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Enacted in 2010 as part of the Affordable Care Act, the Physician Payments Sunshine Act (PPSA) mandates transparency in financial interactions between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers. This study investigates the PPSA's effectiveness and its impact on industry payments to physicians. Utilizing ProPublica and Open Payments databases, a difference-in-difference analysis was conducted across ten states. Results reveal a significant reduction in pharmaceutical companies' meal-related payments post-PPSA, impacting both the total payment amount and the number of unique physicians reached. Conversely, travel payments showed no significant impact in the primary analysis. However, subsequent analyses revealed nuanced reductions in the number of unique physicians reached, highlighting a more intricate relationship wherein pharmaceutical companies likely adjusted their financial interaction strategies with physicians differently across states. State-level variations in meals further underscore the complexity of PPSA's influence. This pioneering research contributes valuable empirical evidence, addressing gaps in prior studies and emphasizing the ongoing need for policy assessment to guide industry-physician relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flowering period of rice significantly impacts variety adaptability and yield formation. Properly shortening the reproductive period of rice varieties can expand their ecological range without significant yield reduction. Targeted genome editing, like CRISPR/Cas9, is an ideal tool to fine-tune rice growth stages and boost yield synergistically. In this study, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex genome-editing vector containing five genes related to three traits, Hd2, Ghd7, and DTH8 (flowering-stage genes), along with the recessive rice blast resistance gene Pi21 and the aromatic gene BADH2. This vector was introduced into the high-quality japonica rice variety in Zhejiang province, Jiahe212 (JH212), resulting in 34 T0 plants with various effective mutations. Among the 17 mutant T1 lines, several displayed diverse flowering dates, but most exhibited undesirable agronomic traits. Notably, three homozygous mutant lines (JH-C15, JH-C18, and JH-C31) showed slightly earlier flowering dates without significant differences in yield-related traits compared to JH212. Through special Hyg and Cas marker selection of T2 plants, we identified seven, six, and two fragrant glutinous plants devoid of transgenic components. These single plants will serve as sib lines of JH212 and potential resources for breeding applications, including maintenance lines for indica–japonica interspecific three-line hybrid rice. In summary, our research lays the foundation for the creation of short-growth-period CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility, CMS) lines, and also provides materials and a theoretical basis for indica–japonica interspecific hybrid rice breeding with wider adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Machangqing Cu-Mo (Au) deposit is located in the central part of the Jinshajiang - Red River belt in the Sanjiang orogen, which lies across the Qiangtang terrane and western Yangtze craton, southwestern China. Zircon U-Pb dating constrains that the granite porphyry and porphyritic granite emplacements occurred at 35.92 [+ or -] 0.31 Ma and 34.92 [+ or -] 0.31 Ma, respectively. The Re-Os model ages of molybdenite are 34.94 [+ or -] 0.38 Ma. The new ages presented here, along with previously published data in the region, define a short duration of potassic magmatism and mineralization from 37 Ma to 34 Ma in the Jinshajiang - Red River belt. Zircon [Ce.sup.4+]/[Ce.sup.3+] values of the porphyritic granite and granite porphyry vary from 50.32 to 1579.20 (averaging 481.01) and 33.18 to 1511.80 (averaging 452.98), respectively, and the log(f[o.sub.2]) values vary from -6.66 to -23.86 and -9.88 to -25.18, respectively, which plot within the range of the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer curve to the magnetite-hematite buffer curve, indicating an oxidized magma source, which may have facilitated the Cu-Au enrichment. Zircons from granitoids show [epsilon]Hf(t) values ranging from -0.75 to +2.33 and crustal model ages between 0.9 and 1.1 Ga. The features of Lu-Hf isotopes and wide range of Mg#, Cr, and Ni contents imply that the magmas of the Machangqing granitoids were probably derived from partial melting of juvenile lower crust and mixed with some mantle melts. Combined with the features of the Machangqing granitoids, the following evolution process are concluded. During the Cenozoic, the India-Asia continental collision triggered upwelling of hot asthenosphere and underplating of the thickened juvenile lower crust, which caused the formation of mafic and felsic magmas. Those magmas ascended, mixed, crystallized, and formed Machangqing ore-bearing granitoids in an intracontinental extension setting. Key words: LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, molybdenite Re-Os dating, oxidation magma, Machangqing Cu-Mo (Au) deposit, Jinshajiang - Red River belt, eastern Tibetan plateau. Le gisement de Cu-Mo (Au) de Machangqing est situe dans la partie centrale de la ceinture de failles de Jinshajiang - riviere Rouge de l'orogene de Sanjiang, qui enjambe le terrane de Qiangtang et le craton du Yangtze (sud-ouest de la Chine). La mineralisation à Cu-Mo (Au) est genetiquement associee à des stocks de granitoïdes comprenant un granite porphyrique et un porphyre granitique. La datation U-Pb sur zircons par LA-ICP-MS permet d'etablir que le porphyre granitique et le granite porphyrique ont ete mis en place à 35,92 [+ or -] 0,31 Ma et 34,92 [+ or -] 0,31 Ma, respectivement. L'âge modele Re-Os sur la molybdenite est de 34,94 [+ or -] 0,38 Ma, ce qui indiquerait un episode de magmatisme et de mineralisation paleogene à Machangqing. Les nouveaux âges presentes ici, combines à des âges dejà publies pour la region definissent un court intervalle de magmatisme potassique et de mineralisation de 37 Ma à 34 Ma dans la ceinture de Jinshajiang - riviere Rouge. Les valeurs de [Ce.sup.4+]/[Ce.sup.3+] des zircons du granite porphyrique et du porphyre granitique vont de 50,32 à 1579,20 (moyenne de 481,01) et de 33,18 à 1511,80 (moyenne de 452,98), respectivement, et les valeurs de log(f[o.sub.2]) vont de -6,66 à -23,86 et de -9,88 à -25,18, respectivement, du champ tampon redox fayalite-magnetite-quartz au champ tampon redox magnetite-hematite, indiquant une source de magma oxydee qui pourrait avoir facilite l'enrichissement en Cu-Au. Les zircons des granitoïdes presentent des valeurs de [epsilon]Hf(t) allant de -0,75 à +2,33 et des âges modeles crustaux entre 0,9 Ga et 1,1 Ga. Les caracteristiques des isotopes de Lu-Hf et les grandes fourchettes definies par les valeurs de Mg#, Cr et Ni indiqueraient que les magmas des granitoïdes de Machangqing sont probablement derives de la fusion partielle d'une croûte inferieure juvenile, melanges avec des produits de fusion du manteau. Ces donnees, combinees à l'histoire geologique, la geochimie et les donnees isotopiques à l'echelle regionale, permettent de conclure au processus d'evolution suivant: durant le Cenozoïque, la collision continentale de l'Inde et de l'Asie a declenche la remontee d'asthenosphere chaude et son plaquage sous la croûte inferieure juvenile epaissie, ce qui a entraîne la formation de magmas mafiques et felsiques. Ces magmas ont remonte, se sont melanges, ont cristallise et ont forme les granitoïdes mineralises de Machangqing dans un milieu d'extension intracontinentale dans l'est du plateau tibetain. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: datation U-Pb sur zircons par LA-ICP-MS, datation par Re-Os sur molybdenite, magma oxydant, gisement de Cu-Mo (Au) de Machangqing, ceinture de Jinshajiang - riviere Rouge, est du plateau tibetain., Introduction Porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) deposits are among the most important types of economic deposits that account for a significant proportion of global Cu production (e.g., Cooke et al. 2005; Sillitoe 2010). [...]

The means by which e-commerce websites can reach and track online customers have expanded enormously through the use of various digital marketing referral channels. However, evaluating comparative effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) across different referral channels remain difficult undertakings for many companies. This study aims to contribute to this line of investigation by quantifying the relative effectiveness, the dynamics, and the interdependencies among three types of major online referral channels: search engines, social media, and third-party websites. To this end, we employ the vector autoregressive (VARX) model on a large-scale clickstream dataset and have the following findings. Though search engine referrals demonstrate strong impact on sales, our results show that social media referrals have the strongest immediate and cumulative effects on e-commerce websites' conversion rates. Our results also demonstrate the synergies and interdependencies across these channels. This study contributes to the multi-channel analytics literature and sheds new light to digital marketing managers on assessing the cumulative impact and the economic value of online referral channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]