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CO2 Electrochemical Reduction (CO2 ECR) is a promising technology that converts CO2 into value-added products, including formic acid, ethanol, and methanol, by applying external voltage. This technology is not only considered a CO2 mitigation process but a process that produces value-added chemicals reducing dependence on fossil fuels. This review assesses the sustainability of the CO2 ECR process by focusing on life cycle assessment and techno-economic evaluation studies. Recent advances in catalysts and cell structures for CO2 ECR are also discussed from a sustainability perspective. Furthermore, the integration of CO2 ECR with renewable resources as a power source is highlighted. The review aims to determine the sustainability of CO2 conversion for formic acid production and to provide guidelines for future advancements. Research gaps and challenges are also provided.

A simple approach was used to synthesize a catalyst based on colloidal NiCo with rGO support. The catalyst was uniformly deposited on acid-treated Sn foil using drop-casting method. The prepared NiCo@rGO catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XRD measurements confirmed the development of a homogenously immersed structure with a specific NiCo composition. The different ratios of Ni and Co in the NiCo@rGO catalyst were further confirmed by XPS and SEM-EDX. The catalyst was tested for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to produce formic acid (HCOOH) and resulted in a significantly higher faradaic efficiency at −50 mA current compared to the simple Co nanoparticle, rGO, Sn foil, Ni nanoparticles, and NiCo composite. The colloidal NiCo bimetallic structure, combined with the rGO support on the treated Sn foil, played an important role in enhancing the catalytic activity and selectivity towards formic acid. When comparing the NiCo@rGO catalyst with other catalysts, especially Ni, Co, Sn foil, NiCo, and rGO, the NiCo@rGO catalyst showed superior CO2 electrochemical chemical reduction performance. The results suggest that the synergic effect of combining Ni with Co along with using acid-treated Sn foil as a support is responsible for the high activity towards formic acid production. The experimental results demonstrated the formation of formic acid with low energy consumption and good faradic efficiency.

CO2 electrochemical reduction can provide a sustainable pathway for fuel production. In this study, a life cycle assessment is performed on the electrochemical reduction process of CO2 to produce 1 kg of formic acid using experimentally obtained inventory data. A lab-scale conventional H-type electrochemical cell, consisting of Nafion 117 membrane and Sodium bicarbonate electrolyte, was used for the study. The working electrode consisted of a Lead-based electrocatalyst deposited on acid-treated tin foil. The life cycle assessment boundaries are defined, and the data is entered into the software. The environmental impacts are found to be 3.27 kg CO2 eq, 4.28 x10-3 kg SO2 eq, 2.12 x10-2 kg P eq, 3.85 × 10-11 kg CFC-11 eq and 8.35 m3 for climate change, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, ozone depletion and water depletion for 1 kg formic acid produced, respectively. Overall, the required electricity for the operation of the electrochemical cell has the highest impact on climate change category accounting for 96% of the overall impact. The membrane and electrodes in the cell have a very low impact on the categories studied except ozone depletion. The membrane production accounts for 88% of the impact on ozone depletion. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the lifetime of the electrodes, electricity source and water type. The findings from this study can help researchers, policymakers, and industrial stakeholders make critical decisions regarding material selection and optimization to increase the sustainability of the electrochemical reduction process for formic acid synthesis.

The research aims to estimate the Efficiency of investments directed to the agricultural sector by analyzing the current situation of national and agricultural investment in Egypt (2006/2005 - 2020/2021) and measuring the investments made in Egypt over the study period. In order To achieve the objectives of the research, the most important criteria that reflect the efficiency of agricultural investment were estimated, as well as the use of descriptive and quantitative analysis methods to estimate simple and multiple regression relationships in the double logarithmic form of the research data issued various institutions and government agencies. The study's findings revealed that, on average, the public sector's return on investment was higher than 1, reached about 61,116 million UDS, whereas the private sector's was lower, at about 0.032 million USD, demonstrating the inefficiency of public sector investments in comparison to investments. In the agriculture sector, the private sector has grown along with the investment multiplier in both the public and private sectors .As for the coefficient of settlement, it was shown that the efficiency of agricultural investment directed to the public and private sector was weak, as it was shown by estimating the agricultural capital intensification coefficient, the intensity of the use of the human factor in the agricultural sector by a percentage greater than The percentage increase in investments directed to this sector.

The effect of temperature, time and rotation speed of FT-GTL process water on the corrosion rate of API X-120 carbon steel was investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used to determine the carbon steel corrosion rate under temperatures ranging from 293 to 323 K and rotation speed of 0, 500, 1000, 2000 rpm when the immersion time was 0.5, 1, and 2 h. The corrosion rate increased with temperature and rotation speed but decreased with immersion time. SEM, XRD, and XPS analyses of the corroded surfaces confirmed the formation of iron oxide and ferric oxide as the main components of the protective layer.