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Various functionalized cyclic ethers such as oxiranes, oxetanes, and tetrahydrofurans have been prepared, and the regiochemistry of their ring opening with samarium diiodide and acyl chloride or anhydride has been investigated. Alkyl-substituted oxetane 5 and tetrahydrofurans 1 and 2 show almost no regioselectivity. However, high regioselectivities from the branched cyclic ethers (3, 8, 9, and 10) containing ethereal or hydroxyl moieties have been observed. This is probably the result of the bidentate chelated species between samarium and oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma doping (PLAD) was applied to reduce the dark current of CMOS image sensor (CIS), for the first time. PLAD was employed around shallow trench isolation (STI) to screen the defective sidewalls and edges of STI from the depletion region of photodiode. This technique can provide not only shallow but also conformal doping around the STI, making it a suitable doping technique for pinning purposes for CISs with sub-2-µm pixel pitch. The measured results show that temporal noise and dark signal deviation as well as dark level decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]