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Jagdish Rawat,1 Girish Sindhwani,1 Debasis Biswas,2 Ruchi Dua11Department of Pulmonary Medicine, 2Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, IndiaBackground and objectives: Mechanical ventilation is the recommended treatment in unconscious patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypercapenic respiratory failure. But, in resource-poor countries, many of these patients are not able to afford this treatment due to financial constraints. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness, safety and cost-effectiveness of bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) applied via endotracheal tube in such patients.Methods: Twenty patients with acute exacerbation of COPD and altered sensorium, who were unable to afford ventilatory support, were intubated and BiPAP therapy was provided to these patients through the endotracheal tube. The outcome of these patients was studied.Results: The BiPAP success rate and hospital mortality were 85% (17/20) and 15% (3/20) respectively. BiPAP failure was associated with high sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score at the time of admission (P = 0.002). Improvement in Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score (P < 0.001), pH (P = 0.001), PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) (P < 0.001), respiratory rate (P < 0.001), and SOFA score (P = 0.001) was observed among the responders following 2 hours of therapy. Only one of the responders developed aspiration pneumonitis, as a complication. The daily cost of BiPAP therapy was 8.75 times lower than the average cost of mechanical ventilation.Conclusion: This pilot study reveals that this treatment modality could be a safe, cost-effective and efficacious method of treatment in unconscious patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.Keywords: bilevel positive air way pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypercapenic respiratory failure

Objective: To study skin sensitivity to various allergens in patients of nasobronchial allergy. Materials and Methods: 2880 skin prick tests with 60 allergens were performed in 48 patients of nasobronchial allergy. Results: Most common offending allergens were insects (21.2%), followed by dusts (12.0%), pollens (7.8%), animal dander (3.1%), and fungi (1.3%). The common insect antigen were locust female (33.3%) followed by locust male (25%), grasshopper (20.8%), cricket (16.7%), cockroach female (16.7%) and cockroach male (14.6%). Common dust allergens were house dust, wheat dust, cotton mill and paper dust. Among pollens, Amaranthus spinosus, Argemone mexicana, Adhatoda vasica, Ailanthus and Cannabis were found to be common allergens. In animal danders common offending allergens were cow dander and dog dander. Among fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria teneis and Fusarium sodani were common allergens. Patients of bronchial asthma had associated allergic rhinitis in 80% cases. Conclusion: Common allergens in patients of nasobronchial allergy were identified. The data may prove useful in of allergen avoidance and immunotherapy in these patients.

Breast tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis. Moreover the disease is often overlooked and misdiagnosed as carcinoma or pyogenic abscess. Reports on breast tuberculosis from India have been few; reported incidence of breast tuberculosis amongst the total number of mammary conditions varies between 0.64 and 3.59 per cent. Bilateral involvement is still more uncommon (3%). Most accepted view for spread of infection is centripetal lymphatic spread as axillary node involvement was shown to occur in 50 to 75 per cent of cases of tubercular mastitis. Here we re-port a case of a young female who presented with draining sinuses in the breast and no axillary lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of breast lump showed evidence of granulomatous mastitis. She was given therapeutic trial of four drug antitubercular treatment. Both the lump disappeared and sinus healed after six months of antitubercular treatment. Thus a retrospective diagnosis of tu-bercular mastitis was made.

We assemble a large set of 2–10 GHz radio flux density measurements and upper limits of 294 different supernovae (SNe), from the literature and our own and archival data. Only 31% of SNe were detected. We characterize the SN radio lightcurves near the peak using a two-parameter model, with tpk being the time to rise to a peak and Lpk the spectral luminosity at that peak. Over all SNe in our sample at D < 100 Mpc, we find that tpk = 101.7±0.9 days and that Lpk = 1025.5±1.6 erg s−1 Hz−1, and therefore that generally 50% of SNe will have Lpk < 1025.5 erg s−1 Hz−1. These Lpk values are ∼30 times lower than those for only detected SNe. Types Ib/c and II (excluding IIn's) have similar mean values of Lpk but the former have a wider range, whereas Type IIn SNe have ∼10 times higher values with Lpk = 1026.5±1.1 erg s−1 Hz−1. As for tpk, Type Ib/c have tpk of only 101.1±0.5 days while Type II have tpk = 101.6±1.0 and Type IIn the longest timescales with tpk = 103.1±0.7 days. We also estimate the distribution of progenitor mass-loss rates, , and find that the mean and standard deviation of are −5.4 ± 1.2 (assuming vwind = 1000 km s−1) for Type Ib/c SNe, and −6.9 ± 1.4 (assuming vwind = 10 km s−1) for Type II SNe excluding Type IIn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]