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1. To conserve African tropical forests, invest in the protection of its most endangered group of monkeys, red colobus

Author

Joshua M. Linder, Drew T. Cronin, Nelson Ting, Ekwoge E. Abwe, Florence Aghomo, Tim R. B. Davenport, Kate M. Detwiler, Gérard Galat, Anh Galat‐Luong, John A. Hart, Rachel A. Ikemeh, Stanislaus M. Kivai, Inza Koné, William Konstant, Deo Kujirakwinja, Barney Long, Fiona Maisels, W. Scott McGraw, Russell A. Mittermeier, and Thomas T. Struhsaker

Subjects
African tropical forests, conservation action plan, flagship taxa, hunting, indicator taxa, red colobus, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Abstract Forest loss and overhunting are eroding African tropical biodiversity and threatening local human food security, livelihoods, and health. Emblematic of this ecological crisis is Africa's most endangered group of monkeys, the red colobus (genus Piliocolobus). All 17 species, found in forests from Senegal in the west to the Zanzibar archipelago in the east, are threatened with extinction. Red colobus are among the most vulnerable mammals to gun hunting, typically disappearing from heavily hunted forests before most other large‐bodied animals. Despite their conservation status, they are rarely a focus of conservation attention and continue to be understudied. However, red colobus can act as critical barometers of forest health and serve as flagships for catalyzing broader African tropical forest conservation efforts. We offer a plan for conservation of red colobus and their habitats and discuss conservation and policy implications.

Published
2024
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2. Tropical field stations yield high conservation return on investment

Author

Timothy M. Eppley, Kim E. Reuter, Timothy M. Sefczek, Jen Tinsman, Luca Santini, Selwyn Hoeks, Seheno Andriantsaralaza, Sam Shanee, Anthony Di Fiore, Joanna M. Setchell, Karen B. Strier, Peter A. Abanyam, Aini Hasanah Abd Mutalib, Ekwoge Abwe, Tanvir Ahmed, Marc Ancrenaz, Raphali R. Andriantsimanarilafy, Andie Ang, Filippo Aureli, Louise Barrett, Jacinta C. Beehner, Marcela E. Benítez, Bruna M. Bezerra, Júlio César Bicca‐Marques, Dominique Bikaba, Robert Bitariho, Christophe Boesch, Laura M. Bolt, Ramesh Boonratana, Thomas M. Butynski, Gustavo R. Canale, Susana Carvalho, Colin A. Chapman, Dilip Chetry, Susan M. Cheyne, Marina Cords, Fanny M. Cornejo, Liliana Cortés‐Ortiz, Camille N. Z. Coudrat, Margaret C. Crofoot, Drew T. Cronin, Alvine Dadjo, S. Chrystelle Dakpogan, Emmanuel Danquah, Tim R. B. Davenport, Yvonne A. deJong, Stella de laTorre, Andrea Dempsey, Judeline C. Dimalibot, Rainer Dolch, Giuseppe Donati, Alejandro Estrada, Rassina A. Farassi, Peter J. Fashing, Eduardo Fernandez‐Duque, Maria J. Ferreira da Silva, Julia Fischer, César F. Flores‐Negrón, Barbara Fruth, Terence Fuh Neba, Lief Erikson Gamalo, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Paul A. Garber, Smitha D. Gnanaolivu, Mary Katherine Gonder, Sery Ernest Gonedelé Bi, Benoit Goossens, Marcelo Gordo, Juan M. Guayasamin, Diana C. Guzmán‐Caro, Andrew R. Halloran, Jessica A. Hartel, Eckhard W. Heymann, Russell A. Hill, Kimberley J. Hockings, Gottfried Hohmann, Naven Hon, Mariano G. Houngbédji, Michael A. Huffman, Rachel A. Ikemeh, Inaoyom Imong, Mitchell T. Irwin, Patrícia Izar, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Gladys Kalema‐Zikusoka, Beth A. Kaplin, Peter M. Kappeler, Stanislaus M. Kivai, Cheryl D. Knott, Intanon Kolasartsanee, Kathelijne Koops, Martin M. Kowalewski, Deo Kujirakwinja, Ajith Kumar, Quyet K. Le, Rebecca J. Lewis, Aung Ko Lin, Andrés Link, Luz I. Loría, Menladi M. Lormie, Edward E. Louis Jr., Ngwe Lwin, Fiona Maisels, Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Lesley Marisa, Gráinne M. McCabe, W. Scott McGraw, Addisu Mekonnen, Pedro G. Méndez‐Carvajal, Tânia Minhós, David M. Montgomery, Citlalli Morelos‐Juárez, Bethan J. Morgan, David Morgan, Amancio Motove Etingüe, Papa Ibnou Ndiaye, K. Anne‐Isola Nekaris, Nga Nguyen, Vincent Nijman, Radar Nishuli, Marilyn A. Norconk, Luciana I. Oklander, Rahayu Oktaviani, Julia Ostner, Emily Otali, Susan E. Perry, Eduardo J. Pinel Ramos, Leila M. Porter, Jill D. Pruetz, Anne E. Pusey, Helder L. Queiroz, Mónica A. Ramírez, Guy Hermas Randriatahina, Hoby Rasoanaivo, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Joelisoa Ratsirarson, Josia Razafindramanana, Onja H. Razafindratsima, Vernon Reynolds, Rizaldi Rizaldi, Martha M. Robbins, Melissa E. Rodríguez, Marleny Rosales‐Meda, Crickette M. Sanz, Dipto Sarkar, Anne Savage, Amy L. Schreier, Oliver Schülke, Gabriel H. Segniagbeto, Juan Carlos Serio‐Silva, Arif Setiawan, John Seyjagat, Felipe E. Silva, Elizabeth M. Sinclair, Rebecca L. Smith, Denise Spaan, Fiona A. Stewart, Shirley C. Strum, Martin Surbeck, Magdalena S. Svensson, Mauricio Talebi, Luc Roscelin Tédonzong, Bernardo Urbani, João Valsecchi, Natalie Vasey, Erin R. Vogel, Robert B. Wallace, Janette Wallis, Siân Waters, Roman M. Wittig, Richard W. Wrangham, Patricia C. Wright, and Russell A. Mittermeier

Subjects
biodiversity, climate change, conservation funding, field stations, pandemic, primate‐range countries, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Abstract Conservation funding is currently limited; cost‐effective conservation solutions are essential. We suggest that the thousands of field stations worldwide can play key roles at the frontline of biodiversity conservation and have high intrinsic value. We assessed field stations’ conservation return on investment and explored the impact of COVID‐19. We surveyed leaders of field stations across tropical regions that host primate research; 157 field stations in 56 countries responded. Respondents reported improved habitat quality and reduced hunting rates at over 80% of field stations and lower operational costs per km2 than protected areas, yet half of those surveyed have less funding now than in 2019. Spatial analyses support field station presence as reducing deforestation. These “earth observatories” provide a high return on investment; we advocate for increased support of field station programs and for governments to support their vital conservation efforts by investing accordingly.

Published
2024
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3. Population dynamics and genetic connectivity in recent chimpanzee history

Author

Claudia Fontsere, Martin Kuhlwilm, Carlos Morcillo-Suarez, Marina Alvarez-Estape, Jack D. Lester, Paolo Gratton, Joshua M. Schmidt, Paula Dieguez, Thierry Aebischer, Paula Álvarez-Varona, Anthony Agbor, Samuel Angedakin, Alfred K. Assumang, Emmanuel A. Ayimisin, Emma Bailey, Donatienne Barubiyo, Mattia Bessone, Andrea Carretero-Alonso, Rebecca Chancellor, Heather Cohen, Emmanuel Danquah, Tobias Deschner, Andrew Dunn, Jef Dupain, Villard E. Egbe, Olga Feliu, Annemarie Goedmakers, Anne-Céline Granjon, Josephine Head, Daniela Hedwig, Veerle Hermans, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Inaoyom Imong, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Parag Kadam, Mike Kaiser, Mbangi Kambere, Magloire V. Kambale, Ammie K. Kalan, Ivonne Kienast, Deo Kujirakwinja, Kevin Langergraber, Juan Lapuente, Bradley Larson, Anne Laudisoit, Kevin Lee, Manuel Llana, Miquel Llorente, Sergio Marrocoli, David Morgan, Felix Mulindahabi, Mizuki Murai, Emily Neil, Sonia Nicholl, Stuart Nixon, Emma Normand, Chris Orbell, Lucy J. Ormsby, Liliana Pacheco, Alex Piel, Laura Riera, Martha M. Robbins, Aaron Rundus, Crickette Sanz, Lilah Sciaky, Volker Sommer, Fiona A. Stewart, Nikki Tagg, Luc Roscelin Tédonzong, Els Ton, Joost van Schijndel, Virginie Vergnes, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, Roman M. Wittig, Yisa G. Yuh, Kyle Yurkiw, Klaus Zuberbuehler, Jochen Hecht, Linda Vigilant, Christophe Boesch, Aida M. Andrés, David A. Hughes, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Esther Lizano, Mimi Arandjelovic, and Tomas Marques-Bonet

Subjects
chimpanzee, non-invasive samples, fecal samples, hybridization capture, population genetics, conservation genomics, Genetics, QH426-470, Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract

Summary: Knowledge on the population history of endangered species is critical for conservation, but whole-genome data on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is geographically sparse. Here, we produced the first non-invasive geolocalized catalog of genomic diversity by capturing chromosome 21 from 828 non-invasive samples collected at 48 sampling sites across Africa. The four recognized subspecies show clear genetic differentiation correlating with known barriers, while previously undescribed genetic exchange suggests that these have been permeable on a local scale. We obtained a detailed reconstruction of population stratification and fine-scale patterns of isolation, migration, and connectivity, including a comprehensive picture of admixture with bonobos (Pan paniscus). Unlike humans, chimpanzees did not experience extended episodes of long-distance migrations, which might have limited cultural transmission. Finally, based on local rare variation, we implement a fine-grained geolocalization approach demonstrating improved precision in determining the origin of confiscated chimpanzees.

Published
2022
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4. Environmental variability supports chimpanzee behavioural diversity

Author

Ammie K. Kalan, Lars Kulik, Mimi Arandjelovic, Christophe Boesch, Fabian Haas, Paula Dieguez, Christopher D. Barratt, Ekwoge E. Abwe, Anthony Agbor, Samuel Angedakin, Floris Aubert, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Emma Bailey, Mattia Bessone, Gregory Brazzola, Valentine Ebua Buh, Rebecca Chancellor, Heather Cohen, Charlotte Coupland, Bryan Curran, Emmanuel Danquah, Tobias Deschner, Dervla Dowd, Manasseh Eno-Nku, J. Michael Fay, Annemarie Goedmakers, Anne-Céline Granjon, Josephine Head, Daniela Hedwig, Veerle Hermans, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Parag Kadam, Mohamed Kambi, Ivonne Kienast, Deo Kujirakwinja, Kevin E. Langergraber, Juan Lapuente, Bradley Larson, Kevin C. Lee, Vera Leinert, Manuel Llana, Sergio Marrocoli, Amelia C. Meier, Bethan Morgan, David Morgan, Emily Neil, Sonia Nicholl, Emmanuelle Normand, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Liliana Pacheco, Alex Piel, Jodie Preece, Martha M. Robbins, Aaron Rundus, Crickette Sanz, Volker Sommer, Fiona Stewart, Nikki Tagg, Claudio Tennie, Virginie Vergnes, Adam Welsh, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, Roman M. Wittig, Yisa Ginath Yuh, Klaus Zuberbühler, and Hjalmar S. Kühl

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Environmental variability is one potential driver of behavioural and cultural diversity in humans and other animals. Here, the authors show that chimpanzee behavioural diversity is higher in habitats that are more seasonal and historically unstable, and in savannah woodland relative to forested sites.

Published
2020
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5. Author Correction: Environmental variability supports chimpanzee behavioural diversity

Author

Ammie K. Kalan, Lars Kulik, Mimi Arandjelovic, Christophe Boesch, Fabian Haas, Paula Dieguez, Christopher D. Barratt, Ekwoge E. Abwe, Anthony Agbor, Samuel Angedakin, Floris Aubert, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Emma Bailey, Mattia Bessone, Gregory Brazzola, Valentine Ebua Buh, Rebecca Chancellor, Heather Cohen, Charlotte Coupland, Bryan Curran, Emmanuel Danquah, Tobias Deschner, Dervla Dowd, Manasseh Eno-Nku, J. Michael Fay, Annemarie Goedmakers, Anne-Céline Granjon, Josephine Head, Daniela Hedwig, Veerle Hermans, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Parag Kadam, Mohamed Kambi, Ivonne Kienast, Deo Kujirakwinja, Kevin E. Langergraber, Juan Lapuente, Bradley Larson, Kevin C. Lee, Vera Leinert, Manuel Llana, Sergio Marrocoli, Amelia C. Meier, Bethan Morgan, David Morgan, Emily Neil, Sonia Nicholl, Emmanuelle Normand, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Liliana Pacheco, Alex Piel, Jodie Preece, Martha M. Robbins, Aaron Rundus, Crickette Sanz, Volker Sommer, Fiona Stewart, Nikki Tagg, Claudio Tennie, Virginie Vergnes, Adam Welsh, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, Roman M. Wittig, Yisa Ginath Yuh, Klaus Zuberbühler, and Hjalmar S. Kühl

Subjects
Science
Abstract

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21010-z.

Published
2021
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6. Devastating decline of forest elephants in central Africa.

Author

Fiona Maisels, Samantha Strindberg, Stephen Blake, George Wittemyer, John Hart, Elizabeth A Williamson, Rostand Aba'a, Gaspard Abitsi, Ruffin D Ambahe, Fidèl Amsini, Parfait C Bakabana, Thurston Cleveland Hicks, Rosine E Bayogo, Martha Bechem, Rene L Beyers, Anicet N Bezangoye, Patrick Boundja, Nicolas Bout, Marc Ella Akou, Lambert Bene Bene, Bernard Fosso, Elizabeth Greengrass, Falk Grossmann, Clement Ikamba-Nkulu, Omari Ilambu, Bila-Isia Inogwabini, Fortune Iyenguet, Franck Kiminou, Max Kokangoye, Deo Kujirakwinja, Stephanie Latour, Innocent Liengola, Quevain Mackaya, Jacob Madidi, Bola Madzoke, Calixte Makoumbou, Guy-Aimé Malanda, Richard Malonga, Olivier Mbani, Valentin A Mbendzo, Edgar Ambassa, Albert Ekinde, Yves Mihindou, Bethan J Morgan, Prosper Motsaba, Gabin Moukala, Anselme Mounguengui, Brice S Mowawa, Christian Ndzai, Stuart Nixon, Pele Nkumu, Fabian Nzolani, Lilian Pintea, Andrew Plumptre, Hugo Rainey, Bruno Bokoto de Semboli, Adeline Serckx, Emma Stokes, Andrea Turkalo, Hilde Vanleeuwe, Ashley Vosper, and Ymke Warren

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

African forest elephants- taxonomically and functionally unique-are being poached at accelerating rates, but we lack range-wide information on the repercussions. Analysis of the largest survey dataset ever assembled for forest elephants (80 foot-surveys; covering 13,000 km; 91,600 person-days of fieldwork) revealed that population size declined by ca. 62% between 2002-2011, and the taxon lost 30% of its geographical range. The population is now less than 10% of its potential size, occupying less than 25% of its potential range. High human population density, hunting intensity, absence of law enforcement, poor governance, and proximity to expanding infrastructure are the strongest predictors of decline. To save the remaining African forest elephants, illegal poaching for ivory and encroachment into core elephant habitat must be stopped. In addition, the international demand for ivory, which fuels illegal trade, must be dramatically reduced.

Published
2013
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7. Author Correction: Environmental variability supports chimpanzee behavioural diversity

Author

Christopher D. Barratt, Sorrel Jones, Deo Kujirakwinja, Tobias Deschner, Mattia Bessone, Anne-Céline Granjon, Adam Welsh, Daniela Hedwig, Parag Kadam, Jessica Junker, Samuel Angedakin, Erin G. Wessling, Ekwoge E. Abwe, J. Michael Fay, Bradley Larson, Josephine Head, Liliana Pacheco, Kevin Lee, Bethan J. Morgan, Manuel Llana, Emmanuelle Normand, Dervla Dowd, Roman M. Wittig, Christophe Boesch, Anthony Agbor, Ammie K. Kalan, David Morgan, Volker Sommer, Yisa Ginath Yuh, Jacob Willie, Nikki Tagg, Valentine Ebua Buh, Jodie Preece, Annemarie Goedmakers, Virginie Vergnes, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Crickette M. Sanz, Mimi Arandjelovic, Bryan Curran, Rebecca Chancellor, Paula Dieguez, Lars Kulik, Fiona A. Stewart, Juan Lapuente, Emmanuel Danquah, Floris Aubert, Kevin E. Langergraber, Claudio Tennie, Ivonne Kienast, Sergio Marrocoli, Sonia Nicholl, Alex K. Piel, Aaron S. Rundus, Gregory Brazzola, Fabian B. Haas, Manasseh Eno-Nku, Emma Bailey, Mohamed Kambi, Emily Neil, Heather Cohen, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Amelia Meier, Veerle Hermans, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Martha M. Robbins, Charlotte Coupland, Vera Leinert, Klaus Zuberbühler, and Hjalmar S. Kühl

Subjects
Male, Multidisciplinary, Behavior, Animal, Pan troglodytes, Tool Use Behavior, Curran, Published Erratum, media_common.quotation_subject, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Art history, General Chemistry, Art, Environment, Forests, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, language.human_language, Welsh, language, Animals, Female, Author Correction, Ecosystem, media_common
Abstract

Large brains and behavioural innovation are positively correlated, species-specific traits, associated with the behavioural flexibility animals need for adapting to seasonal and unpredictable habitats. Similar ecological challenges would have been important drivers throughout human evolution. However, studies examining the influence of environmental variability on within-species behavioural diversity are lacking despite the critical assumption that population diversification precedes genetic divergence and speciation. Here, using a dataset of 144 wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities, we show that chimpanzees exhibit greater behavioural diversity in environments with more variability - in both recent and historical timescales. Notably, distance from Pleistocene forest refugia is associated with the presence of a larger number of behavioural traits, including both tool and non-tool use behaviours. Since more than half of the behaviours investigated are also likely to be cultural, we suggest that environmental variability was a critical evolutionary force promoting the behavioural, as well as cultural diversification of great apes.

Published
2021

8. Cytomegalovirus distribution and evolution in hominines

Author

Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, Martha M. Robbins, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Mimi Arandjelovic, Maryke Gray, Thomas R. Gillespie, Kathryn O’Brien, Angelique Todd, Kevin Lee, Laura Kehoe, Yisa Ginath, Bernhard Ehlers, Guillain Mitamba, Sorrel Jones, Henk Eshuis, Erin G. Wessling, Richard A. Bergl, Barbara Fruth, Gregory Brazzola, Emmanuel Muhindo, Martijn Ter Heegde, Emma Bailey, Samuel Angedakin, Manasseh Eno-Nku, Volker Sommer, Radar Nishuli, Anthony Agbor, Klara J. Petrzelkova, Raymond Tokunda, Ilka Herbinger, Nadege Freda Madinda, Andrew J. Plumptre, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Sripriya Murthy, Deo Kujirakwinja, Michael A. Jarvis, Paula Dieguez, Fabian H. Leendertz, and Hjalmar S. Kühl

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, host switch, Lineage (evolution), Gorilla, Subspecies, medicine.disease_cause, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, QH301, Virology, biology.animal, ddc:570, medicine, ddc:610, QH426, cytomegalovirus, codivergence, 030304 developmental biology, QR355, 0303 health sciences, QL, biology, Transmission (medicine), Host (biology), hominine, Bonobo, Cytomegalovirus, biology.organism_classification, cytomegalovirus, hominine, host switch, codivergence, dsDNA virus, dsDNA virus, Evolutionary biology, 610 Medizin und Gesundheit, Research Article
Abstract

Herpesviruses are thought to have evolved in very close association with their hosts. This is notably the case for cytomegaloviruses (CMVs; genus Cytomegalovirus) infecting primates, which exhibit a strong signal of co-divergence with their hosts. Some herpesviruses are however known to have crossed species barriers. Based on a limited sampling of CMV diversity in the hominine (African great ape and human) lineage, we hypothesized that chimpanzees and gorillas might have mutually exchanged CMVs in the past. Here, we performed a comprehensive molecular screening of all 9 African great ape species/subspecies, using 675 fecal samples collected from wild animals. We identified CMVs in eight species/subspecies, notably generating the first CMV sequences from bonobos. We used this extended dataset to test competing hypotheses with various degrees of co-divergence/number of host switches while simultaneously estimating the dates of these events in a Bayesian framework. The model best supported by the data involved the transmission of a gorilla CMV to the panine (chimpanzee and bonobo) lineage and the transmission of a panine CMV to the gorilla lineage prior to the divergence of chimpanzees and bonobos, more than 800,000 years ago. Panine CMVs then co-diverged with their hosts. These results add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome (including other herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and papillomaviruses) often jumped between hominine lineages over the last few million years.

Published
2019

9. Catastrophic decline of world's largest primate: 80% loss of Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) population justifies critically endangered status

Author

Stuart Nixon, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Andrew Kirkby, Rob Critchlow, Radar Nishuli, Andrew J. Plumptre, Ghislain Vieilledent, Jefferson S. Hall, and Deo Kujirakwinja

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, lcsh:Medicine, Gorilla, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Critically endangered, Geoinformatics, IUCN Red List, Body Size, lcsh:Science, Conservation Science, Mammals, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, biology, Geography, Ecology, National park, espèce en danger, Spatial Autocorrelation, Terrestrial Environments, Espèce protégée, Vertebrates, Physical Sciences, Apes, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, L20 - Écologie animale, Statistics (Mathematics), Faune, Research Article, Primates, Gorillas, Computer and Information Sciences, Occupancy, Distribution géographique, Population, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecosystems, 03 medical and health sciences, Population Metrics, biology.animal, Confidence Intervals, Animals, Bushmeat, education, Population Density, Gorilla gorilla, Population Biology, Primate, lcsh:R, Endangered Species, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Évaluation de l'impact, Impact sur l'environnement, Biology and Life Sciences, Guerre, Taxonomie, 030104 developmental biology, Threatened species, Amniotes, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, Mathematics, Demography
Abstract

Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri), the World's largest primate, is confined to eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and is threatened by civil war and insecurity. During the war, armed groups in mining camps relied on hunting bushmeat, including gorillas. Insecurity and the presence of several militia groups across Grauer's gorilla's range made it very difficult to assess their population size. Here we use a novel method that enables rigorous assessment of local community and ranger-collected data on gorilla occupancy to evaluate the impacts of civil war on Grauer's gorilla, which prior to the war was estimated to number 16,900 individuals. We show that gorilla numbers in their stronghold of Kahuzi- Biega National Park have declined by 87%. Encounter rate data of gorilla nests at 10 sites across its range indicate declines of 82-100% at six of these sites. Spatial occupancy analysis identifies three key areas as the most critical sites for the remaining populations of this ape and that the range of this taxon is around 19,700 km2. We estimate that only 3,800 Grauer's gorillas remain in the wild, a 77% decline in one generation, justifying its elevation to Critically Endangered status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Published
2016

10. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing

Author

John Hart, Crickette M. Sanz, Sébastien Regnaut, Deo Kujirakwinja, Juan Lapuente, Laura Kehoe, David Morgan, Yisa Ginath, Lucy D’Auvergne, Sorrel Jones, Emma Bailey, Gregory Brazolla, Dervla Dowd, Nikki Tagg, Annemarie Goedmakers, Paula Dieguez, Jill D. Pruetz, Anthony Agbor, Jacob Willie, Fiona A. Stewart, Bethan J. Morgan, Parag Kadam, Henk Eshuis, Tanyi Julius Mbi, Mimi Arandjelovic, Ammie K. Kalan, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Tobias Deschner, Mattia Bessone, Mohamed Kambi, Floris Aubert, Karsten Dierks, Joost van Schijndel, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Rebecca Chancellor, Vincent Lapeyre, Inaoyom Imong, Orume Diotoh, Chloe Cipoletta, Yasmin Moebius, Hilde Vanleeuwe, Protais Niyigabae, Mizuki Murai, Bryan Curran, Virginie Vergnes, Heather Cohen, Nicolas Ntare, Aaron S. Rundus, Sergio Marrocoli, Roman M. Wittig, Thurston C. Hicks, Matthieu Bonnet, Martijn Ter Heegde, Klaus Zuberbuehler, Emma Normand, Felix Mulindahabi, Ivonne Kienast, Emmanuel Dilambaka, Volker Sommer, Giovanna Maretti, Kevin E. Langergraber, Andrew Dunn, Valentine Ebua Buh, Jessica Junker, Samuel Angedakin, Ekwoge E. Abwe, Katherine Corogenes, Els Ton, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Daniela Hedwig, Alexander Tickle, Christophe Boesch, Rumen Martin Fernandez, Vianet Mihindou, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Amelia Meier, Kevin Lee, Charlotte Coupland, Vera Leinert, Alex K. Piel, University of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, BF Psychology, Pan troglodytes, Foraging, NDAS, BF, Troglodytes, engineering.material, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, West africa, Animals, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Stone tool, QL, Multidisciplinary, biology, Behavior, Animal, Geography, 05 social sciences, QL Zoology, biology.organism_classification, Archaeology, Africa, Western, GN, engineering, Throwing
Abstract

The authors would like to thank the Max Planck Society and Krekeler Foundation for generous funding of the Pan African Programme. The study of the archaeological remains of fossil hominins must rely on reconstructions to elucidate the behaviour that may have resulted in particular stone tools and their accumulation. Comparatively, stone tool use among living primates has illuminated behaviours that are also amenable to archaeological examination, permitting direct observations of the behaviour leading to artefacts and their assemblages to be incorporated. Here, we describe newly discovered stone tool-use behaviour and stone accumulation sites in wild chimpanzees reminiscent of human cairns. In addition to data from 17 mid- to long-term chimpanzee research sites, we sampled a further 34 Pan troglodytes communities. We found four populations in West Africa where chimpanzees habitually bang and throw rocks against trees, or toss them into tree cavities, resulting in conspicuous stone accumulations at these sites. This represents the first record of repeated observations of individual chimpanzees exhibiting stone tool use for a purpose other than extractive foraging at what appear to be targeted trees. The ritualized behavioural display and collection of artefacts at particular locations observed in chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing may have implications for the inferences that can be drawn from archaeological stone assemblages and the origins of ritual sites. Publisher PDF

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