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379 results on '"Downs, C."'

5. Diagnosing Sun Protection Behavioral Barriers and Identifying Interventions for Public Health and the Environment.

Author

Akerlof, K. L., Sherman, E., Downs, C. A., Melena, S., Belman, D., Medina, O., and Lipsky, C. A.

Subjects
SUNSCREENS (Cosmetics), POLLUTION, NATURAL resources, OUTREACH programs, PUBLIC health, CORALS
Abstract

Common chemicals in sunscreen pose risks to corals and a wide range of other coastal species. To fulfill natural resource protection mandates, government agencies promote voluntary sun protection behaviors (SPBs) that protect human health while limiting chemical pollution. Yet little research on this topic exists to help inform program design. This article addresses that gap by identifying relevant behavioral barriers and associated interventions that agencies should consider in developing research-based public sun protection programs to lower environmental impacts. Natural resource managers can increase the effectiveness of their programs and outreach by adopting those that reduce informational complexity, impart ways social norms are changing, provide sunscreen product information at the time of the decision, and take steps to increase the probability of spillover of new behaviors to other locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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6. Academic Performance and Pass Rates: Comparison of Three First-Year Life Science Courses

Author

Downs, C. T.

Abstract

First year students' academic performance in three Life Science courses (Botany, Zoology and Bioscience) was compared. Pass rates, as well as the means and distributions of final marks were analysed. Of the three components (coursework, practical and theory examinations) contributing to the final mark of each course, students performed best in the coursework. Subcomponents of the theory examinations of each subject showed students performed more poorly in the essay section. As the highest frequency of students achieved a final mark in the 50-60 per cent category for all three subjects, it is clear that the weighting of the examinations to the final mark should not be increased as this would lower students overall performance and decrease pass rates dramatically. It appears that improvement of appropriate assessment tasks linked to learning outcomes, and appropriate development of learning opportunities need to be ongoing in both coursework and examinations for the three courses. (Contains 6 figures.)

Published
2009

7. Data and code for: Mitigating pseudoreplication and bias in resource selection functions with autocorrelation-informed weighting

Author

Alston, J. M., Fleming, C. H., Kays, R., Streicher, J. P., Downs, C. T., Ramesh, T., Reineking, B., and Calabrese, J.

Abstract

Data and code that can be used to reproduce the analyses underlying 'Mitigating pseudoreplication and bias in resource selection functions with autocorrelation-informed weighting' by Alston, Fleming, et al. (Preprint: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.21.489059) For more detailed information, please visit the README file.

Published
2022
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11. Slow wind belt in the quiet solar corona.

Author

Antonucci, E., Downs, C., Capuano, G. E., Spadaro, D., Susino, R., Telloni, D., Andretta, V., Da Deppo, V., De Leo, Y., Fineschi, S., Frassetto, F., Landini, F., Naletto, G., Nicolini, G., Pancrazzi, M., Romoli, M., Stangalini, M., Teriaca, L., and Uslenghi, M.

Subjects
*SOLAR wind, *SOLAR corona, *CURRENT sheets, *MAGNETIC fields, *HYDROGEN atom, *VELOCITY
Abstract

The slow solar wind belt in the quiet corona, observed with the Metis coronagraph on board Solar Orbiter on May 15, 2020, during the activity minimum of the cycle 24, in a field of view extending from 3.8 R ⊙ to 7.0 R ⊙ , is formed by a slow and dense wind stream running along the coronal current sheet, accelerating in the radial direction and reaching at 6.8 R ⊙ a speed within 150 and 190 km s−1, depending on the assumptions on the velocity distribution of the neutral hydrogen atoms in the coronal plasma. The slow stream is separated by thin regions of high velocity shear from faster streams, almost symmetric relative to the current sheet, with peak velocity within 175 and 230 km s−1 at the same coronal level. The density–velocity structure of the slow wind zone is discussed in terms of the expansion factor of the open magnetic field lines that is known to be related to the speed of the quasi-steady solar wind, and in relation to the presence of a web of quasi-separatrix layers, S-web, the potential sites of reconnection that release coronal plasma into the wind. The parameters characterizing the coronal magnetic field lines are derived from 3D MHD model calculations. The S-web is found to coincide with the latitudinal region where the slow wind is observed in the outer corona and is surrounded by thin layers of open field lines expanding in a non-monotonic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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14. Comparison of Two Methods for Deriving the Magnetic Field in a Filament Channel.

Author

Kucera, T. A., Luna, M., Török, T., Muglach, K., Karpen, J. T., Downs, C., Sun, X., Thompson, B. J., and Gilbert, H. R.

Subjects
MAGNETIC fields, SOLAR magnetic fields, FIBERS, MAGNETIC structure, HELIOSEISMOLOGY, PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY active radiation (PAR)
Abstract

Understanding the magnetic structure of filament channels is difficult but essential for identifying the mechanism (s) responsible for solar eruptions. In this paper we characterize the magnetic field in a well-observed filament channel with two independent methods, prominence seismology and magnetohydrodynamics flux-rope modeling, and compare the results. In 2014 May and June, active region 12076 exhibited a complex of filaments undergoing repeated oscillations over the course of 12 days. We measure the oscillation periods in the region with both Global Oscillation Network Group H α and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Advanced Imaging Assembly EUV images, and then utilize the pendulum model of large-amplitude longitudinal oscillations to calculate the radius of curvature of the fields supporting the oscillating plasma from the derived periods. We also employ the regularized Biotâ€"Savart laws formalism to construct a flux-rope model of the field of the central filament in the region based on an SDO Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager magnetogram. We compare the estimated radius of curvature, location, and angle of the magnetic field in the plane of the sky derived from the observed oscillations with the corresponding magnetic-field properties extracted from the flux-rope model. We find that the two models are broadly consistent, but detailed comparisons of the model and specific oscillations often differ. Model observation comparisons such as these are important for advancing our understanding of the structure of filament channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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16. First light observations of the solar wind in the outer corona with the Metis coronagraph

Author

Romoli, M. Antonucci, E. Andretta, V Capuano, G. E. Da Deppo, V De Leo, Y. Downs, C. Fineschi, S. Heinzel, P. and Landini, F. Liberatore, A. Naletto, G. Nicolini, G. and Pancrazzi, M. Sasso, C. Spadaro, D. Susino, R. Telloni, D. Teriaca, L. Uslenghi, M. Wang, Y-M Bemporad, A. and Capobianco, G. Casti, M. Fabi, M. Frassati, F. and Frassetto, F. Giordano, S. Grimani, C. Jerse, G. Magli, E. Massone, G. Messerotti, M. Moses, D. Pelizzo, M-G and Romano, P. Schuehle, U. Slemer, A. Stangalini, M. and Straus, T. Volpicelli, C. A. Zangrilli, L. Zuppella, P. and Abbo, L. Auchere, F. Cuadrado, R. Aznar Berlicki, A. and Bruno, R. Ciaravella, A. D'Amicis, R. Lamy, P. and Lanzafame, A. Malvezzi, A. M. Nicolosi, P. Nistico, G. and Peter, H. Plainaki, C. Poletto, L. Reale, F. Solanki, S. K. Strachan, L. Tondello, G. Tsinganos, K. Velli, M. and Ventura, R. Vial, J-C Woch, J. Zimbardo, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

In this work, we present an investigation of the wind in the solar corona that has been initiated by observations of the resonantly scattered ultraviolet emission of the coronal plasma obtained with UVCS-SOHO, designed to measure the wind outflow speed by applying Doppler dimming diagnostics. Metis on Solar Orbiter complements the UVCS spectroscopic observations that were performed during solar activity cycle 23 by simultaneously imaging the polarized visible light and the H I Lyman-alpha corona in order to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution maps of the outward velocity of the continuously expanding solar atmosphere. The Metis observations, taken on May 15, 2020, provide the first H I Lyman-alpha images of the extended corona and the first instantaneous map of the speed of the coronal plasma outflows during the minimum of solar activity and allow us to identify the layer where the slow wind flow is observed. The polarized visible light (580-640 nm) and the ultraviolet H I Ly alpha (121.6 nm) coronal emissions, obtained with the two Metis channels, were combined in order to measure the dimming of the UV emission relative to a static corona. This effect is caused by the outward motion of the coronal plasma along the direction of incidence of the chromospheric photons on the coronal neutral hydrogen. The plasma outflow velocity was then derived as a function of the measured Doppler dimming. The static corona UV emission was simulated on the basis of the plasma electron density inferred from the polarized visible light. This study leads to the identification, in the velocity maps of the solar corona, of the high-density layer about +/- 10 degrees wide, centered on the extension of a quiet equatorial streamer present at the east limb - the coronal origin of the heliospheric current sheet - where the slowest wind flows at about 160 +/- 18 km s(-1) from 4 R-circle dot to 6 R-circle dot. Beyond the boundaries of the high-density layer, the wind velocity rapidly increases, marking the transition between slow and fast wind in the corona.

Published
2021

17. A Magnetogram-matching Method for Energizing Magnetic Flux Ropes Toward Eruption.

Author

Titov, V. S., Downs, C., Török, T., and Linker, J. A.

Subjects
*MAGNETIC flux, *SOLAR magnetic fields, *SOLAR wind, *SOLAR flares, *MAGNETISM, *SOLAR photosphere, *HELICITY of nuclear particles
Abstract

We propose a new “helicity-pumping” method for energizing coronal equilibria that contain a magnetic flux rope (MFR) toward an eruption. We achieve this in a sequence of magnetohydrodynamics relaxations of small line-tied pulses of magnetic helicity, each of which is simulated by a suitable rescaling of the current-carrying part of the field. The whole procedure is “magnetogram-matching” because it involves no changes to the normal component of the field at the photospheric boundary. The method is illustrated by applying it to an observed force-free configuration whose MFR is modeled with our regularized Biotâ€"Savart law method. We find that, in spite of the bipolar character of the external field, the MFR eruption is sustained by two reconnection processes. The first, which we refer to as breakthrough reconnection, is analogous to breakout reconnection in quadrupolar configurations. It occurs at a quasi-separator inside a current layer that wraps around the erupting MFR and is caused by the photospheric line-tying effect. The second process is the classical flare reconnection, which develops at the second quasi-separator inside a vertical current layer that is formed below the erupting MFR. Both reconnection processes work in tandem with the magnetic forces of the unstable MFR to propel it through the overlying ambient field, and their interplay may also be relevant for the thermal processes occurring in the plasma of solar flares. The considered example suggests that our method will be beneficial for both the modeling of observed eruptive events and theoretical studies of eruptions in idealized magnetic configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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20. Nonfatal motor-vehicle animal crash-related injuries-United States, 2001-2002

Author

Schroeder, T., Downs, C., and McDonald, A.

Subjects
Animals -- Safety and security measures, Traffic accidents -- Surveys, Traffic accidents -- Prevention
Abstract

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program report analyze that, during 2001-2002, an estimated 26,647 motor vehicle (MV) occupants were involved in crashes from encounters with animals, in a roadway and treated for nonfatal injuries in U.S. hospital emergency departments. Some tips are presented for prevention of MV animal crashes, which can be accomplished by keeping large animals away from road, minimum speed limits, staying alert and reducing distracted drowsy driving.

Published
2004

22. Landowner perceptions of livestock predation: implications for persecution of an Amazonian apex predator.

Author

Miranda, E. B. P., Peres, C. A., and Downs, C. T.

Subjects
PREDATION, TOP predators, ANIMAL culture, WILDLIFE conservation, KEYSTONE species, PERSECUTION, GOATS, PREDATORY animals
Abstract

Apex predators are widely threatened globally and generally considered a priority on the conservation biology agenda. The harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja, is an apex predator threatened by habitat loss and persecution and a flagship species for Neotropical conservation. We investigated the roles of social, economic and environmental factors related to livestock depredation by harpy eagles, causes of reported harpy eagle persecution by local landholders and the intent of future harpy eagle killings. We explored these issues using structured interviews with 184 local livestock owners, who had admitted killing a combined total of 181 harpy eagles. We found that livestock abundance and livestock husbandry were the best positive predictors of levels of self‐reported livestock predation by harpy eagles. Domestic livestock reported to be killed by harpy eagles (192) were mainly chickens (47.9%), followed by goats (22.4%), pigs (18.2%) and sheep (8.3%), with pets representing only ~3% of kills. Few harpy eagle killings were related to livestock predation, which accounted for less than 20% of all eagles killed. Instead, the main reason for killing harpy eagles was simple curiosity, and many interviewees reported later regretting their acts. Regarding intent to kill harpy eagles in the future, interviewees' perceptions of the threat posed to livestock and humans by eagles, and the subjective norm, were unrelated to intent to kill harpy eagles further. The single most important factor in predicting intent to kill harpy eagles was whether the interviewee had suffered livestock predation by eagles in the past. Additionally, the intention to kill eagles was negatively associated with landholding size. Most of our interviewees were relatively large landowners, but they are typically outnumbered by smallholders who are more likely to persecute harpy eagles. Consequently, education, compensation and tourism activities should be directed to smallholders to mitigate unnecessary persecution and mortality of harpy eagles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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23. Comparison of Parker Solar Probe Observations during First Perihelion with Global Magnetohydrodynamic Model Results

Author

Riley, P., Downs, C., Linker, J., Lionello, R., Caplan, R. M., Bale, S. D., Kasper, J. C., Howard, R. A., Pulupa, M., Malaspina, D., Bonnell, J. W., Harvey, P., Goetz, K., Dudok de Wit, Thierry, Macdowall, R. J., Case, A. W., Korreck, K. E., Larson, D. E., Livi, R., Stevens, M. L., Whittlesey, P. L., and POTHIER, Nathalie

Subjects
ASTROPHYSICS, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], Wave/particle interactions, SPACE PLASMA PHYSICS, Particle acceleration, Coronal mass ejections, Corona, ASTRONOMY, SOLAR PHYSICS
Abstract

NASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft launched on August 12, 2018, and reached its first of 24 perihelia (P1) on November 5th, 2018. We developed a 3D wave-turbulence-driven (WTD) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solution for the solar corona and inner heliosphere, driven by the then available observations of the Sun's photospheric magnetic field prior to this event, both as a test of our model's predictive capabilities as well as to aid in mission planning. We inferred that, in the days prior to first encounter, PSP was immersed in wind emanating from a well-established, positive-polarity northern polar coronal hole. During the encounter, however, field lines from the spacecraft mapped to a negative-polarity equatorial coronal hole, within which it remained for the entire encounter, before becoming magnetically connected to a positive-polarity equatorial coronal hole. In this presentation, we compare our MHD results with FIELDS, SWEAP, and WISPR observations made during P1, highlighting both agreements and disagreements. We use the model results to help interpret the PSP observations, and, in particular, provide a global context for them. From the model results, we can identify what types of solar wind PSP encountered, what the underlying magnetic structure was, and how complexities in the orbital trajectory can be interpreted within a global, inertial frame. Ultimately, the measurements returned by PSP can be used to constrain current theories for heating the solar corona and accelerating the solar wind, as well as improving the accuracy of the predictions.

Published
2019

24. Towards observation of pseudo-magnetic fields in suspended graphene devices.

Author

Downs, C. S. C., Usher, A., and Martin, J.

Subjects
*MAGNETIC fields, *GRAPHENE, *ARTIFICIAL membranes, *DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics)
Abstract

We exploit the difference in the thermal contraction coefficients within a device structure to create the strain patterns required to generate a homogeneous pseudo-magnetic field in a suspended graphene membrane. The interplay between supported and suspended metallic contacts creates deformations upon cooling, producing the desired non-uniform strain in the graphene membrane. This work can easily be adapted to produce other strain configurations, providing a route to strain engineering the electrical properties of graphene and other two-dimensional crystals, an area with a large body of theoretical work, but thus far little experimental progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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32. Optimization method for quantification of sunscreen organic ultraviolet filters in coastal sands.

Author

Rodrigues, Alice M. S., Lebaron, Philippe, Downs, C. A., and Stien, Didier

Subjects
ULTRAVIOLET filters, SAND filtration (Water purification), HIGH performance liquid chromatography, SOLVENT extraction, SUNSCREENS (Cosmetics), SAND
Abstract

Most organic ultraviolet filters are very lipophilic and some of them are difficult to quantify in the environment. This article describes an optimization method for the quantification of these compounds in sand samples with diverse compositions. The standard additions method was used. The search for a unique high‐performance liquid chromatography method to analyze all these filters along with the search for optimal detection conditions are presented in detail. The best extraction solvent was methanol, and the best conditions for analysis and detection involved the use of a high‐performance liquid chromatography system equipped with a biphenyl column (2.6 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm), and an Orbitrap MS detector. We also demonstrated that sample freeze‐drying can induce significant loss of some of the ultraviolet filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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34. Sequential eruptions triggered by flux emergence - observations and modeling

Author

Dacie, S., Török, T., Démoulin, P., Linton, M., Downs, C., Driel-Gesztelyi, L. van, Long, M., Leake, J., University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Sun: corona, Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs), [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Physics::Space Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Sun: magnetic fields, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Abstract

We describe and analyze observations by the Solar Dynamics Observatory of the emergence of a small, bipolar active region within an area of unipolar magnetic flux that was surrounded by a circular, quiescent filament. Within only eight hours of the start of the emergence, a partial splitting of the filament and two consecutive coronal mass ejections took place. We argue that all three dynamic events occurred as a result of particular magnetic-reconnection episodes between the emerging bipole and the pre-existing coronal magnetic field. In order to substantiate our interpretation, we consider three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations that model the emergence of magnetic flux in the vicinity of a large-scale coronal flux rope. The simulations qualitatively reproduce most of the reconnection episodes suggested by the observations; as well as the filament-splitting, the first eruption, and the formation of sheared/twisted fields that may have played a role in the second eruption. Our results suggest that the position of emerging flux with respect to the background magnetic configuration is a crucial factor for the resulting evolution, while previous results suggest that parameters such as the orientation or the amount of emerging flux are important as well. This poses a challenge for predicting the onset of eruptions that are triggered by flux emergence, and it calls for a detailed survey of the relevant parameter space by means of numerical simulations., 17 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication by the Astrophysical Journal

Published
2018
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38. Development and validation of a risk score for chronic kidney disease in HIV infection using prospective cohort data from the D:A:D study

Author

Mocroft, Amanda, Lundgren, Jens D., Ross, Michael, Law, Matthew, Reiss, Peter, Kirk, Ole, Smith, Colette, Wentworth, Deborah, Neuhaus, Jacqueline, Fux, Christoph A., Moranne, Olivier, Morlat, Phillipe, Johnson, Margaret A., Ryom, Lene, Lundgren, J. D., Powderly, B., Shortman, N., Moecklinghoff, C., Reilly, G., Franquet, X., Sabin, C. A., Phillips, A., Kirk, O., Reiss, P., Weber, R., Pradier, C., Law, M., d'Arminio Monforte, A., Dabis, F., El-Sadr, W. M., De Wit, S., Ryom, L., Kamara, D., Smith, C., Mocroft, A., Tverland, J., Mansfeld, M., Nielsen, J., Raben, D., Salbøl Brandt, R., Rickenbach, M., Fanti, I., Krum, E., Hillebregt, M., Geffard, S., Sundström, A., Delforge, M., Fontas, E., Torres, F., Mcmanus, H., Wright, S., Kjær, J., Sjøl, A., Meidahl, P., Helweg-Larsen, J., Schmidt Iversen, J., Ross, M., Fux, C. A., Morlat, P., Moranne, O., Kesselring, A. M., Kamara, D. A., Friis-Møller, N., Kowalska, J., Sabin, C., Bruyand, M., Bower, M., Fätkenheuer, G., Donald, A., Grulich, A., Prins, J. M., Kuijpers, T. W., Scherpbier, H. J., van der Meer, J. T. M., Wit, F. W. M. N., Godfried, M. H., van der Poll, T., Nellen, F. J. B., Geerlings, S. E., van Vugt, M., Pajkrt, D., Bos, J. C., Wiersinga, W. J., van der Valk, M., Goorhuis, A., Hovius, J. W., van Eden, J., Henderiks, A., van Hes, A. M. H., Mutschelknauss, M., Nobel, H. E., Pijnappel, F. J. J., Westerman, A. M., Jurriaans, S., Back, N. K. T., Zaaijer, H. L., Berkhout, B., Cornelissen, M. T. E., Schinkel, C. J., Thomas, X. V., van den Berge, M., Stegeman, A., Baas, S., Hage de Looff, L., Versteeg, D., Pronk, M. J. H., Ammerlaan, H. S. M., Korsten-Vorstermans, E. M. H. M., de Munnik, E. S., Jansz, A. R., Tjhie, J., Wegdam, M. C. A., Deiman, B., Scharnhorst, V., van der Plas, A., Weijsenfeld, A. M., van der Ende, M. E., de Vries-Sluijs, T. E. M. S., C. M. van Gorp, E., Schurink, C. A. M., Nouwen, J. L., Verbon, A., Rijnders, B. J. A., Bax, H. I., Hassing, R. J., van der Feltz, M., Bassant, N., van Beek, J. E. A., Vriesde, M., van Zonneveld, L. M., de Oude-Lubbers, A., van den Berg-Cameron, H. J., Bruinsma-Broekman, F. B., de Groot, J., de Zeeuw- de Man, M., Broekhoven-Kruijne, M. J., Schutten, M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Boucher, C. A. B., Driessen, G. J. A., van Rossum, A. M. C., van der Knaap, L. C., Visser, E., Branger, J., H. M. Duijf-van de Ven, C. J., Schippers, E. F., van Nieuwkoop, C., Brimicombe, R. W., van IJperen, J. M., van der Hut, G., Franck, P. F. H., van Eeden, A., Brokking, W., Groot, M., Damen, M., Kwa, I. S., Groeneveld, P. H. P., Bouwhuis, J. W., van den Berg, J. F., van Hulzen, A. G. W., van der Bliek, G. L., Bor, P. C. J., Bloembergen, P., Wolfhagen, M. J. H. M., Ruijs, G. J. H. M., van Lelyveld, S. F. L., Soetekouw, R., Hulshoff, N., van der Prijt, L. M. M., Schoemaker, M., Bermon, N., van der Reijden, W. A., Jansen, R., Herpers, B. L., Veenendaal, D., Kroon, F. P., Arend, S. M., de Boer, M. G. J., Bauer, M. P., Jolink, H., Vollaard, A. M., Dorama, W., Moons, C., Claas, E. C. J., Kroes, A. C. M., den Hollander, J. G., Pogany, K., Kastelijns, M., Smit, J. V., Smit, E., Bezemer, M., van Niekerk, T., Pontesilli, O., Lowe, S. H., Oude Lashof, A., Posthouwer, D., Ackens, R. P., Schippers, J., Vergoossen, R., Weijenberg Maes, B., Savelkoul, P. H. M., Loo, I. H., Weijer, S., El Moussaoui, R., Heitmuller, M., Kortmann, W., van Twillert, G., Cohen Stuart, J. W. T., Diederen, B. M. W., Pronk, D., van Truijen-Oud, F. A., Leyten, E. M. S., Gelinck, L. B. S., van Hartingsveld, A., Meerkerk, C., Wildenbeest, G. S., Mutsaers, J. A. E. M., Jansen, C. L., van Vonderen, M. G. A., van Houte, D. P. F., Dijkstra, K., Faber, S., Weel, J., Kootstra, G. J., Delsing, C. E., van der Burg-van de Plas, M., Heins, H., Lucas, E., Brinkman, K., Frissen, P. H. J., Blok, W. L., Schouten, W. E. M., Bosma, A. S., Brouwer, C. J., Geerders, G. F., Hoeksema, K., Kleene, M. J., van der Meché, I. B., Toonen, A. J. M., Wijnands, S., van Ogtrop, M. L., Koopmans, P. P., Keuter, M., van der Ven, A. J. A. M., ter Hofstede, H. J. M., Dofferhoff, A. S. M., van Crevel, R., Albers, M., Bosch, M. E. W., Grintjes-Huisman, K. J. T., Zomer, B. J., Stelma, F. F., Burger, D., Richter, C., van der Berg, J. P., Gisolf, E. H., ter Beest, G., van Bentum, P. H. M., Langebeek, N., Tiemessen, R., Swanink, C. M. A., Veenstra, J., Lettinga, K. D., Spelbrink, M., Sulman, H., Witte, E., Peerbooms, P. G. H., Mulder, J. W., Vrouenraets, S. M. E., Lauw, F. N., van Broekhuizen, M. C., Paap, H., Vlasblom, D. J., Oudmaijer Sanders, E., Smits, P. H. M., Rosingh, A. W., Verhagen, D. W. M., Geilings, J., van Kasteren, M. E. E., Brouwer, A. E., de Kruijf-van de Wiel, B. A. F. M., Kuipers, M., Santegoets, R. M. W. J., van der Ven, B., Marcelis, J. H., G. M. Buiting, A., Kabel, P. J., Bierman, W. F. W., Sprenger, H. G., Scholvinck, E. H., van Assen, S., Wilting, K. R., Stienstra, Y., de Groot-de Jonge, H., van der Meulen, P. A., de Weerd, D. A., Niesters, H. G. M., Riezebos-Brilman, A., van Leer-Buter, C. C., Hoepelman, A. I. M., Schneider, M. M. E., Mudrikova, T., Ellerbroek, P. M., Oosterheert, J. J., Arends, J. E., Barth, R. E., Wassenberg, M. W. M., van Elst-Laurijssen, D. H. M., Laan, L. M., van Oers-Hazelzet, E. E. B., Patist, J., Vervoort, S., Nieuwenhuis, H. E., Frauenfelder, R., Schuurman, R., Verduyn-Lunel, F., Wensing, A. M. J., Peters, E. J. G., van Agtmael, M. A., Perenboom, R. M., Bomers, M., de Vocht, J., Elsenburg, L. J. M., Pettersson, A. M., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. J. E., Ang, C. W., Geelen, S. P. M., Wolfs, T. F. W., Bont, L. J., Nauta, N., Bezemer, D. O., Gras, L., van Sighem, A. 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W., Howe-Pittman, M., Hubbard, J., Hudson, R., Hunter, H., Hutelmyer, C., Insignares, M. T., Jackson, L., Jenny, L., Johnson, D. L., Johnson, G., Johnson, J., Kaatz, J., Kaczmarski, J., Kagan, S., Kantor, C., Kempner, T., Kieckhaus, K., Kimmel, N., Klaus, B. M., Koeppe, J. R., Koirala, J., Kopka, J., Kostman, J. R., Kozal, M. J., Kumar, A., Lampiris, H., Lamprecht, C., Lattanzi, K. M., Lee, J., Leggett, J., Long, C., Loquere, A., Loveless, K., Lucasti, C. J., Macveigh, M., Makohon, L. H., Markowitz, N. P., Marks, C., Martorell, C., Mcfeaters, E., Mcgee, B., Mcintyre, D. M., Mcmanus, E., Melecio, L. G., Melton, D., Mercado, S., Merrifield, E., Mieras, J. A., Mogyoros, M., Moran, F. M., Murphy, K., Mutic, S., Nadeem, I., Nadler, J. P., Ognjan, A., O'Hearn, M., O'Keefe, K., Okhuysen, P. C., Oldfield, E., Olson, D., Orenstein, R., Ortiz, R., Parpart, F., Pastore-Lange, V., Paul, S., Pavlatos, A., Pearce, D. D., Pelz, R., Peterson, S., Pitrak, D., Powers, S. L., Pujet, H. C., Raaum, J. 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J., Yeh, V., Young, B., Zeana, C., Zeh, J., Savio, E., Vacarezza, M., University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Aide à la Décision pour une Médecine Personnalisé - Laboratoire de Biostatistique, Epidémiologie et Recherche Clinique - EA 2415 (AIDMP), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), Epidémiologie et Biostatistique [Bordeaux], Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Med Microbiol, Infect Dis & Infect Prev, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Chronic inflammatory disease and wasting, RS: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, RS: CAPHRI - R4 - Health Inequities and Societal Participation, Interne Geneeskunde, Chemical Biology, Mocroft, A, Lundgren, J, Ross, M, Law, M, Reiss, P, Kirk, O, Smith, C, Wentworth, D, Neuhaus, J, Fux, C, Moranne, O, Morlat, P, Johnson, M, Ryom, L, Gori, A, Internal medicine, CCA - Innovative therapy, ICaR - Circulation and metabolism, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, CCA - Disease profiling, CCA - Immuno-pathogenesis, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Mocroft, Amanda, Lundgren, Jens D., Ross, Michael, Law, Matthew, Reiss, Peter, Kirk, Ole, Smith, Colette, Wentworth, Deborah, Neuhaus, Jacqueline, Fux, Christoph A., Moranne, Olivier, Morlat, Phillipe, Johnson, Margaret A., Ryom, Lene, D:a:d Study, Group, Castagna, Antonella, the Royal Free Hospital Clinic, Cohort, and the, Insight, Smart, and ESPRIT, Study, Clinicum, Department of Medicine, Herrada, Anthony, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, APH - Amsterdam Public Health, Global Health, Other departments, Infectious diseases, Paediatric Infectious Diseases / Rheumatology / Immunology, General Internal Medicine, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dermatology, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Other Research, Anesthesiology, and Bartlett, John

Subjects
Male, Adult, Age Factors, Anti-HIV Agents, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Clinical Decision-Making, Comorbidity, Female, HIV, HIV Infections, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Incidence, Kidney, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Risk, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, urologic and male genital diseases, Biochemistry, 0302 clinical medicine, ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, Adult, Age Factors, Anti-HIV Agents, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Clinical Decision-Making, Comorbidity, Female, HIV, HIV Infections, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Incidence, Kidney, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Risk, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Age Factor, Chronic, STAGE RENAL-DISEASE, PROTEINURIA, virus diseases, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, General Medicine, ASSOCIATION, 6. Clean water, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, 3. Good health, HIV/AIDS, Medicine, Infection, psychological phenomena and processes, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Renal function, NEFROPATIAS, chronic kidney disease, risk score model, 12. Responsible consumption, ESPRIT study group, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Clinical Research, D:A:D study group, Intensive care medicine, medicine (all), Molecular Biology, Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort, Prevention, Anti-HIV Agent, medicine.disease, Prospective Studie, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 4], Immunology, Kidney Disease, PREDICTION, POSITIVE PERSONS, 030232 urology & nephrology, Sex Factor, SDG 3 – Goede gezondheid en welzijn, Medical and Health Sciences, GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION-RATE, [SDV.MHEP.UN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Urology and Nephrology, INSIGHT study group, HIV Infection, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, Renal Insufficiency, Prospective cohort study, Framingham Risk Score, Incidence (epidemiology), adult, age factors, anti-hiv agents, CD4 lymphocyte count, clinical decision-making, comorbidity, female, hiv, hiv infections, hiv seropositivity, humans, incidence, kidney, male, middle aged, prospective studies, renal insufficiency, chronic, risk, risk assessment, sex factors, SMART study group, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Patient Safety, Risk assessment, Biotechnology, Research Article, Settore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVE, NO, A:D study group [D], General & Internal Medicine, Diabetes mellitus, mental disorders, medicine, EXPOSURE, business.industry, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Cell Biology, [SDV.MHEP.UN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Urology and Nephrology, INDIVIDUALS, Good Health and Well Being, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Kidney disease
Abstract

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with ≥3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Poisson regression was used to develop a risk score, externally validated on two independent cohorts. In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7–6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3–9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was −2 (interquartile range –4 to 2). There was a 1:393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score < 0, 33 events), rising to 1:47 and 1:6 in the medium (risk score 0–4, 103 events) and high risk groups (risk score ≥ 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166–3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159–278) and 21 (95% CI 19–23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506–1462), 88 (95% CI 69–121), and 9 (95% CI 8–10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3–12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6–8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD., Editors’ Summary Background About 35 million people are currently infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. HIV destroys CD4 lymphocytes and other immune system cells, leaving infected individuals susceptible to other infections. HIV infection can be controlled, but not cured, using combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and, nowadays, the life expectancy of many HIV-positive individuals is similar to that of HIV-negative people. HIV-positive individuals nevertheless experience some illnesses more frequently than HIV-negative people do. For example, up to a third of HIV-positive individuals develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Persons with CKD may have an impaired effect of the filtration units in the kidneys that remove waste products and excess water from the blood to make urine, thereby leading to a reduced blood filtration rate (the estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) and waste product accumulation in the blood. Symptoms of CKD, which rarely occur until the disease is advanced, include tiredness, swollen feet, and frequent urination. Advanced stages of CKD cannot be cured, but its progression can be slowed by, for example, controlling hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes (two CDK risk factors) and by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Why Was This Study Done? The burden of CKD may increase among HIV-positive individuals as they age, and clinicians need to know which individuals are at high risk of developing CKD when choosing cART regimens for their patients. In addition, clinicians need to be able to identify those HIV-positive individuals at greatest risk of CKD so that they can monitor them for early signs of kidney disease. Some antiretroviral drugs—for example, tenofovir and atazanavir/ritonavir (a boosted protease inhibitor)—are associated with kidney damage. Clinicians may need to weigh the benefits and risks of giving such potentially nephrotoxic drugs to individuals who already have a high CKD risk. Here, the researchers develop and validate a simple, widely applicable risk score (a risk prediction model) for CKD among HIV-positive individuals and investigate the relationship between CKD and potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs among individuals with different CKD risk score profiles. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? To develop their CKD risk score, the researchers used clinical and demographic data collected from 17,954 HIV-positive individuals enrolled in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study who had an eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and were not taking a potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral at baseline. During 103,185 person-years of follow-up, 641 individuals developed CKD. Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease predicted CKD. The researchers included these nine factors in their risk score model (which is available online) and defined three risk groups: low (risk score < 0), medium (risk score 0–4), and high (risk score ≥ 5) risk of CKD development in the next five years. Specifically, there was a 1 in 393, 1 in 47, and 1 in 6 chance of developing CKD in the next five years in the low, medium, and high risk groups, respectively. Because some patients started to use potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs during follow-up, the researchers were able to use their risk score model to calculate how many patients would have to be treated with one of these drugs for an additional patient to develop CKD over five years in each risk group. This “number needed to harm” (NNTH) for patients starting treatment with tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor was 739, 88, and 9 in the low, medium, and high risk groups, respectively. Finally, the researchers validated the accuracy of their risk score in two independent HIV study groups. What Do These Findings Mean? These findings provide a simple, validated risk score for CKD and indicate that the NNTH when starting potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals was low among HIV-positive individuals at the highest risk of CKD (i.e., treating just nine individuals with nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs will likely lead to an additional case of CKD in five years). Although various aspects of the study, including the lack of data on race, limit the accuracy of these findings, these findings highlight the need for monitoring, screening, and chronic disease prevention to minimize the risk of HIV-positive individuals developing diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease, or becoming coinfected with hepatitis C, all of which contribute to the CKD risk score. Moreover, the development of a tool for estimating an individual’s five-year risk of developing CKD with or without the addition of potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral drugs will enable clinicians and patients to weigh the benefits of certain antiretroviral drugs against the risk of CKD and make informed decisions about treatment options. Additional Information Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001809. Information is available from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases on HIV infection and AIDS NAM/aidsmap provides basic information about HIV/AIDS, summaries of recent research findings on HIV care and treatment, and personal stories about living with AIDS/HIV Information is available from Avert, an international AIDS charity, on many aspects of HIV/AIDS, including personal stories about living with HIV/AIDS The World Health Organization provides information on all aspects of HIV/AIDS (in several languages), including its guidelines on the use of ART for treating and preventing HIV infection The UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2014 provides up-to-date information about the AIDS epidemic and efforts to halt it The UK National Health Service Choices website provides information for patients on chronic kidney disease, including some personal stories The US National Kidney Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, provides information about chronic kidney disease (in English and Spanish) A tool for calculating the CDK risk score developed in this study is available Additional information about the D:A:D study is available, Amanda Mocroft and colleagues develop and validate a model for determining risk of developing chronic kidney disease for individuals with HIV if treated with different antiretroviral therapies.

Published
2015
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39. Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites: Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Author

Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L.P., Bonmatin, J.M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C., Furlan, L., Gibbons, D.W., Giorio, C., Girolami, V., Goulson, D., Kreutzweiser, D.P., Krupke, C.H., Liess, M., Long, E., McField, M., Mineau, P., Mitchell, E.A.D., Morrissey, C.A., Noome, D.A., Pisa, L., Settele, J., Stark, J.D., Tapparo, A., Van Dyck, H., Van Praagh, J., Van der Sluijs, J.P., Whitehorn, P.R., Wiemers, M., and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Systemic insecticides, Metabolites, Neonicotinoid, Agriculture, Fipronil, Trends, Mechanism of action, Seed treatment
Abstract

Since their discovery in the late 1980s, neonicotinoid pesticides have become the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, with large-scale applications ranging from plant protection (crops, vegetables, fruits), veterinary products, and biocides to invertebrate pest control in fish farming. In this review, we address the phenyl-pyrazole fipronil together with neonicotinoids because of similarities in their toxicity, physicochemical profiles, and presence in the environment. Neonicotinoids and fipronil currently account for approximately one third of the world insecticide market; the annual world production of the archetype neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was estimated to be ca. 20,000 tonnes active substance in 2010. There were several reasons for the initial success of neonicotinoids and fipronil: (1) there was no known pesticide resistance in target pests, mainly because of their recent development, (2) their physicochemical properties included many advantages over previous generations of insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc.), and (3) they shared an assumed reduced operator and consumer risk. Due to their systemic nature, they are taken up by the roots or leaves and translocated to all parts of the plant, which, in turn, makes them effectively toxic to herbivorous insects. The toxicity persists for a variable period of time— depending on the plant, its growth stage, and the amount of pesticide applied. Awide variety of applications are available, including the most common prophylactic non-Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) application by seed coating. As a result of their extensive use and physicochemical properties, these substances can be found in all environmental compartments including soil, water, and air. Neonicotinoids and fipronil operate by disrupting neural transmission in the central nervous system of invertebrates. Neonicotinoids mimic the action of neurotransmitters, while fipronil inhibits neuronal receptors. In doing so, they continuously stimulate neurons leading ultimately to death of target invertebrates. Like virtually all insecticides, they can also have lethal and sublethal impacts on non-target organisms, including insect predators and vertebrates. Furthermore, a range of synergistic effects with other stressors have been documented. Here, we review extensively their metabolic pathways, showing how they form both compound-specific and common metabolites which can themselves be toxic. These may result in prolonged toxicity. Considering their wide commercial expansion, mode of action, the systemic properties in plants, persistence and environmental fate, coupled with limited information about the toxicity profiles of these compounds and their metabolites, neonicotinoids and fipronil may entail significant risks to the environment. A global evaluation of the potential collateral effects of their use is therefore timely. The present paper and subsequent chapters in this review of the global literature explore these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.

Published
2015

40. Predicting Voc at Ultra-High Solar Concentration Using Computational Numerical Analysis

Author

Stevens, M., Downs, C., Emerson, D., Adler, J., Maclachlan, S., and Vandervelde, T.E.

Subjects
SOLAR CELLS / ASSEMBLIES / MODULES FOR TERRESTRIAL CONCENTRATOR SYSTEMS AND FOR SPACE SOLAR GENERATORS, III-V-based Multi-junction Solar Cells, Concentrator Solar Cells and Space Solar Cells
Abstract

31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1474-1477, Under ultra-high solar concentration, drastic efficiency drops are attributed to a deteriorating fill factor and additional thermal effects. The effects of ultra-high solar concentration on other fundamental electrical properties, such as open-circuit voltage, have yet to be explored in detail. In this work, we discuss our theoretical examination of semiconductor performance under ultra-high irradiance. Using advanced numerical analysis techniques and the finite-element library deal.II, we develop a computational model to simultaneously solve the carrier continuity equations and Poisson’s equation for optically generated charge carriers and the resulting electric potential as functions of space and time. We use this model to analyze VOC in both dynamic and quasi-steady state conditions. Ultimately, we characterize the relationship between VOC and increasing solar concentration.

Published
2015
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41. Does Cellular Metabolism from Primary Fibroblasts and Oxidative Stress in Blood Differ between Mammals and Birds? The (Lack-thereof) Scaling of Oxidative Stress.

Author

Jimenez, A G, O'Connor, E S, Tobin, K J, Anderson, K N, Winward, J D, Fleming, A, Winner, C, Chinchilli, E, Maya, A, Carlson, K, and Downs, C J

Subjects
METABOLISM, OXIDATIVE stress, OXIDANT status, BASAL metabolism, BIRDS
Abstract

As part of mitonuclear communication, retrograde and anterograde signaling helps maintain homeostasis under basal conditions. Basal conditions, however, vary across phylogeny. At the cell-level, some mitonuclear retrograde responses can be quantified by measuring the constitutive components of oxidative stress, the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. ROS are metabolic by-products produced by the mitochondria that can damage macromolecules by structurally altering proteins and inducing mutations in DNA, among other processes. To combat accumulating damage, organisms have evolved endogenous antioxidants and can consume exogenous antioxidants to sequester ROS before they cause cellular damage. ROS are also considered to be regulated through a retrograde signaling cascade from the mitochondria to the nucleus. These cellular pathways may have implications at the whole-animal level as well. For example, birds have higher basal metabolic rates, higher blood glucose concentration, and longer lifespans than similar sized mammals, however, the literature is divergent on whether oxidative stress is higher in birds compared with mammals. Herein, we collected literature values for whole-animal metabolism of birds and mammals. Then, we collected cellular metabolic rate data from primary fibroblast cells isolated from birds and mammals and we collected blood from a phylogenetically diverse group of birds and mammals housed at zoos and measured several parameters of oxidative stress. Additionally, we reviewed the literature on basal-level oxidative stress parameters between mammals and birds. We found that mass-specific metabolic rates were higher in birds compared with mammals. Our laboratory results suggest that cellular basal metabolism, total antioxidant capacity, circulating lipid damage, and catalase activity were significantly lower in birds compared with mammals. We found no body-size correlation on cellular metabolism or oxidative stress. We also found that most oxidative stress parameters significantly correlate with increasing age in mammals, but not in birds; and that correlations with reported maximum lifespans show different results compared with correlations with known aged birds. Our literature review revealed that basal levels of oxidative stress measurements for birds were rare, which made it difficult to draw conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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42. Fragment and life‐history correlates of extinction vulnerability of forest mammals in an urban‐forest mosaic in EThekwini Municipality, Durban, South Africa.

Author

Zungu, M. M., Maseko, M. S. T., Kalle, R., Ramesh, T., and Downs, C. T.

Subjects
MAMMAL conservation, ECOLOGICAL niche, AKAIKE information criterion, FRAGMENTED landscapes, SPECIES distribution, BIOLOGICAL extinction, FOREST birds, CITIES & towns
Abstract

Nestedness refers to a species distribution pattern whereby species found in species‐poor sites represent a subset of those in species‐rich sites. Nestedness is presumed to be primarily a result of selective extinction of species and thus is important for determining mechanisms of species impoverishment in fragmented landscapes. In this study, we investigated the effects of forest fragment attributes and species' life‐history traits on nestedness patterns of terrestrial mammals in an urban‐forest mosaic in EThekwini Municipality Area, Durban, South Africa. A presence/absence matrix of mammals (16 species) in forest fragments (28 fragments) was compiled based on the mammalian survey conducted using remote‐triggered camera traps. The mammalian assemblage in the study area displayed significant nestedness. The nested ranking of forest fragments was strongly correlated with fragment area and proximity index but not with shape index and foliage height diversity. The best model based on Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) showed that among species' life‐history traits, body mass, trophic level, niche breadth and sociality were the most suited as predictors of extinction vulnerability. In particular, niche breadth was strongly associated with extinction vulnerability. Thus, the ability to persist in forest fragments of various sizes as well as the ability to move to fragments with different degrees of isolation shape fragment dynamics in this landscape. Furthermore, species with broad resource requirements are more likely to persist with further habitat disturbance. Overall, this study showed the importance of integrating forest fragment attributes and ecological traits of species in nestedness analyses for determining species in most need of conservation action which is important for preventing further loss of species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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43. Stable isotope analyses as a forensic tool to monitor illegally traded African grey parrots.

Author

Symes, C. T., Alexander, J., Woodborne, S., Downs, C. T., and Butler, M.

Subjects
STABLE isotope analysis, AFRICAN gray parrot, FEATHERS, WILD bird trade, BIRD migration, FORENSIC sciences
Abstract

Stable isotope analyses are a powerful tool in understanding diets, defining trophic networks, inferring geographical origins of animals and in forensic tracing of the origins of deceased humans or illegally traded animal and plant material. African grey parrots Psittacus erithacus are one of the most traded animal species in the world, and the origin of confiscated illegal or deceased specimens are often unknown. We measured stable isotope values (δ13C, δ15N and δ2H) in different African grey parrots (n = 32) and determined feather type (i.e. primary, tail, breast) standardization values for comparing individuals. δ13C and δ2H values differed between known wild (n = 42) and captive (n = 50) birds when standardized for feather type, but not for δ15N. δ13C and δ2H values in feathers from a consignment of African grey parrots (n = 100), all of which were deceased, aligned significantly with that of known wild birds. We suggest that further analyses of feathers, across a range of spatial and temporal scales, will enhance stable isotope analyses as a valuable tool in monitoring and combatting the trade of African grey parrots. Furthermore, the use of stable isotope analyses may improve the monitoring of illegally traded bird species, and other wildlife, across the globe. Illegal trade in wildlife species is a global concern, and stable isotope analyses can be a powerful tool in forensics, tracing the origins of illegally traded animal and plant material. African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) are one of the most traded animal species in the world, and the origins of confiscated illegal or deceased specimens are often unknown. We demonstrate how stable isotope analyses can be used as a forensic tool to monitor illegally traded African grey parrots and potentially other wildlife, across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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44. GaTlP – a Novel Semiconductor for Thermophotovoltaic Applications

Author

Zayan, A., Downs, C., and Vandervelde, T.E.

Subjects
NEW MATERIALS AND CONCEPTS FOR SOLAR CELLS AND MODULES, New Materials and Concepts for Cells
Abstract

29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 280-283, Thermophotovoltaics has recently garnered significant interest in the field of renewable energy. This is due to their versatility and promise to achieve efficiencies well beyond the Shockeley-Queisser Limit that dictates the performance of photovoltaics [1,2]. Thermophotovoltaics generate electricity from heat converted into infrared photons. In this study, we focus our attention to Ga1-xTlxP, a tertiary compound with the potential of having a lower bandgap with increasing Thallium (Tl) content. TlP belongs to a group of materials known as semi-metals and possesses an optical bandgap below zero [3]: This implies that the material bandgap can theoretically change from 2.26 eV (x=0) to -0.27 eV (x=1). Presented in this study are the implications such a band structure change could have on the associated properties such as the optical bandgap and lattice constant of GaTlP with varying Tl content. The versatility in Tl content allows for a number of candidate substrates including GaAs, Ge, and InP.

Published
2014
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47. Two fat ladies at the seaside: gambling in working class holidays 1920-1970

Author

Downs, C, Snape, R, and Smith, D

Subjects
other
Abstract

Gambling was a popular and pervasive leisure pursuit long before it was legalised in January 1961. The most prevalent forms of gambling amongst the working classes were the football pools, illegal off-course cash betting and greyhound racing; all of which were predominantly male pastimes. This paper explores the role of gambling amongst women during their annual seaside holidays and highlights the role of seaside arcades and bingo games in familiarising women with gambling, creating a ready market for the first commercial bingo halls which opened within a few days of the passing of the Betting and Gaming Act (1960)

Published
2011

48. Numerical simulation of the 12 May 1997 CME Event: The role of magnetic reconnection

Author

Cohen, O., Attrill, G. D. R., Schwadron, N. A., Crooker, N. U., Owens, M. J., Downs, C., and Gombosi, T. I.

Subjects
Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We perform a numerical study of the evolution of a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and its interaction with the coronal magnetic field based on the 12 May 1997, CME event using a global MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) model for the solar corona. The ambient solar wind steady-state solution is driven by photospheric magnetic field data, while the solar eruption is obtained by superimposing an unstable flux rope onto the steady-state solution. During the initial stage of CME expansion, the core flux rope reconnects with the neighboring field, which facilitates lateral expansion of the CME footprint in the low corona. The flux rope field also reconnects with the oppositely orientated overlying magnetic field in the manner of the breakout model. During this stage of the eruption, the simulated CME rotates counter-clockwise to achieve an orientation that is in agreement with the interplanetary flux rope observed at 1 AU. A significant component of the CME that expands into interplanetary space comprises one of the side lobes created mainly as a result of reconnection with the overlying field. Within 3 hours, reconnection effectively modifies the CME connectivity from the initial condition where both footpoints are rooted in the active region to a situation where one footpoint is displaced into the quiet Sun, at a significant distance (≈1R ) from the original source region. The expansion and rotation due to interaction with the overlying magnetic field stops when the CME reaches the outer edge of the helmet streamer belt, where the field is organized on a global scale. The simulation thus offers a new view of the role reconnection plays in rotating a CME flux rope and transporting its footpoints while preserving its core structure.

Published
2010

49. Limitations on the extent of off-center displacements in TbMnO3 from EXAFS measurements

Author

Bridges, F., Downs, C., O'Brien, T., Jeong, Il-K, and Kimura, T.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el), Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences
Abstract

We present EXAFS data at the Mn K and Tb L3 edges that provide upper limits on the possible displacements of any atoms in TbMnO3. The displacements must be less than 0.005-0.01A for all atoms which eliminates the possibility of moderate distortions (0.02A) with a small c-axis component, but for which the displacements in the ab plane average to zero. Assuming the polarization arises from a displacement of the O2 atoms along the c-axis, the measured polarization then leads to an O2 displacement that is at least 6X10^{-4}A, well below our experimental limit. Thus a combination of the EXAFS and the measured electrical polarization indicate that the atomic displacements likely lie in the range 6X10^{-4} - 5X10^{-3}A., submitted to PRB; 11 pages (preprint form) 7 figures

Published
2007

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