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2. Adolescent-Parent Relationships and Youth Well-Being in Turkey

Author

Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer

Abstract

In this article, I review research on adolescent-parent relationships and youth well-being in Turkey. Turkey is a country that has changed rapidly due to urbanization and globalization, and that is characterized by cultural heterogeneity in values, all of which have implications for parent-child relationships. I focus first on parenting styles, and then discuss two dimensions of parenting--warmth and parental control--that are considered more universal and culturally variable, respectively, in terms of their associations with well-being. Overall, research from Turkey is consistent with findings across cultures, showing a positive link between higher warmth and youth well-being. But recent research has challenged the cultural normativity hypothesis, which claims that psychological control may not harm the well-being of children in collectivist cultures because it is perceived as a norm in its sociocultural context. Research from collectivist cultures, including Turkey, suggests that the perception of normativity does not preclude its adversity.

Published
2022
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3. Basic psychological needs in relationships with parents and best friend and identity statuses among Turkish emerging adults

Author

Erçelik, Pinar and Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer

Subjects
Psychological aspects, Social aspects, Family, Friendship -- Psychological aspects, Young adults -- Social aspects -- Psychological aspects -- Family, Identity -- Psychological aspects, Parent-child relations -- Psychological aspects, Parent and child -- Psychological aspects
Abstract

Author(s): Pinar Erçelik [sup.1] , Ayfer Dost-Gözkan [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.28009.33, 0000 0004 0391 6022, Department of Psychology, Ozyegin University, , Istanbul, Turkey Until recently, identity development has been [...], The present study a) compared emerging adults' perceived basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, competence) satisfaction (BPNS) in their relationships with their parents and best friends b) examined the links between BPNS and identity statuses (achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion) c) examined the links between each psychological need and identity statuses in each relationship. A total of 396 emerging adults participated in the study. The perceived BPNS in one's relationship with his/her mother and one's best friend was found to be higher than the BPNS with one's father; further, the BPNS in one's relationship with one's best friend was higher than that in one's relationship with one's mother - but only among females. Structural equation modeling (SEM), conducted to examine the links between BPNS and identity statuses, showed that the BPNS in participants' relationship with their friend was positively linked with achievement and inversely linked with moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion. The BPNS in one's relationship with one's mother was positively linked with achievement and negatively linked with moratorium. Higher BPNS in one's relationship with ones's father was linked only with higher foreclosure. BPNS in their relationships with best friends predicted four identity statuses. Competence was linked positively with identity achievement and negatively linked with the other identity statuses across the three relationships. Overall, findings underlined the importance of close friendships in the pursuit of identity and the satisfaction of the basic need for competence across the three relationships.

Published
2022
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4. Developmental Assets among Young People in Three European Contexts: Italy, Norway and Turkey

Author

Wiium, Nora, Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer, and Kosic, Marianna

Abstract

Background: Within the positive youth development (PYD) perspective, internal assets (e.g., social competencies and positive identity) and external assets (e.g., support and empowerment) constitute developmental assets that can facilitate positive youth outcomes. This assertion has been studied mainly in the US context and to a lesser degree in European samples. Objective: We extend the scope of PYD research by assessing developmental assets among young people in three contexts that differ economically, culturally and politically: Italy, Norway and Turkey. Interactions with gender and parents' educational level are also examined. Method: A cross-sectional data on developmental assets was collected from Italian (n = 526, 41% girls), Norwegian (n = 592, 56% girls) and Turkish (n = 116, 63% girls) secondary school students during the 2015/2016 academic year. Results: In all three countries, most participants had experienced several of the developmental assets although internal assets were reported more often than external assets. Country differences were observed, where young people in Norway and Turkey reported more assets than their Italian counterparts did. An interaction between country and gender revealed that girls in Norway reported the highest number of developmental assets. In addition, participants in Italy who had fathers with higher educational level reported most of the "constructive use of time" assets. Conclusion: Differences in the experience of the assets among young people appear to be a reflection of the economic, social, cultural and political structures of the respective countries.

Published
2019
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6. Narrative identity and positive youth development in Turkish emerging adults: The moderating role of cultural self-construals.

Author

Aytuglu, Alp, Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer, Şengül-Tığ, Pınar, Buğan-Kısır, Burcu, and Brown, Geoffrey L.

Subjects
*CULTURE, *PERSONALITY, *INDIVIDUAL development, *CONFIDENCE, *ATTITUDE (Psychology), *SELF-perception, *GROUP identity, *INTERVIEWING, *EXPERIENCE, *ABILITY, *TRAINING, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *AUTONOMY (Psychology), *PROFESSIONAL competence, *THEMATIC analysis, *PARENT-child relationships, *PATH analysis (Statistics)
Abstract

The current study examined the associations between narrative coherence, the 5Cs of positive youth development, and cultural self-construals among 91 Turkish emerging adults (48 females, 42 males, and 1 other) aged between 18 and 29 (M age = 23.01, SD =.52). Emerging adults partook in a life story interview to share three important narratives involving parental interactions that were assessed for causal and thematic coherence. Participants also self-reported on their positive development (competence, confidence, character, caring, and connection) and cultural self-construals (autonomy, relatedness, and autonomy relatedness). Results of path analysis revealed that high causal coherence in narratives was associated with lower levels of competence, confidence, and connection, whereas high thematic coherence was linked to higher levels of competence, confidence, and connection. Further, we examined the role of cultural self-construals in moderating the link between narrative coherence and the 5Cs. Thematic coherence was related to decreased caring when autonomy was high and relatedness was low. Thematic coherence was also related to increased connection only when autonomy was low and relatedness was high. Moreover, causal coherence was related to decreased caring and connection for emerging adults with highly autonomous self-construals. Similarly, causal coherence was associated with lower levels of confidence for emerging adults with high autonomous-related self-construals. Implications for research with Turkish emerging adults are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Global Overview of Youth Development: Comparison of the 5 Cs and Developmental Assets Across Six Countries.

Author

Fernandes, Danielle, Pivec, Tina, Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer, Uka, Fitim, Gaspar de Matos, Margarida, and Wiium, Nora

Subjects
YOUTH development, ASSETS (Accounting)
Abstract

Positive Youth Development (PYD) frameworks which describe young people's strengths and their relation to thriving and risk outcomes have gained significance among developmental researchers globally. As these models are being increasingly adopted, concerns remain about their generalizability outside of North America. It has been observed that the distribution and salience of assets differ for young people based on their cultural context. To better understand these varying developmental patterns, this paper studies the distribution of developmental assets and 5 Cs (Competence, Confidence, Character, Caring, and Connection) in youth from various countries and contrasting backgrounds. The total sample consisted of 4,175 students (62.5% females) with age ranging from 15 to 25 years (M = 18.95, SD = 2.49). 981 students were from Ghana (52.5% females), 900 students from Kosovo (66.7% females), 425 students from Norway (73.5% females), 247 students from Portugal (42.1% females), 648 students from Slovenia (63.4% females,), and 974 students from Turkey (68.7% females). Before comparisons of the countries, partial scalar invariance was confirmed. Analyses revealed that all countries differed in at least some internal or external developmental assets and at least in one of the 5 Cs. When considering internal assets, participants from Ghana seemed to have higher levels of internal assets together with participants from Norway who have the highest commitment to learning. Slovenian youth reported the highest levels of external assets of support and empowerment. Regarding the 5 Cs, Ghanaian youth reported having the highest confidence and character, and youth from Ghana, Kosovo, and Turkey are more caring and connected to others. The results uncovered unique patterns of PYD for each included country which are discussed through the lens of its political and social context. Through this focus on cross-national PYD patterns, this study advanced knowledge about the experiences of youth from a wide range of backgrounds and put forth suggestions for better policy measures and more culturally relevant interventions for optimal development of youth embedded in different cultures and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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10. External Developmental Assets and Positive Identity Among Emerging Adults in Norway, Romania, Slovenia, and Turkey.

Author

Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer, Kozina, Ana, Stefenel, Delia, and Wiium, Nora

Subjects
YOUNG adults, YOUTH development, ASSETS (Accounting)
Abstract

The present study adopts The Developmental Assets and Positive Youth Development (PYD) perspectives which (in contrast to the deficit-based approaches which highlight risks and deficit in youth development) claim that young people have potencies to achieve optimal development if supported by their social environment. Extant research indicates that developmental assets are linked with a variety of thriving indicators. The present research aimed to contribute to the PYD research by examining the external developmental assets (support, empowerment, and boundaries and expectations) emerging adults (N = 2055; age range = 18–28) perceived in their social environment and the level of their positive identity in four countries (Norway, Romania, Slovenia and Turkey), which have different rankings in economic, human, and youth development indices. The present study also tested a path model, which examines the links between external development assets and positive identity. Findings indicated that although there are differences in the reports of external developmental assets and positive identity, external assets and positive identity are similarly and positively linked across the four countries. The findings build on the existing literature by showing that developmental assets are conducive to positive outcomes cross-nationally despite country-level differences in the experience of external assets. Policy implications of the findings were discussed from the perspective of ecological theory as well as Developmental Assets and Positive Youth Development Frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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11. The Gratification of Psychological Needs and Well‐Being Among Turkish Adolescents: An Examination of Direct and Indirect Links.

Author

Dost‐Gözkan, Ayfer

Subjects
*PSYCHOLOGICAL well-being, *TEENAGERS, *SELF-determination theory, *BASIC needs
Abstract

Based on the self‐determination theory (SDT), the present study tested a mediational model in a cross‐sectional data and found that gratification of basic psychological needs (GBPN; autonomy, relatedness, and competence) in adolescents' relationships with their mother and father is linked with wellness (life satisfaction, problem‐solving confidence, and anxiety), through family cohesion, and disclosure and secrecy from mother. Adolescents (N = 1,097; 61.6% girls, Mage = 15.12, SD = 0.64; range = 14–16 years) were from nine public schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Findings showed that GBPN in the relationship with each parent has unique contribution to family cohesion, adolescent disclosure and secrecy from parents, and wellness. Findings also supported SDT's claim that GBPN is conducive to well‐being cross‐culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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12. Adolescents' Well-Being with Respect to the Patterns of Disclosure to and Secrecy from Parents and the Best Friend: A Person-Centered Examination.

Author

Elsharnouby, Ebra and Dost-Gözkan, Ayfer

Subjects
*ADOLESCENT psychology, *BEST friends, *WELL-being, *SELF-disclosure, *PRIVACY, *PARENT-child relationships, *CONFIDENCE, *SATISFACTION
Abstract

Adolescents' disclosure and secrecy behaviors have important implications for their well-being. Previous research examined adolescent disclosure and secrecy mostly in one close relationship (i.e., one's mother). What remains to be addressed is the patterns of disclosure and secrecy considering adolescents' other close relationships and the well-being differences between these patterns. Adopting a person-centered approach, the current study examined constellations of disclosure and secrecy in adolescents' relationships with their mother, father and best friends, and the extent to which these patterns differ with respect to life satisfaction, problem-solving confidence, and anxiety. The sample consisted of middle adolescents (N = 1097; Mage = 15.12; range = 14–16; 61.6% female) from nine public schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Analysis conducted for the whole sample showed that best friends were the most frequently disclosed confidants followed by mothers, and secrecy was similar for best friends and mothers. Adolescents were least likely to disclose to their fathers and keep secrets from them more frequently. Comparisons of the five classes identified with latent profile analysis, however, indicated that the class with the best well-being status (highest life satisfaction, problem-solving confidence, and lowest anxiety) consisted of adolescents who disclosed most often to their mothers, seconded by best friends, and kept secrets less often from their parents than their best friends. The class with the lowest well-being status consisted of adolescents who had lowest disclosure and highest secrecy in three close relationships. Overall, findings underscored the usefulness of person-centered analytic approach showing that while best friends were the primary confidents when examined with a variable-centered approach, adolescents with the highest well-being status reported to disclose most often to their mothers. This finding underlines the importance of sharing personal information and being less secretive especially with mothers in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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13. Linguistic representations of emotion terms: Within- culture variation with respect to education and self-construals

Author

Dost Gözkan, Ayfer, Küntay, A. C., Özyeğin University, and Dost Gözkan, Ayfer

Subjects
Emotional expressions, Self-construal, Education, Language use
Abstract

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription. The present study examines the linguistic representations of emotion terms in relation to educational attainment and self-construal through a two-part narration task. Eighty Turkish adults recounted four events that they experienced in the last five years of their lives (event-description task) and then described what they felt during these events (emotion-elicited narration task). The results show that higher levels of educational attainment and autonomous-related self-construal predicted higher levels of linguistic abstractness in emotion terms, whereas higher levels of related self-construal predicted lower levels of linguistic abstractness in emotion terms. Comparisons of the level of abstractness of emotion terms in event-descriptions and emotion-elicited narrations indicate that while the linguistic abstractness of emotion terms was similar across the two tasks in the lower-educated group, it increased in the emotion-elicited narration task in the higher-educated group. The role of formal education and self-construal in emotional language use were discussed as sources of within-culture variation.

Published
2014
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14. The link between emerging adult's narrative identity in familial context and positive development

Author

Aytuğlu, Hasan Alp, Dost Gözkan, Ayfer, and Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Psikoloji, Narrative, Behavioral activation system, Identity, Self development, Autonomous-relational Self, Psychology, Adults, Behavioral inhibition system
Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, genç yetişkinlerin anlatısal kimliklerinin şekillenmesinde rol oynayan deneyimlere dayalı anlatılarının olumlu gelişim göstergeleri, kültürel benlikleri ve pekiştiriciye olan duyarlılıkları ile arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışmada, genç yetişkinlerin dönüm noktası anlatıları (anne, baba ve ilişkisel olarak nötr bağlamda yaşanan olaylar), nedensellik ve tematik çerçevede incelenerek, bu anlatı özelliklerinin olumlu gelişim göstergeleri olan yeterlilik, karakter, kendine-güven, ilişkiler ve ilgililik ile ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca genç yetişkinlerin özerk, ilişkisel ve özerk-ilişkisel benlikleri ile davranışsal aktivasyon ve inhibiyon düzeylerinin hem anlatısal kimlikleri hem de olumlu gelişim göstergeleriyle ilişkisinin incelenmesi de çalışmanın diğer amaçlarını oluşturmuştur. Toplamda 91 (42 erkek, 48 kadın, 1 diğer) genç yetişkinin katıldığı bu çalışmada (ortalama yaş=23.01, SS=.52, ranj=18-29), her bir katılımcı ile yüz-yüze görüşme gerçekleştirilmiş ve katılımcılar bilgisayar-destekli anket formları doldurmuştur. Bulgular göstermistir ki anne, baba ve ilişkisel olarak nötr olan anılar arasında nedensellik açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Bununla birlikte babayla yasanan anılardaki tematik bütünlük ilişkisel olarak nötr olan anılardan daha düşük bulunmustur. M Plus 7.4 ile yapılan yol analizleri; genç yetişkinlerin dönüm noktası niteliğindeki anılarının (anne, baba ve nötr anlatıların toplamından elde edilen ortalama skor) gelişimsel nedensellik bağı ile olumlu, gelişimin alt başlıkları olan yeterlilik, kendine-güven, ilişkiler, ilgililik arasında ters yönlü ilişkiye işaret etmiştir. Ayrıca, dönüm noktası anılardaki (anne, baba ve nötr anıların ortalama skoru) tematik bağ ile olumlu gelişimin alt başlıkları olan yeterlilik, kendine-güven, ilişkiler arasında pozitif yönlü ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular göstermiştir ki genç yetişkinlerin anlatısal kimliklerindeki nedensellik (kişilik, davranış ve tutum değişimi) ve tematik bütünlük (benzer belirgin bir temanın farklı dönemlerde ve durumlarda tekrarlanıyor olması) olumlu gelişimleriyle (yakın çevreye uyum, empati ve sempati gösterme, başarılı olma inancı, zorluklara karşı direnç ve kendine-güven, ve yakın ilişki kalitesi) ilişkilidir. Tüm bunlara ek olarak, kültürel benliğin ve motivasyonel eğilimlerin nasıl bir örüntü (kümeler) oluşturduğunu görmek amacıyla gerçekleşleştirilen kümeleme analiziyle elde edilen kümelerin, pozitif gelişim göstergeleri ve anlatısal benlik değişkenleri açısında farklılıklar gösterip göstermediğine bakılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, 3 farklı kültürel benlik kümesi (ilişkililiği yüksek-özerkligi düşük olanlar, özerkliği yüksek-ilişkililiği düşük olanlar ve özerk-ilişkili olanlar) ve 3 farklı motivasyonel eğilim kümesi (dışa dönük, içe dönük ve demotive) vermiştir. Kümeleme analizi sonucunda, ilişkililik göstergeleri yüksek ve özerkliği düşük olan bireylerin pozitif gelişim göstergelerinden olan karaktere yatkınlığı özerk-ilişkili olanlardan yüksek bulunmuştur. Buna ek olarak, ilişkililik göstergeleri yüksek-otonomi göstergeleri düşük bireylerin oluşturduğu grubun bağlılık ve ilgililik göstergeleri diğer iki grup olan otonomi göstergeleri yüksek-ilişkililigi düşük grup ve özerk-ilişkili gruptan daha yoğun olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. The present study aims to examine the links between the components of narrative identity, positive development indices, cultural self-construals and motivation activation among Turkish emerging adults. Emerging adults' turning-point life stories that include parental interactions were assessed for causal coherence (or developmental consequentiality) and thematic coherence to examine their connections with positive youth development indices (caring, character, confidence, competence, and connection; 5Cs). The study also examined whether cultural self-construals (autonomous and relational self-construals) and motivational dispositions (appetitive or aversive orientations) were linked with narrative identity and positive development indices. In the study, a total of 91 participants (48 females, 42 males, 1 other) aged between 18 and 29 (Mage = 23.01, SD= .52) partook in a face to face life story interview. Before the interview, participants completed a computer-assisted questionnaire which assessed positive development indices, self-construals, and motivational activation systems. Results showed no significant difference in the causal coherence across event narrative contexts (mother, father, and neutral). On the other hand, thematic coherence was lower in father-related event narratives as compared to neutral contexts. Results of path analysis revealed that higher levels of causal coherence in narratives were associated with low levels of caring, competence, confidence, and connection. Also, higher levels of thematic coherence were linked to higher levels of competence, confidence, and connection. Furthermore, to investigate whether cultural-self clusters differ from each other across 5Cs and narrative indices and if motivational disposition clusters differ from each other across 5Cs and narrative indices, we conducted cluster analysis. The analyses resulted in three meaningfully separate cultural-self clusters (Highly related-lower autonomous group, Highly autonomous-lower relatedness group, and Autonomy-relatedness group) and motivational disposition clusters (Extroverted, Introverted and Amotivated). The Highly related-lower autonomy group scored higher in character than the Autonomy-relatedness group. The Highly related-lower autonomy group scored higher in caring than both the Autonomy-relatedness group and the Highly autonomous-lower relatedness group. The Highly related-lower autonomy group scored higher in connection than both the Autonomy-relatedness group and the Highly autonomous-lower relatedness group. Other comparisons did not yield statistically significant results. 93

Published
2018

15. Basic psychological needs in relationships with parents and teachers: links to academic motivation, self-efficacy, and performance in mathematics

Author

Bilir, Pinar, Dost Gözkan, Ayfer, and Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Motivation, Psikoloji, Psychological needs, Determination of essense, Eğitim ve Öğretim, Education and Training, Psychology, Family relations, Basic needs, Family, Teachers, Mathematics lesson, Mathematics
Abstract

Erken ergenlik döneminde olan öğrencilerle yürütülen bu çalışma kendini belirleme kuramı perspektifinden, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların (özerklik, yakınlık, yetkinlik) ebeveynler ve matematik öğretmeni tarafından karşılanması ve akademik sonuçlar arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Toplam 551 orta okul öğrencisi, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların anne, baba ve matematik öğretmeni tarafından karşılanması, matematik dersindeki akademik öz yeterlik, motivasyon, yaklaşma ve kaçınma hedefleri ve örtülü zeka inanışları hakkındaki soruları cevaplamıştır. Yol analizleri analizleri , temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların matematik öğretmeni tarafından karşılanması ile tüm akademik sonuçların olumlu yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir Demografik değişkenler kontrol edildikten sonra, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların anne tarafından karşılanması sadece öz-belirlenmiş motivasyon ile ilişkili bulunurken, bu ihtiyaçların baba tarafından karşılanması ise yalnızca yaklaşma hedefleri ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, öz-belirlenmiş motivasyonun aracı değişken olarak modellendiği analiz sonuçları, öz-belirlenmiş motivasyonun, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların matematik öğretmeni tarafından karşılanması ve akademik benlik algısı, matematik notu ve yaklaşma hedefleri arasındaki ilişkide aracı değişken rolüne sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Zekanın gelişebilir ve gelişemez olduğunu düşünen iki farklı grup arasında aracı değişken yol analizi modelinde bir fark bulunmazken, iki grup çalışmadaki tüm değişkenler açısından tek değişkenli varyans analizleri ile karşılaştırıldığında zekanın gelişebilir olduğunu düşünen grubun tüm değişkenlerde, zekanın gelişemez olduğunu düşünen gruba göre daha yüksek puanlar aldığı görülmüştür. Sonuçlar literatürdeki diğer sonuçlarla tartışılarak açıklanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: erken ergenlik dönemi, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar, kendini belirleme kuramı, özbelirlenmiş motivasyon, örtülü zeka teorisi, akademik öz-yeterlik, yaklaşma hedefi, kaçınma hedefi The propose of the current study was to examine the relations between the perceived gratification of basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, and competence) in relationships with parents and mathematics teacher, and academic outcomes in mathematics among Turkish early adolescents. A total of 551 secondary school students completed the questionnaire; the questions assessed the level of perceived gratification of basic psychological needs in relationships with mother, father, and mathematics teacher, as well as academic self-efficacy, self-determined motivation, approach and avoidance goals in mathematics, and implicit theories of intelligence of adolescents. Path analyses showed that after controlling for the demographic variables, mathematics teacher's gratification of psychological needs was positively linked with all the academic outcomes; higher levels of mothers' gratification of psychological needs predicted higher self-determined motivation; and higher levels of fathers' gratification of psychological needs predicted higher levels of approach goals. There was no significant difference between fixed and growth mindset groups in the mediation model. However, univariate analysis of variance revealed significant mindset differences: growth mindset group had higher scores on all of the variables than the fixed mindset group. The findings were discussed considering the previous studies.Keywords: early adolescence, self-determination theory, basic psychological needs, motivation, mindset, academic self-efficacy, approach goals, avoidance goals 77

Published
2017

16. Adolescent disclosure and secrecy behaviors and psychological well-being in parent and best friend relationship contexts: Variable- and person-centered examinations

Author

Uraloğlu, Safiye Ebra, Dost Gözkan, Ayfer, and Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Parents, Psikoloji, Individual structure, Friendship, Well-being, Psychology, Secrecy, Perceived Well-being, Adolescents, Parents-adolescent relations, Secret, Friend support
Abstract

Bu çalışma ergenlerin yakın ilişkilerindeki bilgi paylaşımı ve sır saklama davranışları ile psikolojik esenlik hallerini (yaşam doyumu, problem çözme becerisine olan güven ve sürekli kaygı) durumlarını incelemiştir. Çalışmada, 1232 ergenin (11-19 yaş; %60.1 kız) üç farklı ilişki bağlamında bilgi paylaşımı ve sır saklama davranışlarını birey-odaklı ve değişken-odaklı yaklaşımlar kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Değişken-odaklı yaklaşımda anne, baba ve yakın arkadaş ile bilgi paylaşımı ve anneden, babadan, ve en yakın arkadaştan sır saklama davranışı ile psikolojik esenlik hali arasındaki ilişki yapısal eşitlik modeli (SEM) analizi ile incelemiştir. SEM analizi sonuçları yüksek bilgi paylaşımı ve düşük sır saklamanın yüksek psikolojik esenlik hali ile bağlantılı olduğunu göstermiştir. Daha detaylı olarak, değişken-odaklı analiz sonuçları baba ile bilgi paylaşımının ve babadan sır saklamanın psikolojik esenlik halini yordadığını göstermiştir. Bu modelde anne ile bilgi paylaşımı ve anneden sır saklama baba ile olduğu kadar etkili bulunmamıştır. Sonuçlar en yakın arkadaştan sır saklama ve esenlik hali arasındaki ilişkiyi desteklememiştir ancak en yakın arkadaş ile bilgi paylaşımı yüksek esenlik halini yordamaktadır. Çalışmada birey-odaklı yaklaşımla kümeleme analizi aracılığıyla ergenlerin anne, baba ve en yakın arkadaşları ile bilgi paylaşımı ve sır saklama davranışları araştırılmıştır. Birey-odaklı yaklaşımda, kümeleme analizi aracılığıyla ergenlerin anne, baba ve en yakın arkadaşları ile bilgi paylaşımı ve sır saklama davranışları araştırılmıştır. Kümeleme analizi ergenlerin psikolojik esenlik hali seviyeleri bakımından farklılık gösteren ebeveynler ile bilgi paylaşma ve sır saklama örüntülerini ortaya koymuştur. Yakın arkadaş-ergen kümesi ile psikolojik esenlik hali arasındaki ilişki anlamlı bulunmuştur ancak bu ilişki psikolojik esenlik hali ile ilişkili olan diğer kümelere oranla daha zayıftır. Bulgular birey- ve değişken-odaklı yaklaşım analizleri sentezlenerek tartışılmıştır.Anahter kelimeler: bilgi paylaşımı, sır saklama, ebeveyn, arkadaşlık, ergenin psikolojik esenliği, birey-odaklı yaklaşım, değişken-odaklı yaklaşım The present study examined adolescents' disclosure and secrecy behaviors in their close relationships and their psychological well-being (life satisfaction, problem-solving confidence, and (lower) trait anxiety). In a sample of 1232 adolescents (ages 11-19 years; 60.1 % girls), disclosure and secrecy across three relationship contexts were examined by variable- and person-centered approaches. With a variable-centered approach, the study examined the links between disclosure to and secrecy from mother, father, and best friend and psychological well-being using structural equational modeling (SEM) analysis. Results of SEM showed that higher disclosure and lower secrecy levels were related to higher psychological well-being. More specifically, variable-centered analysis results showed that higher disclosure and lower secrecy in relationship with father predicted better psychological well-being. Disclosure to and secrecy from mother were not found as much effective as the father in the model. Results did not support the relation between secrecy from best friend and well-being but high disclosure to best friend predicted higher well-being. With a person-centered approach, the study investigated adolescents' disclosure and secrecy behaviors in their relationships with their mother, father, and best friend through clusters. Cluster analysis yielded patterns in which adolescents share information with or keep secret from their parents which differ in levels of psychological well-being. The best friend-adolescent cluster was found to be significantly related to psychological well-being but the relation was weaker as compared to other clusters' relationship with psychological well-being indices. Findings are discussed by synthesizing the information yielded by variable- and person-centered analyses.Keywords: disclosure, secrecy, parents, friendship, adolescent psychological well-being, person-centered analysis, variable-centered analysis 91

Published
2017

17. Perceived reactions of mothers, fathers, friends to negative emotions and adolescent psychological well-being

Author

Şengül, Pinar, Dost Gözkan, Ayfer, and Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Parents attitude, Psikoloji, Trait anxiety, Emotion regulation, Psychology, Prosocial behavior, Negativeness, Psychological well being, Negative mood, Adolescents, Parents emotional socialization
Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ebeveynler ve arkadaşların olumsuz duygulara verdikleri tepkiler ve ergenlerin psikolojik iyi olma hali arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. İlişkiler yol analizi ile incelenmiştir. Modelde anne, baba ve arkadaşların üzüntü, öfke ve utanma duygularına verdikleri tepkilerin, ergenlerin yaşam doyumu, kaygı durumu, olumlu sosyal davranışları ve saldırgan davranışlarıyla ilişkisi ve bu ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya 520 ergen (292 kız, 223 erkek) katılarak anket formunu doldurmuştur (ortalama yaş= 16.11, SS= .76, ranj= 14-18). Yol analizleri, anne ve arkadaşların duygu koçluğu gösteren tepkilerinin olumlu sosyal davranışlar ve yaşam doyumunu, baba ve arkadaşların duyguyu yok sayan veya azımsayan (olumsuz) tepkilerinin saldırgan davranışlar ve kaygı durumunu yordadığını göstermiştir. Yaşam doyumu ayrıca baba ve arkadaşların olumsuz tepkileri tarafından yordanmıştır. Ancak babaların olumlu tepkileri hiçbir psikolojik iyi oluş değişkeni üzerinde etkili çıkmamıştır. Annelerin ve arkadaşların olumlu tepkileri ile babaların ve arkadaşların olumsuz tepkilerinin duygu düzenleme güçlüklerini yordadığı bulunmuştur. Duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ise, saldırgan davranışlar, sürekli kaygı ve yaşam doyumuyla ilişkili bulunmuştur. Duygu düzenleme güçlükleri bazı ilişkilerde aracı değişken olarak rol oynamıştır; ayrıca kızlar ve erkekler arasında aracı değişken modelinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Kızlar duygularına akranlarından daha olumlu tepkiler aldıklarını, erkekler ise duygularına anne, baba ve akranlarından daha olumsuz tepkiler aldıklarını rapor etmişlerdir. Son olarak, kızlar olumlu sosyal davranışlar, kaygı durumu ve yaşam doyumunda, erkekler ise saldırgan davranışlarda daha yüksek puanlar rapor etmişlerdir. Duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinde cinsiyet farkı bulunmamıştır. Bulgular önceki çalışmaların ışığında, olası uygulamalar ve sınırlılıklar göz önüne alınarak tartışılmıştır. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between reactions to negative emotions by parents and friend, and adolescent psychological well-being. The model examined the links between perceived emotion coaching and dismissing reactions of mothers, fathers, and friends to negative emotions (as a composite of sadness, anger, shame) were related to adolescents' psychological well-being (life satisfaction, trait anxiety, prosocial behavior and aggressive behavior) as mediated by emotion regulation difficulties. A total of 520 adolescents (292 girls, 223 boys) completed the questionnaire (Mage= 16.11, SD= .76, range= 14-18 years). Path analyses showed that coaching by mothers and friend predicted prosocial behavior and life satisfaction, and dismissing by mothers and friend predicted trait anxiety and aggressive behavior. Dismissing by friend and fathers also predicted lower life satisfaction. Father's coaching did not predict any well-being indices. Emotion regulation difficulties was predicted by dismissing by fathers and friend, coaching by mothers and friend. All well-being indices, except prosocial behavior, were predicted by emotion regulation difficulties which acted as a mediator in some of the paths. There were also gender differences between girls and boys in the mediational model. Additionally, gender differences were apparent in dismissing by mothers, fathers, and friend, and coaching by friend such that boys reported that their mothers, fathers, and friend displayed emotion dismissing strategies, while girls reported that friends approved their negative emotions more compared to boys' negative emotions. Finally, girls had higher prosocial behavior, trait anxiety, life satisfaction, and boys had higher aggressive behavior, however they did not differ in emotion regulation difficulties. The findings were discussed in the light of previous studies, considering possible implications and limitations. 143

Published
2017

18. Self-esteem and life satisfaction of working and non-working adolescents in Pakistan

Author

Rauf, Maha, Dost Gözkan, Ayfer, and Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Working adolescents, Psikoloji, Self confidence, Psychology, Life satisfaction, Pakistan, Self esteem, Adolescents
Abstract

Bu tez çalışması ergenlerle gerçekleştirilmiş karma-yöntemli bir çalışmadır.Araştırmanın niceliksel bölümü a) bir işte çalışan ve çalışmayan ergenlerin yaşamdoyumu ve özgüven düzeylerini b) zorunlu olarak çalışan ve kendi isteği ile çalışanergenlerin yaşam doyumu ve özgüven düzeylerini ve c) aile bağlılığı düzeyininçalışan ergenlerin yaşam doyumu ve özgüveni üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyiamaçlamaktadır. Analiz sonuçları çalışan ergenlerin çalışmayan ergenlere kıyasladaha yüksek yaşam doyumu düzeyine sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. Ancak cinsiyetfaktörünün analizi bu farkın çalışan kızlardan kaynaklandığını ortaya koymuştur.Buna göre, çalışan kızların yaşam doyumu çalışmayan kızlardan fazladır, ancakçalışan ve çalışmayan erkekler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farkbulunmamaktadır. Özgüvene ilişkin analizler yine çalışan kızların çalışmayankızlardan daha fazla özgüvene sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırmanın nitelikselbölümü hem çalışan hem de çalışmayan ergenler açısından bu yaşta bir işteçalışmanın anlamını daha derinlemesine anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Tematikanalizler bir işte çalışmaya ilişkin hem olumlu hem de olumsuz anlamlaratfedildiğini göstermiştir. Olumlu anlam temaları şunları içermektedir: `çalışmaktankeyif almak`, `maddi avantajlar` and `aileye destek olmak`. Negatif temalar iseşunlardır: `eğitim fırsatının kaçırılması`, `ağır iş koşulları` ve `ergenliğin bir işteçalışma zamanı olmaması`. Pakistan'ın kültürel bağlamı, çalışan ergenlerin okuladevamı ve kız ergenlerin eve maddi destek olarak güçlendirilmesi araştırmanınbulgularının tartışılmasında ele alınan konulardır.aNAHTAR KELİMELER: ergenlik, ergen işçiliği, yaşam doyumu, özgüven, aileye bağlılık The present study is a mixed method study conducted with adolescents. Thequantitative part of the study aims to examine the level of life satisfaction and selfesteemof a) working and non-working adolescents b) of adolescents who are forcedto work and those who work on their own volition and c) the effect of familyinterdependence on the life satisfaction and self-esteem of working adolescents.Analysis revealed that working adolescents had higher levels of life satisfaction thannon-working adolescents. The interaction between gender and the working statuswas also significant indicating that working girls had higher levels of lifesatisfaction as compared to non-working girls, whereas the difference between thelife satisfaction scores of working and non-working males was not significant.Although results for self-esteem yielded no significant results, univariate analysesrevealed that working girls had significantly higher levels of self-esteem than nonworkinggirls. The qualitative part aimed to provide an in-depth understanding ofthe meaning of working adolescents as it is perceived by working and non-workingadolescents. The sample included 25 adolescents and thematic analyses revealedpositive evaluations such as `enjoying working`, `financial benefits` and `assistingfamily`, whereas negative evaluations reflected themes such as `loss of educationalopportunities`, `heavy work demands`, and that `adolescence is not the time towork`. Cultural context of Pakistan, the school-attendance of the workingadolescents as well as the female empowerment by bringing in money for thehousehold are factors considered when discussing the results.Keywords: working adolescents, life satisfaction, self-esteem, familism 116

Published
2016

19. Basic psychological needs satisfaction and identity statuses across two social contexts in emerging adulthood

Author

Erçelik, Pinar, Dost Gözkan, Ayfer, and Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Psikoloji, Social environment, Psychological needs, Psychology, Identity statuses
Abstract

Bu çalışma, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ile kimlik statüleri arasındaki ilişkiyi beliren yetişkinlik döneminde aile ve arkadaş ortamı olmak üzere iki ayrı sosyal bağlamda incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Veriler 18 ve 26 yaş aralığındaki beliren yetişkinlerden öz değerlendirme anketlerinin online olarak doldurulması şeklinde toplanmıştır. Toplam 288 üniversite öğrencisi kimlik statüleri ve temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların anne, baba, ve en yakın arkadaş ortamında karşılanması ile ilgili ölçekleri doldurulmuştur. Sonuçlar temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların arkadaş ortamında aile ortamından daha fazla karşılandığını göstermiştir. Bunun yanı sıra üniversite eğitim yılının dağınık kimlik üzerinde etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Dağınık kimliğin üniversitenin ilk yılındaki öğrencilerde en az beş yıldır üniversite eğitimi alan kişilerden daha fazla olduğunu bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar ayrıca temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların en yakın arkadaş tarafından karşılanmasının tüm kimlik statülerini yordadığını göstermiştir ancak temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların anne tarafından karşılanmasının yalnızca askıya alınmış kimliği, baba tarafından karşılanması ise ipotekli kimliği arkadaş ile beraber yordadığı bulunmuştur. Bulgular önceki çalışmalar ışığında tartışılmıştır ve ileriki çalışmalara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: beliren yetişkinlik, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların karşılanması, kimlik statüleri The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived psychological needs satisfaction and identity statuses in emerging adults across two social contexts i.e., parents and best friend. Data were collected as online self-report questionnaires from emerging adults aged between 18 and 26. A total of 288 university students completed questionnaires related to identity statuses and basic psychological needs satisfaction with mother, father and best friend. The results showed that needs satisfaction with the peer was significantly greater than needs satisfaction with parents. In addition, there was a significant effect of year of university education on identity diffusion such that identity diffusion was more prevalent in first year students than students with at least five year university education. Futher, multiple regression analyses indicated that needs satisfaction with best friend predicted all the identity statuses. However, needs satisfaction from mother predicted identity moratorium together with best friend and needs satisfaction from father predicted identity foreclosure jointly with best friend. The findings were discussed in the light of previous studies and future directions were provided.Keywords: emerging adulthood, basic psychological needs satisfaction, identity statuses 98

Published
2016

20. Adolescent-parent relations in Asian Indian and Salvadoran immigrant families: A cultural-developmental analysis of autonomy, authority, conflict and cohesion

Author

Ayfer Dost-Gözkan, Lene Arnett Jensen, Özyeğin University, and Dost Gözkan, Ayfer

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Cultural perspective, Salience (language), Asian Indian, media_common.quotation_subject, Immigration, Cohesion (linguistics), Behavioral Neuroscience, Scholarship, Developmental stage theories, Law, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Psychology, Social psychology, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Autonomy, media_common
Abstract

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription. From a cultural perspective, this study addressed the two developmental theories that adolescents want more autonomy and fewer parental rules than parents consider appropriate, and that discrepancy between adolescents and parents on views of autonomy and authority result in decreased cohesion and increased conflict. The study included 100 adolescent–parent dyads who were immigrants to the United States from El Salvador and India. While findings pointed to cross-cultural commonalities, such as autonomy seeking among adolescents, they also highlighted the importance of culture to different meanings of autonomy and the limits of the discrepancy thesis. The discussion calls for future scholarship to include concepts of salience to diverse groups such as family interdependence and appreciation for the parental immigrant experience. Pew Charitable Trusts

Published
2015
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