paralogs, depending on the species, and apparent switching of the expressed paralogs in them occurred at least four times in vertebrate evolution. First, we found redundant expression of gnrh1 and gnrh3 in a single neuron in piranha and hypothesized that it may represent an ancestral GnRH system. Moreover, the gnrh1/gnrh3 enhancer of piranha induced reporter RFP/GFP co-expression in a single hypophysiotropic GnRH neuron in both zebrafish and medaka, whose GnRH neurons only express either gnrh3 or gnrh1. Thus, we propose that redundant expression of gnrh1/3 of relatively recent common ancestors may be the key to apparent switching of the paralog usage among present-day species.
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- 2024
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23. News.
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ANTHROPOLOGY , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *APES - Abstract
The article presents the discussion on world news briefs. Topics include new discovery showing a well-known image in anthropology circles, the March of Progress depicting evolution as a linear path from apes to humans; and Philip Jagessar's examination of the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI), led by George Grierson from 1896 to 1928, critically analyzes this vast project's effort to classify India's languages.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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24. Fieldwork? Better not: Ethics bureaucracy in Eastern Europe.
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Budilová, Lenka J. and Jakoubek, Marek
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BUREAUCRATIZATION , *ANTHROPOLOGICAL ethics , *ETHNOGRAPHIC analysis , *CULTURAL relativism , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
This article discusses the methodological and ethical challenges posed by the bureaucratization of research ethics in Eastern Europe, particularly as this impacts the practice of anthropology and fieldwork. It reflects on the authors' extensive fieldwork among Czech‐speaking Protestants in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic, highlighting the discrepancy between Western and Eastern European academic norms regarding ethnography. The authors argue that increased formalization and ethical regulation favour more easily bureaucratically managed methodologies, to the detriment of traditional anthropological fieldwork, which is critical for deep cultural understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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25. The bureaucratization of ethical integrity: Research ethics committees and imaginaries of risk.
- Author
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Shore, Cris
- Subjects
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BUREAUCRATIZATION , *INTERORGANIZATIONAL relations , *ANTHROPOLOGICAL ethics , *ETHNOGRAPHIC analysis , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
This article critiques the expanding influence of research ethics committees (RECs) on social research, emphasizing their adverse effects on ethnographic methodologies. It argues that the bureaucratization of ethics, emphasizing compliance over contextual understanding, fundamentally misunderstands and impedes the nuanced nature of ethnographic work. Drawing on personal experiences and broader critiques, the article proposes the need for an alternative system that better accommodates the ethical complexities of social research, advocating for a more tailored approach that respects disciplinary methodologies and fosters genuine ethical engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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26. Debunking Divine Command Theory.
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Van Eyghen, Hans
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PUNISHMENT , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *FAITH , *GODS , *SUPERNATURAL - Abstract
The divine command theory holds that morality finds its origin in God or that God is somehow closely connected to morality. Many people across the world hold a related, though different belief that Religious belief is required for proper moral behavior. In this paper, I look at a number of evolutionary and cognitive explanations (supernatural punishment theory, big gods theory, moral dyad, and costly signaling) that purport to explain why people hold beliefs concerning a close connection between God and morality. I assess whether any of these theories provide a reason for epistemic concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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27. THE DISCREPANCIES OF THE 'ANTHROPOZOIC AGE' IN ERNST HAECKEL'S INDISCHE REISEBRIEFE (1882).
- Author
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Engberg, Isabella Maria
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MORPHOLOGY , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *PALEONTOLOGY , *HUMANITY - Abstract
In Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866), Ernst Haeckel systematised the biological study of morphology along evolutionary lines and proposed that the 'Anthropozoic Age' should be considered the most recent paleontological time period. This article first examines Haeckelʼs early concept of the Anthropozoic Age in relation to his ambiguous use of the words 'Nature' and 'Culture' in his life's work. It then illustrates how his later travel narrative, Indische Reisebriefe (1882), projects notions of the Anthropozoic Age onto landscapes from his journey to British‐governed Ceylon. Haeckel presents two diverging paleontological timescales: a deep and interconnected past of the island's organisms and the currently escalating consequences of human cultivation of the land. Lending different scientific and aesthetic attention to the depiction of the two environmental developments, discrepant images are fused in his hopes and visions of a new and better 'Age of Culture'. The travel report is thus a very early literary response to the scientific concept of living during a time in which humanity dominates the world's environments. From today's perspective, the text raises familiar questions regarding how humans should conceive their own agency in the Anthropocene. At the same time, it highlights the concept's entanglement with contemporary philosophical and socio‐political discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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28. Word order evolves at similar rates in main and subordinate clauses: Corpus-based evidence from Indo-European.
- Author
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Jing, Yingqi, Widmer, Paul, and Bickel, Balthasar
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WORD order (Grammar) ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,BAYESIAN field theory ,IMPLICIT attitudes ,FAMILY history (Sociology) - Abstract
Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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29. A Kantian critique of Benatar's argument from the cosmic perspective.
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Lee, Byeong D.
- Subjects
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HUMANITY , *HUMAN beings , *STRUGGLE , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *NATURAL history - Abstract
Benatar argues that the absence of cosmic meaning is part of the reason why our lives are so bad that we had better not procreate. The goal of this paper is to argue against this claim from a Kantian point of view. For this goal, I argue first that the fact that human life is a product of blind evolution is not a reason for justifying that our lives are overall bad, mainly on the grounds that the concepts of good and bad make sense only within the logical space of reasons. I also argue that the fact that we can hardly make a significant difference to the universe is not a reason for justifying that our lives are overall bad, either, mainly on the grounds that whether one's life is good or bad can be evaluated primarily in terms of whether one's permissible ends are achieved to a satisfactory extent, and so one's good life does not depend on making a significant difference to the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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30. Experimental One-Sided Choppers Relating Neuromuscular Human Abilities to Heart Rates and Technological Evolution.
- Author
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Parra, Igor, Morales, Luisa, Mar, Javier, and Carbonell, Eudald
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NEUROMUSCULAR system physiology ,FOSSILS ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,HOMINIDS ,HEART beat - Abstract
The length of time it takes to experimentally make one-sided choppers, as found in the fossil record, bears a linear relationship to the knapping process of fabricating them. In addition, this temporal frame appears to be related to human heart rates measured as beats per minute, which act as a physiological metronome. We achieved these observations, assuming that any paleolithic one-sided chopper has the information needed to estimate, quantitatively, the number of strikes on it. The experimental data allow us to establish the total timing needed for the standard fabricating of any one-sided chopper. We discuss issues derived from these experimental results, showing the evolution of human neurological abilities from 2.4 million years ago to the Modern period via the duration of time needed for making one chopper to that needed to play a 19th-century music score on a piano. Given that the neuronal and physiological distance between both actions differs by a factor of 6, we propose the concept of "technome" to measure human evolution by using methodological homogeneous metrics applied to these two human technologic objects: the chopper and the piano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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31. Mapping the Evolution of Sustainability Transitions Research: A Bibliometric Analysis.
- Author
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Dhiman, Sunny, Singh, Rajbeer, Arjune, Vairaj, Yadav, Raghvendra Singh, Yadav, Mritunjay Singh, and Bansala, Albert
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EVOLUTIONARY theories ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,SUSTAINABILITY ,SOCIOTECHNICAL systems ,CLIMATE change ,INFORMATION science - Abstract
The Sustainability Transitions (ST) research has emerged as a promising approach to addressing climate change-led uncertainty. The ST research primarily emerged and concentrated in global north countries, but the global south has witnessed significant development. A gap in the bibliometric analysis of evolution ST research and its geography is addressed. The questions are, how has ST research evolved over the years (1994 to 2021), and how has ST research evolution reflected the dynamics of geographies? The ST literature is examined from the Scopus citation database (from 1994 to 2021). Results suggest that the ST research evolved in the Lag phase (1994 to 2002) and growth phase (2002 to 2021) as an S curve in Science Policy studies. The western geography of Europe is the origin and significant contributor to the location of authors, collaboration, and receiving the highest citation of publications. China, Brazil, India and South Africa are major non-OECD leading countries in ST research. The Dutch ST research has witnessed the highest impact. Most of the journals on ST research are published in the UK, out top 20 journals in the world. The research support and more numbers of researchers have led to the dominance of European countries in ST research. Finally, the study suggests that global sustainability issues necessitate an inclusive and diverse approach to ST research, incorporating knowledge from the global south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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32. Evolutionary aspects of bipolar affective illness.
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Rybakowski, Janusz and Rybakowski, Filip
- Subjects
DIAGNOSIS of bipolar disorder ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,MOLECULAR genetics ,MANIA ,PLEISTOCENE Epoch - Abstract
Bipolar affective illness (bipolar disorder - BD), also known as manic-depressive illness, is characterized by periodic opposite states of mood, activity, and motivation (mania and depression), sometimes of extreme intensity. The development and maintenance of such states in evolution can betoken a possibility of their adaptive character, enabling adaptation to an unfavorable external situation (depression) and a mobilization to using resources when available (mania). In the article, the main focus is put on the evolutionary aspect of "bipolarity" and manic/hypomanic states. Molecular-genetic studies show that in evolution, the genes connected with a predisposition to BD have been conserved. In the paper, the evolutionary adaptive concepts connected with the functioning of Homo sapiens during the middle and late Pleistocene periods were discussed as well as the "mismatch" theories associated with not befitting brain functioning to contemporary conditions. The benefits of mania and hypomania, also in the context of their link to depression were delineated, indicating their relationship to the increase in reproductive success. They result from such features of mania/hypomania as increased exploratory, psychomotor and sexual activity, and prompt risk-taking. The reproductive success can be connected with hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperaments, most frequently occurring in subjects with BD. The hyperthymic temperament often leads to increased social status and a tendency to leadership, and the cyclothymic temperament can increase creativity. Examples of the relationship between manic/hypomanic states and the phenomenon of emigration as well as the advancement of American society are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. PROFESSOR PTTHMLLNSPRTS VERSUS OLD BONES GREAT DEBATES.
- Author
-
Fara, Patricia
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN evolution , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *NATURAL selection - Abstract
The article discusses how Charles Kingsley's 1863 children's fairytale "The Water-Babies" alluded to the scientific debate between biologists Richard Owen and Thomas Henry Huxley about human evolution. Topics explored include the scientific uncertainties addressed by Kingsley in the book, the opposition expressed by Owen to the theory of evolution of biologist Charles Darwin, and the perception of Kingsley on the process of natural selection proposed by Darwin.
- Published
- 2022
34. Biological and cognitive mechanisms and the role of culture in theory of mind development: in need of an integrative, biocultural perspective?
- Author
-
Ελισάβετ Χρυσοχόου
- Subjects
biocultural approach ,cognitive development ,culture ,evolutionary theories ,lifespan development ,mechanisms of development ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
The present paper attempts a comprehensive approach to the biological, cognitive, as well as cultural foundations of theory of mind development. A critical analysis and synthesis of contemporary research findings serves as a basis for revisiting key theoretical accounts regarding the nature and development of this valuable sociocognitive faculty. Are the findings best interpreted within frameworks which consider developmental change and individual differences in the domain-general cognitive abilities (executive functions) that may underlie performance on theory of mind tasks (processing account)? Or is it more fruitful to discuss the development of theory of mind based on domain-specific mechanisms or capacities: an innate, modular mechanism that is underpinned by neurological maturation (modularity theories), or an inborn capacity to form naïve, intuitive theories about the mind, which are then subject to conceptual change as a function of experience (theory theory account), or a mechanism that serves simulations of mental states and related attributions (simulation theories)? Where possible, biological and neurocognitive processes, and experiential influences are discussed in combination. A disentanglement of general cultural influences from more proximal, social or familial effects on theory of mind development is also attempted. The aim is to highlight the value of an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to its study: a biocultural perspective could essentially serve this purpose by shifting attention to the interplay of biological, cognitive, and environmental forces shaping the lifespan dynamics of human theory of mind.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Grain production management to reduce global warming potential under financial constraints and time value of money using evolutionary game theory.
- Author
-
Hosseini-Motlagh, Seyyed-Mahdi, Johari, Maryam, and Zirakpourdehkordi, Roza
- Subjects
PRECISION farming ,GLOBAL warming ,GAME theory ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,NATURAL gas production ,ELECTRIC power consumption ,GRAIN - Abstract
With the increase of global warming, grain producers should consider emission reduction in their production activities to move towards sustainable development. Besides the challenges of environmental sustainability, grain producers in developing countries face budget constraints for promoting their sustainability level. Moreover, sustainability strategies made by grain producers are not stable and are continually changing over time. This study proposes an evolutionary game model to investigate the evolutionary behaviours of a population of financially constrained producers in Iran who gain financial support from one dominant distributor based on their sustainability investment in the long term. This study develops a one-population evolutionary game model to investigate different strategies of producers towards sustainability, considering the time value of money. Moreover, using SimaPro 8.0.3 software, the impacts of non-renewable and renewable electricity consumption on global warming potential are evaluated through life cycle assessment for grain production. Results reveal that using biomass as the source of electricity instead of natural gas in the grain production reduces contribution to global warming potential from 269 kg CO2-eq to 18 kg CO2-eq. This study provides stakeholders who have environmental and social concerns (i.e. grain producers and agricultural production management entities) with insights into keeping their supply chain sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. TRUE CRIME DISTORTS THE TRUTH ABOUT CRIME.
- Author
-
ROSENFIELD, KAT
- Subjects
- *
TRUE crime stories , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *MURDER , *TELEVISION programs , *PODCASTING - Abstract
The article focuses on the phenomenon of true crime storytelling, exploring its evolution from historical murder ballads to today's explosion of podcasts, documentaries, and TV shows. Topics include the ethical concerns surrounding the exploitation of victims, the impact of true crime on society and the legal system, and the intricate relationship between narrative satisfaction and the search for justice within the genre.
- Published
- 2023
37. THE PIRATE PRESERVATIONISTS.
- Author
-
WALKER, JESSE
- Subjects
- *
SOFTWARE piracy , *DIGITAL preservation , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *COPYRIGHT , *VIRTUAL culture - Abstract
The article focuses on the evolution of cultural preservation and access in the digital age, exploring the transition from physical to digital formats, the role of piracy in unintentional preservation, and the challenges of maintaining a lasting cultural archive. Topics include the transformation of music and media sharing from analog to digital, the emergence of online archives and piracy networks and the vulnerability of digital content.
- Published
- 2023
38. Spit, Disgust, and Parasite Stress Theory: A Message Experiment.
- Author
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Chavez-Yenter, Daniel, Lille, Helen M., Gorissen, Sebastiaan, John, Kevin K., Vega, Alexis S., and Jensen, Jakob D.
- Subjects
- *
SPITTING (Oral habit) , *PUBLIC health communication , *HEALTH behavior , *AVERSION , *PANDEMICS , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation - Abstract
Public health interventions targeting coughing and spitting during the Tuberculosis and 1918 flu epidemics were largely successful. Specifically, public health officials' messaging framed the behavior of spitting as repulsive and endangering to others, prompting an elicitation of disgust. Anti-spitting campaigns – messaging that focuses on the threat of spit or sputum – have long been common during pandemics and manifested once again to combat the spread of COVID-19. Yet, few scholars have theorized if and how anti-spitting campaigns function to change behavior. One possibility is parasite stress theory, which posits that human behavior is driven by a desire to avoid pathogenic threats like spit. The application of these types of disgust appeals in public health messaging remains understudied and warrants exploration. To test the applicability of the parasite stress theory, our message experiment with US adults (N = 488) examined reactions to anti-spit messages that varied in visual disgust (low and high). For more highly educated respondents, the high disgust appeal directly decreased spitting intentions, and this relationship was stronger for individuals with higher levels of pathogen and moral disgust. Given the importance of public messaging during pandemics, future research should continue to examine the efficacy and theoretical underpinnings of specific disgust appeals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. God, Gould, and the Panda's Thumb.
- Author
-
Dilley, Stephen
- Subjects
- *
PANDAS , *THUMB , *GOD , *ARGUMENT , *GENEALOGY , *EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
The panda's thumb argument, championed by the late Stephen Jay Gould, stands as one of the most famous polemics for common ancestry. In this essay, I analyze Gould's argument in several steps. First, I attempt to reconstruct the argument in both deductive and likelihood formulations. I contend that both versions of the argument rest on a theological claim—namely, that God would not (likely) create or allow a suboptimal panda's thumb. I then argue that a wide range of people are not rationally obligated to accept this theological claim. Next, I give special attention to the likelihood formulation's emphasis on a contrastive argument for evolution over special creation. I contend that a great number of people are not rationally obligated to accept this formulation either. I next consider and reply to an objection that Gould never intended the panda argument as an apologetic for evolution (and an attack on special creation) but rather as a critique of adaptationism. Finally, I argue that the panda argument conflicts with Gould's broader views about the human mind and the relationship between theology and science. I also note along the way that the shortcomings of the panda argument apply to a number of other arguments for evolutionary theory. To be sure, I do not criticize evolution itself or the comprehensive grounds for it. Instead, my primary aims are to analyze the panda argument and suggest that caution is in order about similar arguments as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A Study of Martyr Muṭahharī's View to the Course of History.
- Author
-
Jokar, Hamed and Hasannia, Ali
- Subjects
ISLAM ,UTILITARIANISM ,IRANIAN philosophy ,PHILOSOPHERS ,EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
According to the teachings of the Abrahamic religions in general and Islam in particular, history is ultimately described as an evolved issue. Nonetheless, if this is accepted, the question arises as to whether the evolution of history occurs over time or all at once. This article examines the works of Martyr Muṭahharī, the Iranian revolutionary philosopher and scholar, with a descriptive-analytical method and tries to answer this question from his point of view. In the first part, the foundations of Martyr Muṭahharī's view to the evolution of the course of history are explained. Then, while expressing the components of realism in the interpretation of history, some problems that are raised against the evolution of history are answered from his point of view. These include human's right-seeking nature, human's utilitarianism, and the legacy of the prophets. Muṭahharī has taken a philosophical approach to commenting on the course of history, which seems to be more relevant to the question of the evolution of history. Emphasizing the legitimacy of the history process and ruling the principle of causality on historical events, he communicates between the past, the present, and the future of history, and thus provides a meaningful basis for historical continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Teilhardian Evolutionism: A Philosophical Reconsideration.
- Author
-
Ezebuilo, Hyginus Chibuike and Iwuogu, Dominic Chigozirim
- Subjects
INTERPERSONAL relations ,CREATIONISM ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,PHILOSOPHERS - Abstract
Philosophers, right from the Classical Greek period, have grappled with the problem of the origin, nature, and future of the universe. On one pole of the debate evolutionists who see the universe as an organism in the process of cosmic evolution. On the other pole of the debate are creationists who hold that reality was created by a supreme being. Interestingly, this debate has led to heated disagreements between these two rival camps. In the face of this problem, this work explores the view of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who proposes a unique theory of evolution which integrates some ideas of the creationists. This cosmic evolution, according to him, is the ongoing and unfolding process of the creative impulse, which is personalized in the human person until it reaches its apex in personal relationship with the transcendent at the Omega Point. This work attempts to expose Teilhard de Chardin's entire theory of cosmic evolution; the stages of the process of cosmic evolution, the laws which govern the process and the end to which it tends, that is, the Omega Point. It points out the strengths and weaknesses of his arguments as well as the implications of his entire theory for the present human society. In the final analysis, this research work maintains that despite its obvious downsides, Teilhard de Chardin's Evolutionism is remarkable for its synthesis of science with religion, its revelation of the uniqueness of the emergence of internet in the evolutionary continuum and its prognostication of a glorious future predestined for the cosmos from the very onset of evolution. Analytic method of research was employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Human Nature, Metaphysics and Evolutionary Theory.
- Author
-
Smit, Harry
- Subjects
METAPHYSICS ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,HUMAN behavior ,MONISM - Abstract
This paper argues that the substance concept, as discussed by Aristotle in his Categories, aids us to improve our understanding of human nature. Aristotle distinguished the primary from the secondary substance, and substantial from accidental change. We explain these distinctions, their use for understanding phenomena, and discuss how we can integrate them with evolutionary explanations of human nature. For explaining of how the typical human characteristics evolved, we extend our investigations with a discussion of the concept of person. It is argued that psychological attributes, used to characterize persons, are not attributes of a separate mental substance, as Cartesians believe. The concept of a person, though not a substance concept, qualifies a substance concept of a human being possessing rational powers. The latter evolved as the result of language evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Subtraction-Average-Based Optimizer: A New Swarm-Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithm for Solving Optimization Problems.
- Author
-
Trojovský, Pavel and Dehghani, Mohammad
- Subjects
- *
METAHEURISTIC algorithms , *ENGINEERING design , *PROBLEM solving , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
This paper presents a new evolutionary-based approach called a Subtraction-Average-Based Optimizer (SABO) for solving optimization problems. The fundamental inspiration of the proposed SABO is to use the subtraction average of searcher agents to update the position of population members in the search space. The different steps of the SABO's implementation are described and then mathematically modeled for optimization tasks. The performance of the proposed SABO approach is tested for the optimization of fifty-two standard benchmark functions, consisting of unimodal, high-dimensional multimodal, and fixed-dimensional multimodal types, and the CEC 2017 test suite. The optimization results show that the proposed SABO approach effectively solves the optimization problems by balancing the exploration and exploitation in the search process of the problem-solving space. The results of the SABO are compared with the performance of twelve well-known metaheuristic algorithms. The analysis of the simulation results shows that the proposed SABO approach provides superior results for most of the benchmark functions. Furthermore, it provides a much more competitive and outstanding performance than its competitor algorithms. Additionally, the proposed approach is implemented for four engineering design problems to evaluate the SABO in handling optimization tasks for real-world applications. The optimization results show that the proposed SABO approach can solve for real-world applications and provides more optimal designs than its competitor algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Effects of La3+ on the hydrogen permeation and evolution kinetics in X70 pipeline steel.
- Author
-
Zhengyi Xu, Pengyuan Zhang, Bo Zhang, Bing Lei, Zhiyuan Feng, Junyi Wang, Yawei Shao, Guozhe Meng, Yanqiu Wang, and Fuhui Wang
- Subjects
HYDROGEN ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,ELECTROCHEMICAL analysis ,ADSORPTION ,PERMEATION tubes - Abstract
The inhibitory effect of La 3 + on the hydrogen permeation of X70 pipeline steel was investigated via steady-state hydrogen permeation current (i 8) through electrochemical hydrogen permeation tests. The experimental permeation data were fitted with a constant concentration model and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tests were conducted to characterize the activity of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) after the optimization of electrochemically active surface area. Additionally, the kinetics of HER and the adsorption/desorption process is calculated by Iyer-Pickering-Zamanzadeh (IPZ) and surface effect models, of which the results demonstrate that the La 3 + in the corrosion products could effectively reduce the rate of Volmer reaction and hydrogen adsorption process, and accelerate the process of hydrogen atom desorption, thus leading to the remarkable decrease in C 0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Research of detonation products of RDX/Al from the perspective of composition.
- Author
-
Xing-han Li, Zhi-cong Yi, Qi-jun Liu, Fu-sheng Liu, Ze-teng Zhang, Shen-yuan Hou, Xian-xu Zheng, Xu Zhang, and Hong-bo Pei
- Subjects
ALUMINUM ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,VELOCIMETRY ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,HYDRODYNAMICS - Abstract
Aluminized explosives exhibit excellent performance because the oxidation of aluminum (Al) powders enhances the pressure and temperature of detonation products. However, the equation of state (EOS) of detonation products has not been understood well. In the present study, we conducted long-time tests (approximately 1 ms) of a metal rod driven by detonation products of RDX, RDX/LiF, and RDX/Al. In addition, we used laser velocimetry (PDV) to measure the freesurface velocity of the rod. Thermochemical code DLCHEQ was successfully applied to the hydrodynamic program SSS to perform the roddriven test, and a novel method was established to study the EOS of detonation products from the perspective of composition. The reliability of DLCEHQ was validated by a small deviation (<10%) between the experimental rod free-surface velocity of RDX and the calculated results; the deviation was considerably less than that from the results obtained using the JWL EOS and ideal-gas EOS. The endothermic process and the reaction of Al powders (Alþ H2Oþ NOþ CO2/COþ H2 þ N2 þ Al2O3) were analyzed by calculating the rod free-surface velocity of RDX/LiF and RDX/Al, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the thermodynamic state of Al powders has notable influence on the EOS of aluminized detonation products, and the findings were compared with those of previous studies. First, the temperature equilibrium between Al powders and CHNO products is not always achieved, and the disequilibrium is more obvious when the reaction of Al powders is stronger. Second, the reaction rate of Al powders depends on pressure and Al content. Finally, the endothermic process of Al powders has a high contribution to the decrease in the work ability of RDX/Al instead of the gasconsumption mechanism of the Al reaction. More than half of the reaction heat of Al powders is used to heat itself, whereas the gas consumption during the reaction is negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. New hybrid decentralized evolutionary approach for DIMACS challenge graph coloring & wireless network instances.
- Author
-
Balakrishnan, S., Suresh, Tamilarasi, Marappan, Raja, Venkatesan, R., and Sabri, Abdelouahed
- Subjects
WIRELESS communications ,GRAPH coloring ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,BANDWIDTH allocation ,METHODOLOGY - Abstract
The Graph Coloring Problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, and it is being used in different real-world environments. The chromatic integer is determined using different probabilistic methods. This paper explores a new hybrid decentralized evolutionary approach that applies the fixed colors and reduces the edge conflicts iteratively using greedy, split and conquer strategies. This article explores a new hybrid decentralized stochastic methodology for solving graph coloring. The method is constructed by combining the following strategies: Greedy heuristics, split & conquer, and decentralized strategy with an advanced & enhanced global search evolutionary operator. These hybrid design strategies are exhibited on complex DIMACS challenge benchmark graphs and wireless network instances. The proposed approach minimizes the complexity and converges to the optimal solution within a minimal time. The minimum percentage of successful runs obtained for the DIMACS benchmarks lies in (82%, 85%) except for the difficult instance latin_square_10.col, the vertices count n = 900 and edges count m = 307350. For the latin_square_10.col graph, the minimum color is reduced to 97 compared to other methods with less successful runs percentage. For the difficult instance flat1000_76_0.col graph, the minimum color is reduced to 76 compared to other methods, resulting in a better successful run. The method obtains the minimum color as χ(G) for the difficult instances le.col and flat.col graphs compared to other methods. The time taken to execute the developed technique is compared with the competing methods, and the proposed method outperforms very competitively in finding the minimum color for large graphs and also in finding the better solution with the high frequency of convergence (> 98%) in the channel allocation of wireless networks compared to the current methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. GENETICALLY BLOATED BEASTS.
- Author
-
Fox, Douglas
- Subjects
- *
SALAMANDERS , *SURVIVAL behavior (Animals) , *EVOLUTIONARY theories , *SALAMANDER behavior , *GENOMES , *BIOLOGICAL evolution - Abstract
The article explores the implication of the perseverance of salamanders for the theory of evolution. Salamanders are known for their sluggish existence due to the fact that their genomes are 300 times larger than a lizard, bird or mammal and for their survival by lying around instead of following the survival of the fittest theory of evolution. Also cited is the tendency of giant genomes to distort bodies. It mentions the gradual evolution of the bloated genome of the salamander.
- Published
- 2022
48. What Evolution Can Teach Us About Innovation.
- Author
-
Afeyan, Noubar and Pisano, Gary P.
- Subjects
EVOLUTIONARY theories ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,DIFFUSION of innovations ,ANALYSIS of variance ,LIFE sciences research - Abstract
Many people believe that the process for achieving breakthrough innovations is chaotic, random, and unmanageable. But that view is flawed, the authors argue. Breakthroughs can be systematically generated using a process modeled on the principles that drive evolution in nature: variance generation, which creates a variety of life-forms; and selection pressure to select those that can best survive in a given environment. Flagship Pioneering, the venture-creation firm behind Moderna Therapeutics and one of the most widely used Covid-19 vaccines in the United States, uses such an approach. It has successfully launched more than 100 life-sciences businesses. Its process, called emergent discovery, is a rigorous set of activities including prospecting for ideas in novel spaces; developing speculative conjectures; and relentlessly questioning hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
49. Catch-up and the entry strategies of latecomers: Chinese firms in the mobile phone sector.
- Author
-
Capone, Gianluca, Li, Daitian, and Malerba, Franco
- Subjects
CELL phones ,MARKET entry ,HUMAN beings ,SMARTPHONES ,EVOLUTIONARY theories ,MODEL theory - Abstract
As interfaces between human beings and the digital world, mobile phones have evolved from relatively simple devices (e.g. feature phones) to complex products (e.g. smartphones). Many firms in emerging countries such as China have successfully entered the mobile phone sector. A research question that emerges from the evidence on China is whether the entry strategies of these catching up firms have been affected by the introduction of smartphones. In order to investigate this question, the article follows the methodology of evolutionary theory and history-friendly models. It first examines historically the various strategies of the Chinese entrants in the mobile phone sector. On the basis of this empirical analysis, it then develops appreciative theorizing on the factors that have affected the catch-up entry strategies. Our results show that the successful catch-up entry strategies differ depending on the sectoral environment. A technology-driven strategy is more appropriate when there is a market sheltered from competition, so that technological capabilities can be accumulated; on the contrary a marketing-driven strategy is more appropriate when standardized technological solutions become widely available. The article contributes to the catch-up literature by identifying a new entry strategy and by pointing at the role of the sectoral environment, and to the sectoral innovation system literature by addressing the catch-up strategies of latecomer firms under different technological, industrial structure, and market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Naturalism and Realism: An Interplay in the Works of Stephen Crane.
- Author
-
Elhance, Jyotika
- Subjects
REALISM ,NATURALISM ,FREE will & determinism ,EVOLUTIONARY theories - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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