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This research aims to identify the performance and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene-based antistatic bio-nano composites reinforced with 2% mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) and 0, 0.5, 2.5% cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and compared to pure PP. Based on the results of SEM on cross-section, there was an agglomeration of M-DAG and CNC on the PP matrix. XRD diffractogram pattern of antistatic bio-nano composites showed peaks representing the diffraction structure of glycerol monostearate and cellulose I. The FTIR spectrum of each formulation was very similar to the characteristic peaks of PP and showed three distinct peaks compared to pure PP. The melting temperature of antistatic composites without CNC (176.54oC) was higher than pure PP (175.44oC). Thermal stability of antistatic bio-nano composites with 0, 0.5, and 2.5% CNC were 472.07, 470.25, and 475.15 oC, respectively, higher than pure PP (468.27 oC). The best mechanical properties were 2.5% CNC with 11.071 MPa flexural modulus, 30.376 MPa tensile strength, 23.796% tensile elongation, 1.659 J/m2 impact strength, which were higher than pure PP, and it generated antistatic activity of 1010 - 1012 /sq resistivity.

Polypropylene (PP) is known as a polymer without antistatic properties that is susceptible to the use of high temperatures. Therefore, to improve the thermal and antistatic properties of PP, it is necessary to modify PP to antistatic bio-nanocomposites with mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) as an antistatic agent and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reinforcement. This research aimed to characterize the electrical resistivity and thermal properties of PP-based antistatic bio-nanocomposites reinforced with M-DAG and CNC at different concentrations of CNC (0%–5%), and 2% of M- DAG, compared to pure PP. The results showed that the addition of 2% CNC (AS-BNC-2) gave the melting temperature of 125.0 °C, which was higher than pure PP of 118.3 °C. The thermal stability of the antistatic bio-nano composites with 3% CNC (AS-BNC-3) was 457.10 °C, which was higher than pure PP of 441.56 °C. The electrical resistivity of the antistatic bio-nano composites from all treatments was still in the range of the antistatic category of 10 ^10 –10 ^12 Ω/sq. The melting temperature and thermal stability of bio-nano composites were higher than those of pure PP and they have antistatic properties. This indicates the potential application of these materials in the electronics devices and packaging industries.

The rhodinol content is an essential component in determining the citronella oil qualities. This study aimed to develop a model calibrated to predict the rhodinol content in citronella oil using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. This research is the initial stage in developing a spectral smart sensor system that predicts the rhodinol content of citronella oil in the distillation and fractionating process. Citronella oil samples were scanned by NIRFlex liquid N-500 with a wavelength of 1 000-2 500 nm having an absorbance value (log 1/T). The accuracy of the prediction was achieved using the partial least square (PLS) model. Based on the NIR spectrum at a peak of around 1 620 nm, the rhodinol content in the citronella oil was estimated. The finest model to predict the rhodinol content was y = 0.9874x + 15.6439 with a standard error of the calibration set (SEC) = 2.78%, a standard error of the prediction set (SEP) = 2.88%, a ratio of the performance to the deviation (RPD) = 9.23, a coefficient of variation (CV) = 16.81%, and the correlation coefficient (r) = 0.99. The NIR and PLS models are possible to use for the initial stage in developing a spectral smart sensor system to determine the rhodinol content of citronella oils.

Essential oils are used as raw materials in the flavors and fragrances industry. Essential oils contain active compounds that are volatile at ambient temperature so that it is unstable to environmental changes. Complex coacervation is one of the techniques used in the encapsulation process to protect the active material. Essential oil blends were encapsulated by gelatin and maltodextrin as wall material and sodium tripolyphosphate as crosslinking agent. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the proportion between essential oils, wall material, and crosslinking agents on the yield, loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency. The results showed that the optimum formulation for microcapsules was the essential oil and wall material ratio 1:2 and crosslinking agent concentration of 3%, with the yield of 45.18%, loading capacity of 5.37%, and encapsulation efficiency of 92.20%. The microcapsule size obtained was 0.1475 μm with polydispersity index of 0.410.

Indonesia, as one of the biggest countries which supplies citronella oil, has a high potential to produce natural rhodinol. Recent studies on rhodinol purification using fractional and mollecular distillation showed the difficulty of obtaining high purity and yield. The objectiveof this study was to determine the method of spinning band distillation to purify rhodinol regarding reflux ratio and vaporization temperature. Citronella oil was divided into three fractions according to its boiling points. The volume of each fraction was estimated by its ratio (according to GC analysis) to the feed volume: F1 (components before rhodinol) 21.73%, F2 (rhodinol) 61.7%, and residue 15.82%. Initial research established the best conditioning before the purification process was 3 mmHg of pressure, equilibration started at 160oC in 30 minutes, and 18–17% of heat rate, as these created the stability of the vapor temperature. The levels of reflux ratio were 3:1 and 5:1, while the evaporation temperatures of rhodinol were 230oC and 235 oC. Reflux ratio of 5:1 at 230oC obtained the highest purity (81.30%) and the highest yield (72.94%). Equilibration and reflux ratio allowed rectification inside the column because the spinning band homogenized the vapour molecules by its downwards flow and wiped the reflux on the inner surface, which in turn caused the molecules with a lower boiling point to evaporate gradually. Meanwhile the other yields were 79.81% (3:1 at 230 oC), 80.53% (3:1 at 235 oC), and 80.21% (5:1 at 23oC) with yields of 71.82%, 70.31%, and 68.23%.

The utilization of sago as a product which have higher value have not used maximally yet. Sago (Metroxylon spp.) is one of original plant from Indonesia which could be used as raw material for bioethanol. The objectives of the study were to analyze production of bioethanol with the variation of yeast Saccharomyces cereviceae concentration added (7%, 12%, 17%), fermentation time were (5 days and 7 days) and analysis of the financial feasibility industry from sago palm. The methods of the study analyze the financial feasibility by NPV, IRR, Net B/C, PBP, and sensitivity analysis. The result showed that fermentatiom time 7 days and yeast consentration 12% is the optimum tretments producted bioethanol from sago which result consentration 3,05% (v/v). The financial feasibility are Net Present Value is positive amounted Rp. 125 859 652 242, Internal Rate of Return of 17%, Net B/C ratio by 1,53, Payback Period for 6 years, and Sensitivity analysis showed that the 12% increase in raw material and 8% decrease in selling price, effect on the viability of the project. From the above considerations investment criteria, indicates that the business of bioethanol based on sago is feasible to run.

Biogrease is a semi-solid lubricant produced using vegetable oil. The biogrease consists of base oil and thickening agent. Base oil modification is done to change properties such as viscosity, adhesive properties to iron, etc. which have an impact on tribological properties. One of the modifications made is the epoxidation of the base oil to increase the viscosity value. Epoxidation of the olein fraction /RBDPO (Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Olein) was carried out by reacting olein with acetic acid and peroxide acid. This study aimed to find the best time in the synthesis of RBDPO epoxy base oil, to study the effect of variations in % thickener on the characteristics of biogrease, and the best characteristics of biogrease produced from RBDPO epoxy base oil. The epoxidation was carried out with a ratio of RBDPO : acetic acid : peroxide acid of 1: 5: 2 at a temperature of 50°C, with various experimental times of 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours. The epoxidation results calculated the oxirane number and iodine number with two replications, then analyzed ANOVA statistics and LSD test. Furthermore, the best epoxidation results were formulated with a thickening agent with a ratio of 80:20 and 85:15 to produce biogrease. The statistical analysis showed that the best epoxidation time is 3 hours. Thickening agent affects the texture of biogrease. Biogrease with a ratio of base oil with a thickener of 80: 20 has a short fibrous texture (short fibril) with an NLGI value of 3, while biogrease with a ratio of 85: 15 has a brittle texture with an NLGI value of 00. The best biogrease produced in this study is biogrease with a ratio of 80:20 with an NLGI value of 3.

In the last 10 years, the research about the technology of bionanocomposite synthesis has increased rapidly, starting from the simple technology to advanced technology of synthesis. From the several technologies of synthesis of bionanocomposite that have been developed, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the selection of the right technology of synthesis of bionanocomposite is one of the indicators of success in its synthesis. This review identified the latest developments in technology of synthesis of bionanocomposite and focuses on methods of synthesis of bionanocomposite was most widely used and a technology that has advantages over other technologies. It is hoped that this review can provide information about methods of synthesis of bionanocomposite in general and specifically can provide information about methods of synthesis of bionanocomposite reinforced with mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). Based on the identification from several result of research, potential method to synthesis of bionanocomposite are combination of two methods, namely twin-screw extrusion method and injection molding method. Those technologies can be an alternative potential methods of synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposite reinforced with M-DAG and CNC.

Mono-acylglycerol (MAG) is the most used type of emulsifier in food industry. The need for domestic emulsifiers increases each year with an average value of 4%, so that the development of MAG as an emulsifier has good prospects. This study aimed to determine the best concentration of MAG as bakery products emulsifier such as sponge cake (2%, 2.5%, 3%), white bread (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%), and cookies (0.8%, 1.6%, 3.2%), and to know the characteristics differences of bakery products between synthesized MAG and commercial emulsifier. MAG was synthesized through the esterification process of coomercial glycerol from the byproducts of making biodiesel and palm fatty acid distillate from the byproducts of crude oil purification at a temperature of 150°C, 90 minutes time, and a molar ratio of PFAD:glycerol 1:6. The best MAG concentrations for sponge cake were 2.5% based on physical characteristics and 3% based on organoleptics. The best MAG concentration for white bread was 1% indicate by its swelling dimensions. The best MAG concentration for cookie was 1.6% indicated by its swelling power that affects the crispness. The addition of MAG as emulsifier produces good characteristics and equivalent to commercial MAG in several aspects of bakery product quality.

Eucheuma cottonii is red algae that contain high carbohydrates, especially carrageenan. Carrageenan is a sulfated polygalactan with 15-40% of ester-sulfate content. It is formed by alternate units of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-galactose joined by α-1,3 and β-1,4-glycosidic linkage. The galactose polymer therein can be hydrolyzed into Galactooligosaccharide (GOS)type prebiotics. Hydrolysis was done by low concentration of sulfuric acid and crude enzyme from inactivation of Vibrio algynoliticus cell broth. Combination of prebiotic and probiotic provide lactic acid bacteria (BAL) as well as its food sources in the colon. The aim of this research is to know the characteristics of BALgrowth and fermentation in hydrolysateof E. cottonii and to know the best method in producing synbiotic powdersfrom BAL grown in hydrolysate. Analysis conducted include the characteristics of synbiotic powders using two types of BAL, namely Lactobacillus casei and kefir bacteria (Lactobacillus spp.). Characteristics of the two types of BAL produced during fermentation were qualified as probiotics which were amounted to more than 108 cell/mL, pH value 0.2%. The results showed that the number of living bacteria was higherin the method of synbiotic productions after dryingof hydrolysates followed by inoculum addition, than the method of synbiotic productions which inoculum addition was donebefore drying.

Tooth and mouth disease that is suffered by many people is the reason for the increasing usage of mouthwash. Mouthwash on the market contains alcohol which causes side effects. The purpose of this study is to develop mouthwash concentrate based on essential oil (betel leaves and cloves) that can be accepted by prospective consumers, and to analyze the eligibility criteria of the mouthwash industry investment. The respondents 100 peoples, ranging in 15 to 62 y.o including visitors at Botani Square Mall, Sempur Field, Bhayangkara Hospital Bogor, and IPB students. The research uses an action research approach including market identification, prototype design, research and development, product acceptance analysis and financial analysis. Some problems raised from respondent interview were the side-effects of product, no measuring cup attached, less practical package, and the price was not affordable. The research solution was a practical 30 mL prototype of bottle drops with measuring cap. The production cost was IDR 6,808 and selling price (based on customer willingness to buy) of IDR 20,000. The result also showed a good acceptance of product by most respondents. Based on financial analysis, this product was concluded as feasible for industrial implementation.

Essential oil has complex chemical substances with a lot of benefit, one of them is as mosquitoe or insect repellent. This research aims to find out the best essential oil formula for mosquito repellent. Essential oils that used in this research are citronella, lemongrass, cajeput, and lavender oil. Essential oils are characterized by its color, density, refractive index, and solubility in alcohol. The essential oil colors met the SNI which was pale yellow to clear yellow, the density was 0.8125 - 0.9114 g/ml, the refractive index was 1.4568-1.4665 and soluble in alcohol. The essential oil mixture resulted in 7 series of formula, namely series A1-A5, B1-B5, C1-C5, D1-D5, E1-E5, F1-F5, and G1-G5. The organoleptic test performed on all formula showed that the preferred formula was the formula E3, G3, and F3. All preferred formula were carried out repellent tests against mosquitoes to determine the effectiveness of the oil mixture in Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) carrier. The result showed that E3 was more effective repellent compare to F3 and G3 formulas, because it has protection value more than 90% until fourth-hour.

Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) is one of potential palm oil derived products to be developed. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) and glycerol esterification using Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid (MESA) catalyst produced M-DAG that consist of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and Triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions. FFA and TAG fractions can reduce the M-DAG emulsifier quality. Therefore, purification process is needed to eliminate FFA and TAG fractions. The purpose of this research was to improve the M-DAG emulsifier quality by purification process. The purification was performed in two ways: solvent extraction - saponification and molecular distillation. Solvent extraction - saponification was done with the addition of 0, 10, 15 and 20% (w/w) NaHCO3. The result showed that the addition of 20% (w/w) NaHCO3 was the best treatment. It was able to produce 43.52% yield of M-DAGconsisted of 44.48% Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) in FFA+TAG composition, 31.05% MAG, 24.47% DAG, melting point of 44.83oC, free fatty acid level of 19.43%, pH value of 6, emulsion stability of 51.21% for 12 hours, has a white color, dry texture, and odorless. The molecular distillation at temperature of 100-180oC on purification process was carried out to separatethe FFA. Molecular distillation had produced distillate and residue. Molecular distillation was an effective process to separate the FFA from M-DAG whereas produced 96.09% of FFA from distillation flow.

Bioethanol is one of the renewable resources derived from sugar fermentation process of carbohydrate substance with microorganismaid. Hydrolysis is the stage to get the simple sugar and is done with using kcarragenasethat is obtained from the isolation result of marine microbe in E.cottonii’s habitat. The objectives of this research were to gain time hydrolysis to produce the enzyme activity and reducing sugar highs by kkaragenase and to determine the best of the substrate concentration and k-carragenasein producing a reduction sugar and the highest ethanol. The research steps was started from isolate rejuvenation of IH22 microbe, enzyme production of crudeextraction k-carragenase and 80% acetone precipitation, determination of the hydrolysis timeand activity of k-carragenase. The next step was the substrate hydrolysis with amounts of 6%, 9%, and 12% (b/v) solids, by enzyme from acetone concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, and 5% (v/v) and then they were fermented for six days with the S.cereviseaeadapted yeast extract. Thek-carragenasse highest enzyme activity was obtained in incubation for 30-60 minutes while the highest reduction sugar was obtained inhydrolysis time for 120 minutes. During the hydrolysis,12% substrate concentration generated the highest reduction sugar and whole sugar of 3.21% and 9.89%, respectively, while 9% substrate with 5% enzyme treatment contained1.49% reduction sugar and 2.75% whole sugar, which was the best substrate in producing ethanol during fermentation process of 1.23% (v/v) and 0.82% (b/v) with 55.78% substrate efficiency and 70.44% fermentation efficieny.

Biodiesel, a renewable fuel is normally produced from refine oil and methanol in the presence of a catalyst; conventionally it is used a basic homogeneous catalyst. However, when oil with high amount of free fatty acid (FFA) is used, this catalyst should not be used with the aim to avoid the production soap. In this work, FFA present in crude palm oil (CPO) were esterified with activated natural zeolite catalyst. The esterification reaction was carried out 60oC, with a 23.41 : 1 molar ratio of methanol to CPO, reaction time of 170 minute and catalyst amount of 1.59 %, conversion FFA of CPO was 64.23 %. In this work, biodiesel yield achieved was around 71.97 %.Biodiesel, a renewable fuel is normally produced from refine oil and methanol in the presence of a catalyst; conventionally it is used a basic homogeneous catalyst. However, when oil with high amount of free fatty acid (FFA) is used, this catalyst should not be used with the aim to avoid the production soap. In this work, FFA present in crude palm oil (CPO) were esterified with activated natural zeolite catalyst. The esterification reaction was carried out 60oC, with a 23.41 : 1 molar ratio of methanol to CPO, reaction time of 170 minute and catalyst amount of 1.59 %, conversion FFA of CPO was 64.23 %. In this work, biodiesel yield achieved was around 71.97 %.

Surfactant injection is one of the ways to lessen oil remains left in reservoir. This is done by injecting an active surface substance into reservoir until the tension of water-oil interface can be degraded. Reducing interfacial tension results in a reduced capillary pressure on pore stricture area of reservoir rocks until the oil caught in the pores can be pushed and produced. In order to make this process function optimally, an appropriate surfactant that fits the condition and formation of water and reservoir is needed. This study was conducted to get the best time of sulfonation process for producing MES surfactant with lower interfacial tension for EOR application at carbonate rock and to determine purification process of MES surfactant. Results showed that the best time of sulphonation to produce MES surfactant was from the third hour to the fourth hour. The selected purification process was conducted without methanol addition.

Mono-diasilgliserol (M-DAG) adalah jenis emulsifier yang banyak digunakan dalam industri pangan maupun non- pangan. M-DAG dapat dihasilkan dari proses esterifikasi. Pada penelitian ini bahan baku yang digunakan yaitu gliserol hasil samping industri biodiesel dan palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) hasil samping industri minyak goreng. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan suhu dan rasio molar antara gliserol dan PFAD yang terbaik dalam menghasilkan M-DAG. Variasi yang digunakan adalah variasi suhu sebesar 150°C dan 160°C serta variasi rasio molar gliserol : PFAD sebesar 1:2, 1:3 dan 1:4. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi uji warna, komposisi M-DAG dengan kromatografi lapis tipis, stabilitas emulsi, pH dan titik leleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada suhu 150°C menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 74%. Sedangkan pada suhu 160°C didapatkan nilai stabilitas emulsi mencapai 72% dengan kadar ALB 39%. Pada rasio molar 1:2 menghasilkan tingkat kecerahan M-DAG sebesar 82.57.

The objective of this research was to produce bioethanol from acid hydrolysate cassava flour with mix cultured Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The hydrolysis of cassava flour to glucose was conducted by 0.4 M sulfuric acid using autoclave at 121°C, pressure at 1 atm for 10 min. The fermentation were performed in batch system for 96 hours in 30°C. Mixed culture of T. viride and S. cerevisiae in the fermentation process of acid hydrolysate carried out in two methode that is gradually and simultaneously. The results showed the acid hydrolyzate of cassava flour has a total sugar concentration of 38.93 ± 8.09% (w/v) and reducing sugar concentration of 22.04 ± 4.31% (w/v) . In the bioethanol production process shows that the bioethanol concentration 6.77 ± 1.23% (v/v), yield 27,97% (v/w) and fermentation effciency 59,01% of the theoretical value was achieved using gradually addition of mixed culture, while simultaneously addition of mixed culture was produced ethanol concentration 4.96 ± 0.39%(v/v), yield 19.85% (v/w) and fermentation effciency 62.72% of the theoretical value. Keywords: Bioethanol, cassava flour, acid hidrolysate, Trichoderma viride, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memproduksi bioetanol dari hidrolisat asam tepung ubi kayu dengan menggunakan kultur campuran Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hidrolisis tepung ubi kayu untuk menghasilkan glukosa dilakukan dengan menggunakan H2SO4 0.4M, pada suhu 121°C, tekanan 1 atm selama 10 menit. Proses fermentasi dilaksanakan secara batch selama 96 jam pada suhu 30°C. Pencampuran kultur T. viride dan S. cerevisiae pada proses fermentasi hidrolisat asam dilakukan dalam dua metode yaitu secara bertahap dan secara simultan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hidrolisat asam tepung ubi kayu mempunyai konsentrasi total gula 38,93 ± 8,09% (b/v) dan konsentrasi gula reduksi 22,04 ± 4,31% (b/v). Pada proses produksi bioetanol menunjukan bahwa dengan pencampuran kultur secara bertahap menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol 6,77 ± 1,23% (v/v), rendemen 27,97% (v/w) dan efisiensi fermentasi 59,01% dari perolehan bioetanol secara teoritis, sedangkan dengan pencampuran kultur secara simultan menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol 4,96 ± 0,39%(v/v), rendemen 19,85% (v/w) dan efisiensi fermentasi 62,72% dari perolehan bioetanol secara teoritis. Kata kunci: Bioetanol, tepung ubi kayu, hidrolisat asam, Trichoderma viride, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Agarase dapat mendegradasi agar ke oligosakarida dan memiliki banyak manfaat untuk makanan, kosmetik, dan lain-lain. Banyak spesies pendegradasi agar adalah organismelaut. Beberapa agarase telah diisolasi dari genera yang berbeda dari mikroorganisme yang ditemukan di air dan sedimen laut. Hypocreaceae sp. diisolasi dari air laut Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta, Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi gen 16S rDNA dari 500 basis pasangan, isolat A10 memiliki 99% kesamaan dengan Hypocreaceae sp. Enzim agarase ekstraseluler dari Hypocreaceae sp. memiliki pH dan suhu optimum pada 8 TrisHCl (0,148 μ.mL-1) dan 50°C (0,182 μ.mL-1), masing-masing. Enzim Agarase dari Hypocreaceae sp. mencapai kondisi optimum pada aktivitas enzim tertinggi selama inkubasi dalam 24 jam (0,323 μ.mL-1). SDS page mengungkapkan bahwa ada dua band dari protein yang dihasilkan oleh agarase dari Hypocreaceae sp. yang berada di berat molekul 39 kDa dan 44 kDa dan hidrolisis Gelidium latifolium diperoleh 0,88% etanol. Kata kunci: enzim agarase, Hypocreaceae sp., hidrolisis, fungi, rDNA. Agarase can degradedagarto oligosaccharide and has a lot of benefits for food, cosmetics, and others. Many species of agar- degrader are marine-organism. Several agarases have been isolated from different genera of microorganisms found in seawater and marine sediments. Hypocreaceae sp. was isolated from sea water of Pari Islands, Seribu Islands, Jakarta, Indonesia. Based on the results of the 16S rDNA gene identification of 500 base pairs, A10 isolates had 99 % similarity toHypocreaceae sp. The extracellular agarase enzyme from Hypocreaceae sp. have optimum pH and temperature at 8 TrisHCl (0.148 µ.mL-1) and 50 °C (0.182 µ.mL-1), respectively. Agarase enzyme of Hypocreaceae sp. reach an optimum condition at the highest enzyme activity during incubation in 24 hours (0.323 µ.mL-1). SDS Page revealed that there are two bands of protein produced by agarase of Hypocreaceae sp. which are at molecular weight of 39 kDa and 44 kDa and hydrolisis of Gelidium latifolium obtained 0,88% ethanol. Key words: agarase enzym, Hypocreaceae sp., hydrolysis, marine fungi, rDNA

The development of jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L) in Indonesia needs to be followed by the optimum utilization of all parts of the plants, including the leaves and twigs. This study aims to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaves and twigs extracts of Jatropha curcas L and to see the effects of their use in personal hygiene products, as part of efforts to increase the added value of the Jatropha’s leaves and twigs. Extract of Jatropha curcas in this study were obtained through a solvent extraction process using ethanol 96% by the method of soxhlet and maceration. Fraction obtained by performing advanced stages in the extract called fractination. Antioxidant activity was analized by using DPPH method at concentration of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 20 µg/mL. While the analysis of antimicrobial activity was performeed by well diffusion method against Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the concentration of extract/fraction 1, 2, and 3%. The result showed that crude extract of maceration and ethyl acetate fraction of soxhlet had the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 7.019 and 7.857 µg/mL where this values were not significantly different. In other side, the result of antimicrobial activity indicated the present of antimicrobial inhibitory of maceration crude extract against Microsporum gypseum. It proved by the formation of clear zones of inhibition around the wells with diameter of 12, 14, and 20 mm for concentration 1, 2, and 3%. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the inhibitory against Microsporum gypseum only at concentration of 3% extract with diameter of inhibitory zones 14 mm. Utilization of selected extract fraction applied to one of personal hygiene product, transparent soap, by utilizing its antioxidant activity. Soap with the addition of ethyl acetate fraction of Jatropha curcas at a concentration level of 0.8% produces soap with antioxidant activity of 66.15% and the rate of foam stability about 83.23%. Keywords: Jatropha curcas L, antioxidant, antimicrobial ABSTRAK Perkembangan jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L) di Indonesia perlu diikuti dengan pemanfaatan yang optimal dari seluruh bagian tanaman tersebut, termasuk bagian daun dan ranting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan antimikroba dari ekstrak serta fraksi daun dan ranting jarak pagar serta melihat efek pemanfaatannya pada produk personal hygiene, sebagai salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dari daun jarak pagar. Ekstrak jarak pagar pada penelitian ini diperoleh melalui proses ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% dengan metode soxhlet dan maserasi. Fraksi diperoleh dengan melakukan tahap lanjut yaitu tahap fraksinasi pada ekstrak. Analisis antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH pada konsentrasi 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, dan 20 µg/mL. Sedangkan analisis antimikroba dilakukan dengan metode difusi sumur terhadap Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada tingkat konsentrasi ekstrak/fraksi 1, 2, dan 3%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dimiliki oleh ekstrak kasar maserasi dan fraksi etil asetat soxhlet dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 7,019 dan 7,857 µg/mL dimana nilai keduanya tidak berbeda nyata. Sementara itu, hasil analisis antimikroba menunjukkan adanya aktivitas penghambatan dari ekstrak kasar maserasi terhadap Microsporum gypseum yang terbukti dengan terbentuknya zona bening disekitar sumur dengan diameter hambat 12, 14, dan 20 mm untuk konsentrasi 1, 2, dan 3%. Adapun fraksi etil asetat hanya menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan terhadap Microsporum gypseum pada tingkat konsentrasi 3% dengan diameter hambat sebesar 14 mm. Pemanfaatan fraksi ekstrak terpilih diterapkan pada salah satu produk personal hygiene yaitu sabun transparan dengan memanfaatkan aktivitas antioksidan yang dimilikinya. Sabun dengan penambahan fraksi etil asetat jarak pagar pada tingkat konsentrasi 0,8% menghasilkan sabun dengan aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 66,15% dan tingkat kestabilan busa sebesar 83,23%. Kata kunci: Jatropha curcas L, antioksidan, antimikroba

For producing oil remains that remained at old oil wells (mature field), a method of advanced oil acquirement improvement known as an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) should be applied. Surfactant plays an important role in EOR process by reducing interfacial tension (IFT), altering wettability, reducing oil viscosity, and stabilizing dispersion to facilitate the process of oil jetting from reservoir to production well. To optimally cleanse oil that still remained a surfactant compatible with formation water and reservoir is needed. This study was conducted to get the best time of sulfonation process for producing MES surfactant with lower interfacial tension for EOR application. Results showed that the best times of sulfonation process with lower interfacial tension value were 3 and 4 hours

The curing process of vanilla beans from dried vanilla to vanilla extract would give added value to vanilla products. Aroma and taste in vanilla extract depend on variety of plants, cultivation methods, and curing process. Indonesian vanilla extract tend to give woody and phenolic aroma because it was harvested too early and it did not cure perfectly. This study was to identify the physicochemical and aroma characteristics of vanilla extracts from importer, exporter, and vanilla extracts from the newest experiment from our laboratory. There were seven samples, three from importers (Tahiti grade I, Tahiti grade II, Virginia Dare), two from Indonesian Vanilla exporters (Djasula Wangi, Cobra), and two from our laboratory (G11, 57). The physicochemical characteristics which were analyzed were vanillin content, ash, soluble ash, alkalinity of soluble ash, alkalinity of total ash, total acidity, and lead number, all compared with the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) standard. Sensory analysis used aroma description test consist of qualitative descriptive test (in-depth interview and focus group methods) and quantitative descriptive analysis. The result showed that the laboratory's sample from modified curing process (G11) followed the FDA standard in physicochemical characters, but the aroma description was not as strong as the aroma of vanilla extract from exporters, namely Cobra with creamy, sweet, and vanilla aroma; and vanilla extract from importer, namely Virginia with smoky and spicy aroma

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas amida minyak ikan dalam menurunkan konsentrasi kolesterol dan trigliserida plasma dan pengaruhnya terhadap nilai hematologi darah. Tiga puluh lima ekor tikus jantan, galur Sprague Dawley, umur 7 minggu dibagi secara acak ke dalam lima kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok kontrol (A) mendapat ransum semi purified yang mengandung 8% minyak jagung. Kelompok perlakuan masing-masing disuplementasi 4,5% minyak ikan (B), 3% minyak ikan+1,5% amida (C), 1,5% minyak ikan+3% amida (D), dan 4,5% amida (E). Ransum perlakuan diberikan selama 6 minggu. Pada akhir penelitian dilakukan pengambilan sampel darah untuk menganalisis nilai hematologi dan profil lemak plasma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi amida minyak ikan dapat mempertahankan jumlah eritrosit dan Hb, namun nilai hematokrit mulai menurun pada suplementasi amida 3% (D), dibandingkan suplementasi minyak ikan (B) dan suplementasi amida 1,5% (C). Jumlah leukosit pada kelompok yang mendapat suplementasi 4,5% amida (E) secara nyata (P0,05) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang diberi minyak ikan (B). Suplementasi amida minyak ikan tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsentrasi kolesterol total dan HDL plasma, namun pada suplementasi 3% amida mulai meningkatkan konsentrasi trigliserida dan LDL plasma secara nyata (P0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi amida sebesar 3% mulai memperlihatkan pengaruh negatif terhadap nilai hematologi dan profil lemak plasma.

Ethanol production from cassava (Manihot utilissima) usually uses enzymatic process for starch hydrolysis. Enzymatichydrolysis by α-amylase and amyloglucosidase enzymes are not able to convert cassava fibers into sugars. Dilute acid hydrolysis is applied to convert both starch and fibers, which will increase the yield of simple sugars as fermentable sugars and resulting in high ethanol production. In this research there are two steps of dilute acid hydrolysis, first for starch hydrolysis at H SO concentration of 0.1-0.5 M, 5-15 minutes and second for fiber hydrolysis at 0.5-1.0 2 4M H SO , 10-20 minutes, at the same temperature of 121-127 oC and pressure of 1.0-1.5 atm. The disadvantage of acid hydrolysis is the formation of toxic compounds such as hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) which is inhibited yeast fermentation. Therefore, acid hydrolyzates were detoxified with NH OH before use as fermentation substrate. The best starch hydrolysis condition was obtained at 0.4 M H SO for 10 minutes which gave 257.37 g/l of total sugars, 2 4229.38 g/l of reducing sugars, 89.59 of dextrose equivalent (DE) and 0.57 g/l of HMF. While the best fiber hydrolysis performed at 1.0 M H SO solution for 20 minutes which gave 79.74 g/l of total sugars, 70.88 g/l of reducing sugars, 2 488.99 of DE and 0.0142 g/l of HMF. Single direct acid hydrolysis was the most suitable substrate for yeast fermentationwith the ethanol concentration of 5.7 % (w/v) and 30.5 % (w/w) of ethanol yield. This result is comparable with enzymatic hydrolysis which gave ethanol yield of 30 % (w/w). ABSTRAK Produksi etanol dari ubi kayu biasanya menggunakan enzim untuk menghidrolisis pati. Hidrolisis secara enzimatismenggunakan enzim α-amilase dan amiloglukosidase tidak mampu mengkonversi serat menjadi gula. Hidrolisis asam berkonsentrasi rendah dilakukan untuk mengkonversi pati dan serat, sehingga gula-gula sederhana yang dapat difermentasi meningkat dan menghasilkan produksi etanol tinggi. Pada penelitian ini ada dua tahap hidrolisis menggunakan asam berkonsentrasi rendah, yaitu tahap pertama untuk menghidrolisis pati dengan konsentrasi H SO 0,1-0,5 M selama 5-15 menit dan tahap kedua untuk menghidrolisis serat dengan kensentrasi H SO 0,5-1,0 M selama 2 410-20 menit pada suhu dan tekanan sama, yaitu 121-127 oC dan 1,0-1,5 atm. Kekurangan pada hidrolisis asam adalahterbentuknya senyawa toksik seperti hidroksimetil furfural (HMF) yang mengganggu fermentasi khamir. Oleh karena itu hidrolisat asam didetoksifikasi menggunakan NH OH sebelum digunakan sebagai substrat fermentasi. Kondisi terbaik hidrolisis pati diperoleh pada konsentrasi H SO 0,4 M selama 10 menit dengan nilai total gula 257,37 g/l, 2 4gula pereduksi 229,38 g/l, dextrose equivalent (DE) 89,59 dan HMF 0,57 g/l. Selain itu kondisi terbaik hidrolisis serat diperoleh pada konsentrasi H SO 1,0 M selama 20 menit dengan nilai total gula 79,74 g/l, gula pereduksi 70,88 g/l, 2 4DE 88,99 dan HMF 0,0142 g/l. Hidrolisat asam yang paling sesuai digunakan sebagai substrat fermentasi adalah darihidrolisis satu tahap tanpa pemisahan serat yang menghasilkan etanol dengan konsentrasi 5,7 % (b/v) dan rendemen etanol 30,5 (b/b). Hasil tersebut tidak berbeda jauh dengan hidrolisis enzimatis yang mengasilkan rendemen etanol 30% (b/b).

The Indonesian natural vanilla is know for having a unigue woody, smooky, and phenolic flavor. Development of the aroma and flavor vanilla was formed by the action of a hydrolytic enzyme B-glucosidase on glucovanillin. The objective of this research was to characterize vanilla B-glucosidase. The vanilla B-glucosidase activity was increased by detergent. The enzyme was found as heat labile. Scalding should be conducted at 400C for 2-3 minutes. The result from B-glucosidase activity in each part of vanilla and microscopic analisis of vanilla bean slice showed that the highest B-glucosidase activity and vanillin concentrations were found in the seed funicles and placental tissue the of vanilla bean. The activity of vanilla B-glucosidase was optimum at pH 6,0, and temperature of 400C, found as and activation energy was 5,78 kcal/mole. After 44 minutes incubation time at 400C. The activity was reduced down to 10%. The apparent of moleculer weight was 100-400 kDa according to gel setration (Sephacryl S-300) analysis.

The development of the use of agricultural technology is currently very rapid to meet the increasing basic human needs, according to water guava farmers in Penanggungan village who said that in the last year there has been an increase in water guava fruit orders by consumers. Therefore, we need a tool to help farmers in terms of cultivating water guava fruit. In this case the use of technology used in the application of automatic pesticide sprayers on water apple trees based on IoT, previously spraying was carried out by farmers manually so that with this automatic pesticide sprayer it can help farmers work in guava cultivation. This monitoring system utilizes Internet of Things technology. This study uses component input outputs, including NodeMCU ESP8266, RTC sensors, relays, LCDs. The software used for system monitoring uses Blynk software. The results of the study obtained success reaching 100% with automatic spraying successfully functioning, when the time was 16.00 WIB the pump would automatically start spraying pesticides and when the time showed 16.01 the pump would stop spraying. Notifications can be sent to the Blynk app

The purpose of this research was to observe vanillin retention and color changes during storage of concentrated vanilla extract at the low temperature (10°C), room temperature (30°C), and high temperature (55°C) for 49 days. The methodology of this research consisted of vanilla curing process, vanilla extraction, evaporation of vanilla extract, formulation of concentrated vanilla extract, and measuring the vanillin retention and color change.The best products of concentrated vanilla extract were made with formula containing 10 ml vanilla extract, 10 ml high fructose syrup (HFS) 55% and 3 ml of carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) solution 1% and that made with formula containing 10 ml vanilla extract, 15 ml glucose syrup 75°Brix and 3 ml of CMC solution 1%. The vanillin retention of both formulas had a trend to descrease. The pattern of vanillin retention and color change during storage of both formulas followed linear equations.Thetemperature and period of storage significantly affected the color of concentrated vanilla extract. Both formulas did not show any differences in vanillin retention and color during storage at refrigerator and room temperature.

Modified cured vanilla was processed to vanilla extract by maceration method. The aim of this research were to optimize the method of maceration, type of vanilla bean with highest vanillin content, extraction solvent composition,and other variables that could optimize the vanillin content and characterize the extract from half dried cured vanilla. The optimation used response surface method with 22 factorial and 23 factorial. One step of maceration could extract vanillin (average 2.3 g/l) much more than two steps maceration (average 2.1 g/l). Vanillin content of the half dried cured vanilla (average 0.98 g/l) was higher than cured vanilla 1 and cured vanilla 2 (average 0.41 g/l and 0.32 g/l). The suitable ethanol-water composition for half dried cured vanilla was 7:3 (vanillin content 1.78 g/l). The first optimation was conducted with two variables maceration time and sucrose concentrations. The maximum vanillin content of the first optimation was 4.5 g/l at maceration time of15.9 days and sucrose concentration of 7.3 g. The second optimation used two variables: maceration time and glycerol concentrations. The maximum vanillin content of the second optimation was 3.8 g/l at maceration time of 22 days and glycerol concentration 19.9 ml. The third optimation process used three variables:maceration time, sucrose concentrations and glycerol concentrations. The maximum vanillin content of the third optimation was 3.4 g/l at maceration time of 12 days sucrose concentration of 7 g, and glycerol concentration 4.7 ml. The characteristic of vanilla extract resulted from half dried cured vanilla maceration were vanillin content (3.4-4.5 g/l), total acid (380-410 ml 0.1 N NaOH/l), total ash (1.3-3.4 g/l), total soluble ash (0.8-2.9 g/l), alkalinity of total ash (462.6-536.7), alkalinity of soluble ash (139.1-216.5), and lead number (4.5-4.6).

This study examines the effect of special relationship sales transactions and special relationship lending on tax aggressiveness with institutional ownership as a moderating variable. The data used in this study is secondary data taken from the annual financial statements of several property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2020, 2021 and 2022. The sample in this study obtained 54 data from 18 selected companies using a purposive sampling technique. This study uses quantitative analysis methods, and the data analysis techniques used in this study are multiple regression equations and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results of this study indicate that Special Relationship Sales Transactions do not affect Tax Aggressiveness, while Special Relationship Lending Transactions have a positive effect on Tax Aggressiveness. Then Institutional Ownership cannot moderate the effect of special relationship sales transactions and special relationship lending transactions on tax aggressiveness.

The information about company’s financial performance can be obtained by investor in company’s financial report. Some of the informations are audit opinion, audit report lag, reporting delay, KAP, and EPS. That informations are used by investor to do an investment analysis through financial report that can influence investment decision. Investor’s investment decision can influence stock price change. The purposes of this research are to determine the simultan and partial effect of audit opinion, audit report lag, reporting delay, KAP, and EPS on stock price. Research type that is used quantitative method and descriptive approach. Research data are financial reports and stock prices with banking companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) within year of 2016-2018 as a population. Purposive sampling is used as a sampling method so obtained 23 samples. The research method is using multiple linier regression analysis. The results of this research are simultaneously audit opinion, audit report lag, reporting delay, KAP, and EPS have significant influence to stock prices. Partially, reporting delay and EPS have significant positive influence to stock prices. Meanwhile, audit opinion, audit report lag, and KAP have no effect on stock prices.

Funds needed by the mosque are mostly obtained from public. The funds obtained can be used and responsibly according their use. More people providing fund to mosque, management must be give a report or financial statement based on financial accounting standard. The purpose of this research is to find out and do the mosque financial report based on PSAK 45, so can give a facility to give an infotmation related mosque finance. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The data obtained in this study came from observations, interviews and documentation The results of this study are the mosque management still has not applied PSAK 45 in the compiling of financial statements.

The development of Business, Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises (UMKM) in Indonesia is currently experiencing a very drastic increase. The development of UMKM from year to year shows a significant number. This increase makes UMKM have enormous potential for the country's income. This study aims to describe whether perceptions of fairness, taxation security, changes in tax rates affect taxpayer compliance with tax awareness as a moderating variable for UMKM players after the application of PP No. 23 of 2018. This research employed quantitative methods. Moreover, respondents in this research were UMKM entrepreneurs registered at KPP Pratama Bojonegoro. The researcher used simple random sampling as the method of sampling where the distribution of questionnaires was done randomly without considering the level in a population. Furthermore, data collection was done by using a questionnaire technique. The results of this study explain that the variable Justice Perception (X1) influences Taxpayer Compliance proven by the significant value of 43.2%, Taxation Understanding (X2) controls Taxpayer Compliance as evidenced by the considerable amount of 74.5%, The Changes of Rates do not affect the Taxpayer Compliance as evidenced by significant value of 28.8%, and Tax Awareness (M) is not a variable that strengthens or weakens the relationship.

Financial distress is a condition of the company's financial performance which is marked by a decline in the company's net profit and the difficulty of the company paying short-term obligations and long-term obligations. This if allowed to drag on will cause the company to go bankrupt. There are various methods to predict company bankruptcy, namely the Altman, Zmijewski, Grover, Springate, Ohlson, and Zavgren methods. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the accuracy of financial distress analysis from various methods to predict bankruptcy.The research used is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. The statistical analysis in this study uses the calculation of the company's financial ratios from each bankruptcy method, while the hypothesis test uses accuracy and type of error. The results of this study indicate that the Altman method has an accuracy of 80%. The Zmijewski method has an accuracy of 60%. The Grover method has an accuracy of 80%.The Springate method has an accuracy rate of 70%. Ohlson's method has an accuracy of 90%. The Zavgren method has an accuracy of 100%. From these results it can be concluded that the Zavgren method is the most accurate in predicting bankruptcy in Retail companies.