Search

CEL NAUKOWY: Wskazanie na aktualność rozwijanej przed laty koncepcji czterech odmiennych, ale komplementarnych psychologicznych mechanizmów wychowawczego wpływu na dzieci i młodzież w wyjaśnianiu procesów edukacyjnych we współczesnych środowiskach wychowawczych. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem jest nieobecność tej koncepcji w aktualnym dyskursie naukowym na temat edukacji, co może utrudniać rozumienie całego spektrum koniecznych oddziaływań psychologicznych jako warunku skuteczności wszelkich zabiegów wychowawczych. PROCES WYWODU: 1. Opis i analiza czterech uniwersalnych psychologicznych mechanizmów nadawania i odbioru wpływów wychowawczych. 2. Zarysowanie kontekstu i niektórych kierunków zmian doświadczeń edukacyjnych współczesnych dzieci i młodzieży. 3. Podkreślenie głównych zmian w transmisji i odbiorze wpływów wychowawczych z perspektywy psychologicznej. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Uwydatnienie teoretycznej i praktycznej użyteczności koncepcji mechanizmów transmisji wpływów wychowawczych i ich roli jako kompleksowego systemu narzędzi w kontekście celowej działalności wychowawców. WNIOSKI, REKOMENDACJE I APLIKACYJNE ZNACZENIE WPŁYWU BADAŃ: Ponowna refleksja nad tymi procesami może pomóc w zrozumieniu i rozwijaniu relacji między współczesnymi wychowawcami a młodym cyfrowym pokoleniem wobec wyzwań, jakie stają przed wychowawcami dzieci i młodzieży w XXI wieku.

In Poland, independent evaluations under the auspices of the Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (IHTM) are mandated for any new device, assay, systems for screening samples from whole blood and plasma donors prior to implementation by Blood Transfusion Center (BTC). In last 5 years, two new systems were introduced to the market by Abbott GmbH, namely the Alinity s and the Alinity i. The evaluations performed for these two systems included the assessment of sensitivity, specificity and precision for each of the four mandatory serological screening markers in Poland: Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis C virus antibodies (Anti-HCV), HIV antibodies (anti-HIV) and Syphilis antibodies (anti-Treponema pallidum, anti-TP). Sensitivity was assessed by testing seroconversion panels, HBsAg international reference standard, well characterized local samples, and dilution panels. Specificity was assessed by testing routine donor samples. The results from Alinity i assays were compared to the results from Abbott ARCHITECT i2000SR and Ortho VITROS 3600 assays, while the results from Alinity s assays were compared to the results of ARCHITECT i2000SR assays. The evaluation of the Alinity s and Alinity i assays for sensitivity (100 %), specificity (99,92–100 %) and precision generated results that were as good as or better than generated by routinely used systems, were within acceptance criteria, and met all requirements for screening blood donor samples in accordance with Polish regulations. The specificity of the assays in routine use by BTCs, analyzed after approximately 150,000 donations on both systems, was comparable to the specificity observed during the evaluations at IHTM.

Abstract Most Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects develop chronic infection, whereas a minority clear the virus in the early phase of infection. We analyzed factors associated with outcome (chronicity vs clearance) during the preclinical seronegative phase of community-acquired HCV infection. Among 17.5 million blood donations in the years 2000–2016, 124 blood donors were found to be HCV RNA-positive/anti-HCV-negative. All were contacted after 0.5–12.7 years and 40 responded and provided blood sample. Hypervariable region 1 was analyzed by ultradeep pyrosequencing and cytokines in serum were quantified by Luminex (R&D Systems) multiplex immunoassay. Twenty-one (52.5%) donors were found to be HCV-RNA-positive, while 19 (47.5%) were HCV RNA negative (none received antiviral treatment). All but one seroconverted to anti-HCV. Donors with resolving hepatitis did not differ significantly from donors with chronic infection with respect to age, genotypes, IL28B polymorphisms, number of viral variants, nucleotide diversity per site or the overall number of nucleotide substitutions. However, the former group had significantly higher levels of IL-1beta, IL-1RA, IL-6, IFN-gamma and FGF-2 in serum. In our study of community-acquired acute hepatitis C approximately half of all subjects eliminated the virus spontaneously, and this clearance was associated with marked cytokine response in the early seronegative stage of infection.

In philosophical thought of Janusz Korczak the idea of human freedom was connected with concepts of free will and responsibility. In this discussion man’s overexposed need for safety, was seen as biggest threat to freedom. Therefore Korczak argued with middle-class morality, which he was seeing as weak and lacking of spiritual core. Korczak had no doubts, that children should learn the basics of freedom by participating in decision concerning their own lives.