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1. Performance of a full scale prototype detector at the BR2 reactor for the SoLid experiment

Author

Konstantinos Petridis, S. Kalcheva, J. Mermans, K. Clark, I. Michiels, A. C. Weber, David Cussans, A. De Roeck, L. Ghys, L. Popescu, G. Pommery, M. Bongrand, Jonas Rademacker, C. Moortgat, Dominique Durand, L. N. Kalousis, M. Labare, Lydie Giot, Xavier Janssen, Jorgen D'Hondt, I. Piñera, B. Guillon, Y. Abreu, P. Van Mulders, Dave M Newbold, M. Verstraeten, L. O. Arnold, G. Ban, N. Van Remortel, J. Park, B. Coupé, Yasmine Amhis, D. Boursette, S. Van Dyck, Marie Helene Schune, V. Pestel, Antonin Vacheret, B. C. Castle, G. Pronost, Dirk Ryckbosch, F. Yermia, G. Lehaut, W. Beaumont, L. Manzanillas, S. Vercaemer, D. Saunders, S. Ihantola, E. Koonen, Muriel Fallot, L. Simard, N. C. Ryder, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), SoLid, Commission of the European Communities, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen ( LPCC ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen ( ENSICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées ( SUBATECH ), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire ( IMT Atlantique ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ), Elementary Particle Physics, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), SoLid Collaboration, and Center for Neutrino Physics

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, shape analysis, energy resolution, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, High Energy Physics - Experiment, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), muon: tracks, law, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutron detection, Neutrino detectors, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Physics, detectors, Physics, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Neutrino detector, Electromagnetic shielding, Particle Physics - Experiment, performance, detector: technology, STERILE NEUTRINO, antineutrino/e: detector, FOS: Physical sciences, [ PHYS.HEXP ] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutrino, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, n: background, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, hep-ex, shielding, Nuclear reactor, stability, calibration, Physics and Astronomy, efficiency, Environmental science, Neutron source, nuclear reactor, particle identification
Abstract

The SoLid collaboration has developed a new detector technology to detect electron anti-neutrinos at close proximity to the Belgian BR2 reactor at surface level. A 288$\,$kg prototype detector was deployed in 2015 and collected data during the operational period of the reactor and during reactor shut-down. Dedicated calibration campaigns were also performed with gamma and neutron sources. This paper describes the construction of the prototype detector with a high control on its proton content and the stability of its operation over a period of several months after deployment at the BR2 reactor site. All detector cells provide sufficient light yields to achieve a target energy resolution of better than 20%/$\sqrt{E(MeV)}$. The capability of the detector to track muons is exploited to equalize the light response of a large number of channels to a precision of 3% and to demonstrate the stability of the energy scale over time. Particle identification based on pulse-shape discrimination is demonstrated with calibration sources. Despite a lower neutron detection efficiency due to triggering constraints, the main backgrounds at the reactor site were determined and taken into account in the shielding strategy for the main experiment. The results obtained with this prototype proved essential in the design optimization of the final detector. This paper is dedicated to our SCK$\cdot$CEN colleague, Edgar Koonen, who passed away unexpectedly in 2017. Edgar was part of the SoLid collaboration since its inception and his efforts were vital to get the experiment started. He will be duly missed., 29 pages, 23 figures, submitted to JINST

Published
2018
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2. A novel segmented-scintillator antineutrino detector

Author

Jonas Rademacker, E. Koonen, C. Moortgat, M. Bongrand, Lydie Giot, Muriel Fallot, K. Petridis, B. Guillon, I. Piñera, Y. Abreu, A. C. Weber, B. C. Castle, A. S. Cucoanes, L. Ghys, Jorgen D'Hondt, J. Park, G. Ban, Yasmine Amhis, G. Pronost, K. Clark, David Cussans, F. Yermia, N. C. Ryder, P.R. Scovell, G. Lehaut, L. Popescu, A. De Roeck, Marie Helene Schune, A. V. Waldron, S. Van Dyck, Yu. Shitov, P. Van Mulders, B. Coupé, Antonin Vacheret, J. M. Buhour, G. Guilloux, S. Vercaemer, N. Van Remortel, David M Newbold, D. Boursette, L. O. Arnold, S. Kalcheva, Xavier Janssen, J. Mermans, Dirk Ryckbosch, Daniel Martin Saunders, I. Michiels, S. Ihantola, W. Beaumont, S. Fresneau, G. Pommery, Dominique Durand, L. N. Kalousis, M. Labare, Alex Reynolds, L. Simard, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), SoLid, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen ( LPCC ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen ( ENSICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées ( SUBATECH ), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire ( IMT Atlantique ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ), SoLid Collaboration, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Center for Neutrino Physics, Commission of the European Communities, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Monte Carlo method, shape analysis, energy resolution, positron: energy, antineutrino: detector, NEUTRONS, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 09 Engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, thermal, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle identification methods, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutron detection, Neutrino detectors, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, n: capture, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Mathematical Physics, Physics, 02 Physical Sciences, Detector, zinc, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), scintillation counter: design, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Neutron capture, Inverse beta decay, photon: yield, numerical calculations: Monte Carlo, organic compounds, Neutron detectors (cold, thermal, fast neutrons), Particle Physics - Experiment, lithium: fluorine, fast neutrons), Technology and Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, gamma ray: particle identification, Scintillator, Calorimeters, Optics, [ PHYS.HEXP ] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Scintillation, Science & Technology, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, background, Neutron detectors (cold, Physics and Astronomy, efficiency, sulfur, High Energy Physics::Experiment, nuclear reactor, NEUTRINO, n: particle identification, business, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

The next generation of very-short-baseline reactor experiments will require compact detectors operating at surface level and close to a nuclear reactor. This paper presents a new detector concept based on a composite solid scintillator technology. The detector target uses cubes of polyvinyltoluene interleaved with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) phosphor screens to detect the products of the inverse beta decay reaction. A multi-tonne detector system built from these individual cells can provide precise localisation of scintillation signals, making efficient use of the detector volume. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that a neutron capture efficiency of over 70% is achievable with a sufficient number of $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens per cube and that an appropriate segmentation enables a measurement of the positron energy which is not limited by gamma-ray leakage. First measurements of a single cell indicate that a very good neutron-gamma discrimination and high neutron detection efficiency can be obtained with adequate triggering techniques. The light yield from positron signals has been measured, showing that an energy resolution of 14%/$\sqrt{E({\mathrm{MeV}})}$ is achievable with high uniformity. A preliminary neutrino signal analysis has been developed, using selection criteria for pulse shape, energy, time structure and energy spatial distribution and showing that an antineutrino efficiency of 40% can be achieved. It also shows that the fine segmentation of the detector can be used to significantly decrease both correlated and accidental backgrounds., 17 pages, 15 figures, submitted to JINST

Published
2017
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3. SoLid: Search for Oscillations with Lithium-6 Detector at the SCK-CEN BR2 reactor

Author

N. Van Remortel, Lydie Giot, Muriel Fallot, N. C. Ryder, A. C. Weber, G Ban, S Fresneau, B. Guillon, G Guilloux, W. Beaumont, Yu. Shitov, Antonin Vacheret, S. Kalcheva, Xavier Janssen, G. Pronost, Dirk Ryckbosch, F. Yermia, Mathieu Labare, E. Koonen, Jorgen D'Hondt, D Durand, AS Cucoanes, L Raes, P. Van Mulders, J. M. Buhour, Céline Moortgat, B. Coupé, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), University of Oxford [Oxford], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Sterile neutrino, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Reactor anomaly, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutron, Research reactor, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, innovative detector, Nuclear reactor core, Neutrino detector, Physics and Astronomy, research reactor, sterile neutrino, Inverse beta decay, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino
Abstract

Sterile neutrinos have been considered as a possible explanation for the recent reactor and Gallium anomalies arising from reanalysis of reactor flux and calibration data of previous neutrino experiments. A way to test this hypothesis is to look for distortions of the anti-neutrino energy caused by oscillation from active to sterile neutrino at close stand-off (similar to 6-8m) of a compact reactor core. Due to the low rate of anti-neutrino interactions the main challenge in such measurement is to control the high level of gamma rays and neutron background. The SoLid experiment is a proposal to search for active-to-sterile anti-neutrino oscillation at very short baseline of the SCK center dot CEN BR2 research reactor. This experiment uses a novel approach to detect anti-neutrino with a highly segmented detector based on Lithium-6. With the combination of high granularity, high neutron-gamma discrimination using 6LiF:ZnS(Ag) and precise localization of the Inverse Beta Decay products, a better experimental sensitivity can be achieved compared to other state-of-the-art technology. This compact system requires minimum passive shielding allowing for very close stand off to the reactor. The experimental set up of the SoLid experiment and the BR2 reactor will be presented. The new principle of neutrino detection and the detector design with expected performance will be described. The expected sensitivity to new oscillations of the SoLid detector as well as the first measurements made with the 8 kg prototype detector deployed at the BR2 reactor in 2013-2014 will be reported.

Published
2016
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