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This research article analyzes the complexity of democracy in the current context and the challenges it faces in maintaining its effectiveness and fundamental principles. Although democracy is seen as an effective system that protects human rights and promotes equality, it does not always guarantee these results. Democracy should be evaluated not only by the conduct of elections but also by its ability to respect and guarantee human rights and real equality, taking into account the variety of cultural, political, and economic influences. Additionally, it is necessary to have transitional justice mechanisms in place in contexts where democracy must address and repair human rights violations to ensure true social renewal. more...

Freedom of expression is one of the most important foundational elements of individual realization and democratic society. Social media is the current most preferred and primary form of communication for young people. Social media is thus a crucial component of young people's freedom of expression. On the other hand, social media offers a platform for disinformation, violations of privacy and hate speech. This survey aims to explore how young people exercise their freedom of expression and how they respond to abuses on social media. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey with Turkish university students is used in conjunction with an in-depth interview technique. The research will collect data on the familiarity of students about the definition and content of the freedom of expression, and use of social media by students, and the findings will be analyzed with the results of in-depth interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This research article analyzes the complexity of democracy in the current context and the challenges it faces in maintaining its effectiveness and fundamental principles. Although democracy is seen as an effective system that protects human rights and promotes equality, it does not always guarantee these results. Democracy should be evaluated not only by the conduct of elections but also by its ability to respect and guarantee human rights and real equality, taking into account the variety of cultural, political, and economic influences. Additionally, it is necessary to have transitional justice mechanisms in place in contexts where democracy must address and repair human rights violations to ensure true social renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Today's society is a knowledge society, where innovation and discoveries are absolutely necessary. Knowledge serves as the driving factor of society, especially since today knowledge is no longer only a human mental process, but also one that animals, and artificial intelligence, and intelligent robots, and the Internet have. The purpose of this study is to highlight the fact that the modern notion of "educated and well-informed man" presupposes not only a permanent and healthy informational competition with other members of society, but also with oneself. This implies the fact that human freedom and happiness can be acquired not only unconsciously, but also consciously, through learning, through cultivation, by becoming more elevated tomorrow than today, because the knowledgeable, well-documented human is not only stronger, but also capable to face current challenges. That is why the constant search and the presence of doubt in what he thinks, the joy of a conscious interpretation of reality will allow him to exploit his potential to the maximum, and this can ensure his true happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article explores the role of social media in the proliferation of conspiracy theories, highlighting how modern communication technologies facilitate the spread of misinformation. Topics discussed include the impact of conspiracy theories on democratic societies, their connection to hybrid threats, and the influence of social networks on public perception and behavior. more...

The article focuses on the fact that abuse of law is not only an urgent problem of modern legal science, but also one of the most complex and important issues to be addressed. This phenomenon is becoming aggressive and global, negatively affecting the processes of democratisation and consolidation of statehood. The prevalence of cases of abuse of law can slow down the development of society, violating the acquired norms and values. It is important to understand that achieving stability in social relations and their further development is impossible without taking into account the specifics of this legal phenomenon. Abuse of law not only violates the basic principles of law, but also poses a significant threat to the development of the rule of law and the determination of its future course. The particularities of the use of the term “abuse” in international law are determined. It is noted that the European Court of Human Rights considers that this concept should be understood in its ordinary meaning, namely, as the fact of exercise of a right by a subject of law outside its intended purpose in a manner which causes prejudicial damage. The author identifies the approaches to understanding the abuse of law which are used by the European Court of Human Rights in its work. It is noted that in addition to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the provisions defining the basis for preventing abuse of law at the international (supranational) level are also contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The author examines a number of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in which cases of abuse of law occurred. The author defines the role of the state in cases of abuse of law. The main features inherent in the abuse of law are outlined. Attention is paid to the fact that in addition to the positive components of preventing abuse of law, this activity also has negative consequences. The importance of preventing abuse of law is emphasised, subject to the obligatory observance of the principles of fairness, transparency and consideration of individual rights and freedoms of subjects. Ensuring a balance between the protection of rights and prevention of their abuse is an important task for the effective work of the European Court of Human Rights. more...

The study covers a theoretical analysis of the criterion of necessity in democratic society, which appears in several provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and plays an important role in the assessment by the European Court of Human Rights of the activities of authorities of member states of the Council of Europe involving interference with such important rights as the right to privacy protection or freedom of speech, religion, assembly and association. Apart from the linguistic analysis of the phrase, it was found that this criterion can be considered as a component of the general reference clause in the context of its application and interpretation. Its axiological content associated with the type of references has been placed within the area of classic axiological choices related to the interpretation of phrases expressing extra-legal criteria. The unification of axiology of human rights standards in Europe has been recognized as the main function of this criterion since it is judicially used not only by the European Court of Human Rights, but also by national courts of Council of Europe member states. more...

The basic democratic values established in Ukraine and Romania are freedom, openness, tolerance. The space covered by inclusive education in both countries is determined by interdependent and interpenetrating processes of humanization and democratization. The humanistic approach is the basis for the functioning of a democratic society with its system of social ties, archaic values of spirituality, religion, and culture. The values and principles declared by inclusive education are recommended and follow from the content of international documents. The approval of a number of regulatory documents on the introduction of inclusive education indicates that the Ukrainian and Romanian social policies have reached the level of norms declared by international and European legal norms. It has been found out, that the transformation of European values in both countries takes place on the basis of the international human rights instruments. This circumstance has intensified the actualization of the development of inclusion and the manifestation of reflexive spirituality, humanity and democracy. more...

The basic democratic values established in Ukraine and Romania are freedom, openness, tolerance. The space covered by inclusive education in both countries is determined by interdependent and interpenetrating processes of humanization and democratization. The humanistic approach is the basis for the functioning of a democratic society with its system of social ties, archaic values of spirituality, religion, and culture. The values and principles declared by inclusive education are recommended and follow from the content of international documents. The approval of a number of regulatory documents on the introduction of inclusive education indicates that the Ukrainian and Romanian social policies have reached the level of norms declared by international and European legal norms. It has been found out, that the transformation of European values in both countries takes place on the basis of the international human rights instruments. This circumstance has intensified the actualization of the development of inclusion and the manifestation of reflexive spirituality, humanity and democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This research explores the chameleon concept of lawfare and its impact on legal systems and society in general, focusing on the interplay between its (im)boundaries and transdisciplinarity. The analysis focuses on a kaleidoscope of fundamental aspects of justice, including the tactics and strategies used in judicial proceedings, in civil or military conflicts, in the abuse of legal procedures, and in the manipulation of the legal system to achieve illegal ends, in the regulation of law at the global level and nationally, highlighting the different forms this phenomenon can take and its impact on the rule of law and democracy. An important aspect of the research is the analysis of the limits of the law, in the sense that there are certain ethical, legal, and moral restrictions on the abusive use of the legal system, regardless of the circumstances. The conclusions are based on the finding that clearer regulations are needed to protect the integrity of the legal system and to prevent legal abuses, a fact that requires a series of future research, establishing the conditions that mark the transition from legal to illegal. This article has been developed using the method of transdisciplinary introspection, based on primary and secondary data from scientific journals, books, documents, and other publications. more...

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

Mass media, since its early development has been the sphere where the private individual meets with the political public. It has been the ground for both educating and indoctrinating public opinion. For this reason, interest groups who desire power and control over the masses aspire to take hold of this most powerful tool. In order to better understand the nature of mass media and the extent of control over public knowledge, this paper follows Jurgen Habermas' critique of modern-day mass media. and the danger of media control becoming a tool for the elite to dominate the public sphere. Such domination leads to the eventual demise of the political public and public opinion, the blood, and the life of a genuinely democratic society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Organized immaturity has been defined as the erosion of the individual's capacity for the public use of reason, pressured by control patterns of socio-technological systems built on obscure operating principles, ideologies, or regimes. Recent studies of surveillance capitalism explore the technological advancements of digitalization and analyse their negative impacts on information integrity and user autonomy. We identify organized immaturity as a deeper cause of these impacts and develop elements of a critical theory to explain the maturity-eroding effects of surveillance capitalism and to theorize an agenda for countermeasures. We first identify, describe and analyse infantilization, reductionism and totalization as emerging patterns of surveillance capitalism, which organize immaturity in human individuals and collectives. We then define the individual abilities and public deliberation principles needed to exercise maturity in private and public life, using Habermas's theory of communicative action, as applied to human moral development, and Kant's mentalist approach to individual maturity. Finally, we use these principles as a critical foundation and guide for citizens to nurture and protect individual maturity and democratic society from the infantilization, reductionism and totalization induced by surveillance capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Precedente is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

The process of establishing communism in Romania was not a singular phenomenon, on the contrary, it was multiplied on the scale of Central and South-Eastern European integrity, within a vast scenario of “finlandization” of the area by the Soviets with the tacit consent of its allies. Direct and brutal involvement in domestic politics, the imposition of “friendly governments” is by definition a violation of the constitutional principles of sovereignty, invalidating from the outset the regimes of “popular democracy”. The phenomenon will be presented at that time and later throughout the communist regime, as a natural evolution of society, a struggle between old and new ad the phenomenon will be presented at that time and later throughout the communist regime, as a natural evolution of society, a struggle between the old and the new, the truth being largely distorted. more...

Democratic principles and values must be learned by every generation in order to solve pressing problems. The purpose of this study was to theoretically substantiate and experimentally test the pedagogical conditions for the formation of the civic position of students at higher educational institution. The object of research is the civic position of students. We have created and tested pedagogical conditions in experimental work. The sample consisted of 90 teachers, including 22 curators, 260 students of the Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy. The survey was carried out from 2016 to 2020. The paper presents the results of the pedagogical experiment, confirmed by the data of a comprehensive assessment of the formation level of the student civic position at the present stage of society development. The substantive component of the activities of teachers, students in classroom and extracurricular activities, based on the principles of citizenship, democracy, tolerance, involvement in the experience of civic action is considered. The course of organizing the activities of curators on the formation of student civic position, the development of self-government in student groups is presented. The work of the academy on the development of partnerships with the public, educational institutions, government, and business is described. Analysis of the results allows us to state that this process is controlled. The pedagogical conditions are: interaction of all subjects of the academy in classroom and extracurricular activities, their professional training, interaction with the public; the formation of temporary working teams from teachers to highlight special topics in the disciplines studied by students, issues that affect the development of student civic consciousness and behavior and the widespread use of active teaching methods in the educational process; organization of curators activities aimed at the formation of student civic position; monitoring the process of student civic position formation. more...

Electoral behavior constitutes an extremely important component in a democratic society, with a major impact on the whole country. This differs according to the environment in which the voter lives, and the electoral behavior of rural voters is important because rural Romania represents almost half of the country. Residents of rural communities are guided by different values and standards than those in urban areas, because many factors such as poverty, poor education, ageing population, traditional mentality intervene and make the rural voter have different motivations when choosing to participate in voting. more...

Drawing on the contributions to issues 84.4 and 85.1 of The Historian, which have focused on the "History of voting and elections, in principle and practice," this essay offers some reflections on the relationship among elections, collective self-governance, and democratic societies. Noting some of the legal, institutional, social, and cultural conditions that shape the character and consequences of particular elections, it explores the power of elections as symbols and as tests of a society's commitment to democratic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Different legal regimes of public information in the Republic of Serbia and the differences between the existing media have not been sufficiently analyzed in legal literature. From the positive law perspective, media differ by the legal regime of their structural organisation, activities and control, as well as by public information activities they perform. The media are subjects of a territorial community which have a duty to communicate their program content in an objective, impartial and truthful manner. Consequently, all media (both commercial and non-commercial ones) primarily serve general and public interests. The only difference is the content of public interest in individual media. In the order of a legal state (Rechtsstaat), the greatest impact is attributed to electronic media, especially television stations with state-wide (national) coverage as media aimed at accomplishing special goals in the field of public information. TV stations with national coverage primarily aim to accomplish general interests. They are bound by the special content of the public interest and, thus, they have a significantly wider scope of duties than other televisions. Unfortunately, the current circumstances in the field of public information in the Republic of Serbia prove otherwise. more...

Joseph Chan and Sungmoon Kim take me to task for my understanding and uses of Tocqueville, and because of the resemblance they claim to see between one of my major arguments and modernization theory. I think their charges are mistaken or misplaced. Chan and Kim reject my claims that China is already, in a meaningful sense and to a substantial degree, a democratic society, and that, unless such a society is matched by political democratization, a major legitimation crisis is almost inevitable in the foreseeable future. I try to show that they are wrong in their assessment of the state of Chinese society and in their dismissal of the crisis tendencies that only timely democratization can help avert. Chan and Kim completely misconstrue what my prudential argument for democracy in China means, and what it does not, and I explain why. Finally, I reaffirm, over Chan's objections, the view that the fundamental choice regarding political legitimacy in China today lies between the Mandate of Heaven and democracy, given the demise of communism, and I restate this view in terms of the concept of sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The main goal of the study is to determine the main pedagogical aspects of the protection of human rights in the context of the philosophy of education and law. The philosophy of human rights, in the context of the philosophy of education and the philosophy of law, is an integral part of philosophical anthropology, the most important task of which is to study the nature of humans, which serves as the source of his inalienable rights and freedoms. The main aspects of the study are the issues of phenomenology and ontology, revealing human rights as its attributive property, which is formed in the context of social life. An important aspect of this issue is the study of the pedagogical aspects of the human rights protection system in the context of the philosophy of education and law. A detailed study of the foundations of the protection of human rights and their philosophical essence serves as a powerful basis for the formation of a modern democratic society. As a result of the study, the main aspects of the essence of human rights in the context of the philosophy of education and law were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The right of access to information of public importance is undoubtedly one of the key principles on which democratic societies are founded, but the fact that this right has only recently been recognized as a universal human right speaks about the reluctance of countries and governments to accept the right of access to information. The right of access to information of public importance contributes to consistent respect of human rights and freedoms, decreases the risk from corruption and unethical behaviour and has a direct impact on transparency and responsibility in work, but this right must not be a right without limitations, i.e. it must not become unlimited, regardless of how much it proclaims democratic values. Freedom of public information is a derived human right, and includes the right to true, timely and objective information, as well as the right to publicly criticize and ask for an explanation of public activities and acts of authorities and other public actors. This paper, based on valid legal regulations, discusses functioning of the right of free access to information of public importance, with a special overview of security services as the most secret part of the state apparatus of authority. more...

An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law. Martin Luther King, Jr. Abstract The following paper will present the theory and possibilities of implication of the phenomenon of civil disobedience understood as one of the most powerful and most effective tools of democratic society when it comes to implementing the necessary and indispensable changes required for the improvement of the political domain and the social public sphere. In the first part I will present the narrow but orthodox and widely discussed definition of civil disobedience presented by John Rawls in his Theory of Justice (1971). Given such a definition, as well as the major conditions under which the actions undertaken in the name of civil disobedience can be justified, I will focus my analysis on two major aspects of the discussed notion. Firstly, I will discuss civil disobedience, which is in its essense an unlawful act, paradoxically expresses the highest respect for the positive law by the person performing the civilly disobedient act through one’s submission to the judgment of the law which is an object of one’s protest. This way, civil disobedience presents itself as the phenomenon which, not having a legal recognition (not being legalized), holds super-legal force required to impose the changes on the unjust legal system or on the particular unjust regulation. Secondly, I will point out that civil disobedience, as a public act performed by the people (the subjects of the particular law), expresses the will of the people and, therefore, it can not be used (by themselves) in the ways contradictory to their best self-interest but always supported by the “the commonly shared sense of justice” (Rawls). From this premise I conclude that the universal human rights, as thier supporters claim, are one of the main ends of the political activism in the recent decade and should be advocated in the civilly disobedient manner. In the last part I will contrast the Rawlsean definition with a much broader and more relevant understanding of civil disobedience when it concerns today’s globalizing world. In this world, the nation-states cease to be the only political actors when confronted with the transnational public sphere, and, therefore, the understanding of civil disobedience as a transversal arena of public dissent presented by Roland Bleiker (2000) is more appropriate. In this definition civil disobedience becomes, not only a political instrument of particular subjects of a particular society, but it also becomes a tool for the international mobilization of means and of people in the name of presenting and imposing the respect for the universal human rights despite the national borders and societal paradigms. فردی که قانونی را نقض می‌کند و وجدانش به او می‌گوید که این کار ناعادلانه است و کسی که مجازات حبس را می ­پذیرد تا وجدان جامعه درباره اقدام ناعادلانه خود را بیدار سازد، در واقع بالاترین درجه از ادای احترام به قانون را ابراز کرده­ است. مارثا لوتر کینگ، ج ر در این نوشتار، نظریه­ ها و عواملی بحث می­ شود که دلالت دارند هنگام اجرای تغییرات ضروری و لازم‌الاجرا برای بهبود حوزه سیاسی و حوزه عمومی اجتماعی، پدیده نافرمانی مدنی یکی از قدرتمندترین و تأثیرگذارترین ابزارهای جامعه دموکراتیک است. در نخستین بخش به تعریف دقیق، اما مرسوم و متعارف نافرمانی مدنی پرداخته می­ شود که از سوی جان رالز در تئوری عدالت مطرح شده است. با توجه به این تعریف و شرایط کلی که اقدامات انجام‌شده در چهارچوب نافرمانی مدنی قابل توجیه باشد، تجزیه و تحلیل خود را بر دو جنبه اصلی مفهوم مورد بحث متمرکز خواهم کرد. در آغاز، درباره نافرمانی مدنی بحث خواهم کرد که در اصل یک عمل غیرقانونی است، اما به‌گونه‌ای متناقض، بالاترین احترام را برای قانون مثبته توسط شخصی که اقدام به نافرمانی مدنی می ­کند، از طریق تسلیم شخص در برابر قضاوت قانون که مورد اعتراض فرد است، بیان می‌کند. به‌این‌ترتیب، نافرمانی مدنی خود را به‌عنوان پدیده­ای نشان می ­دهد که عدم شناسایی به‌وسیله قانون (قانونی نبودن)، دارای قدرت فوق قانونی لازم برای اعمال تغییرات در سیستم حقوقی ناعادلانه یا مقررات خاص ناعادلانه است. در بخش دوم اشاره خواهم کرد که نافرمانی مدنی، به‌عنوان یک عمل عمومی که مردم انجام می­ دهند (مشمول قانون خاص)، بیانگر اراده آنان است و بنابراین، (به‌خودی‌خود) در مواردی که در تضاد با منافع شخصی آن­ها باشد، نمی ­تواند به‌وسیله آن­ها مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد، اما همیشه از سوی «حس مشترک عدالت» (رالز) پشتیبانی ­می­ شود. از این فرض نتیجه می­گیرم که حقوق بشر بین‌المللی، بر اساس ادعای طرفداران آن، یکی از اهداف اصلی فعالیت سیاسی در دهه اخیر است و باید از آن به روش نافرمانی مدنی حمایت شود. در بخش آخر، تعریف رالزین را به روشی بسیار گسترده ­تر و مرتبط‌تر، در مورد دنیای جهانی‌شدۀ امروزه مقایسه خواهم کرد. در این جهان­، دولت­ های ملی هنگامی‌که با حوزه عمومی فراملی مواجه می ­شوند، به‌عنوان تنها بازیگر سیاسی متوقف می­ شوند و بنابراین، درک نافرمانی مدنی به‌عنوان یک عرصه عرضی مخالفت عمومی ارائه‌شده از سوی رولان بلیکر (2000) مناسب‌تر است. در این تعریف، نافرمانی مدنی نه‌تنها به ابزاری سیاسی برای موضوعات خاص یک جامعه تبدیل می‌شود، بلکه به ابزاری تبدیل می ­شود که به نام ارائه و تحمیل احترام به حقوق بشر بین‌المللی، به‌رغم تمام پارادایم‌های سنتی اجتماعی و مرزهای ملی، برای بسیج کردن بین ­المللی ابزارها و افراد استفاده می­ شود. more...

In order to achieve the goal of a welfare state, a law is needed as the legal basis for the state. One of the fundamental laws in democracy is that it is the people themselves who must form laws to achieve common goods. The purpose of this research is the role of community participation in the process of law making in the context of a democratic society. Through normative research will understand the role of public participation in the process of law making in the context of a democratic society. The results showed that The law is a product of general will, so the community as the holder of sovereignty must remain involved in its formation. Legitimate law is the expression of the sovereign will. The law is needed by the state in order to achieve the state's goal, namely to organize a general welfare state for its people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of Ñawi: Arte, Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

The role of religion in state nationalism is harder to specify. Nationalist clashes bring a wide spectrum of beliefs and factions together. With unrivalled intensity and resonance, nationalism is a significant marker of a contemporary democratic society as well as the arena of politics. In the following article author has attempted to reveal the connection between Islamism and state nationalism with a case of Pakistan. The focal ideas that have magniloquently been evaluated are; Nationalism as an Ideology of state, Islamism as a concept, state nationalism and the role of Islamization. The concepts have been discussed with a categorization of different critics and analysts: modernist, primordialists and perennialist. Three criteria have been established to assess Islam's effect on state nationalism: Islam is included in broad sections of the Constitution that identify the nation state; there are Islam-inspired national slogans, symbols, anthems, and flags that associate Islam with the nation; and the state uses Islamic motifs on national currencies, which are the most common everyday emblems of the nation that citizens touch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article attempts to test the hypothesis of whether the transformation of European values into the social policies of the post-socialist states of Ukraine and Romania contributes to the strengthening of the reflective spirituality, humanity and democracy of their nations. There have been used the following methods: general scientific, historical, retrospective and comparative. The authors have analyzed the problem of inclusive education in Romania and Ukraine in two directions: as a sign of spirituality, religiosity of Ukrainians and Romanians; and as the expressed humanity of the democratic society of Ukraine and Romania. The analysis of the reflexive spirituality of Ukrainians and Romanians is carried out on the basis of philosophical understanding of spirituality and its connection with humanity, which are presented in theoretical researches of the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XXI century. The authors explained that inclusive education is a manifestation of society's humanity towards persons with disabilities, a means of reflexive and spiritual culture of Ukrainians and Romanians. The basic democratic values established in Ukraine and Romania are freedom, openness, tolerance. The space covered by inclusive education in both countries is determined by interdependent and interpenetrating processes of humanization and democratization. The humanistic approach is the basis for the functioning of a democratic society with its system of social ties, archaic values of spirituality, religion, and culture. The values and principles declared by inclusive education are recommended and follow from the content of international documents. The approval of a number of regulatory documents on the introduction of inclusive education indicates that the Ukrainian and Romanian social policies have reached the level of norms declared by international and European legal norms. It has been found out, that the transformation of European values in both countries takes place on the basis of the international human rights instruments. This circumstance has intensified the actualization of the development of inclusion and the manifestation of reflexive spirituality, humanity and democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Nowadays informal adult education is viewed as a means of adults educational needs fulfilment, their perfection and self-development and as a mechanism of democratic society formation, for it helps to form socially active citizens, who are mobile in professional and social contexts to rapid changes in social environment. Key concepts in American and Canadian state and society formation are «activity», «civil society», «democratic society». Movement for civil rights is the most vivid social phenomenon in Canadian and American history. The aim of the article is to work out recommendations concerning creative application of positive American and Canadian experience in reformation of national system of adult education. For fulfilment of the mentioned aim the following methods are applied: a system of general theoretical methods in particular analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, concrete scientific methods in particular term analysis and historical genetic analysis. Analysis of peculiarities of adult education development in different historical periods in Ukraine is conducted. Adult education as an important element of civil society formation in the USA and Canada is viewed. Analysis of concepts «active citizenship» and «democratic citizenship» is conducted. Principles of informal adult education are systematized. Recommendations concerning creative application of positive ideas of American and Canadian experience in national adult education system are worked out. Results of the conducted research work give opportunity to state that American and Canadian experience in the field of adult education can help to create harmony between national traditions and world achievements on the basis of humanism and democracy; to give high quality educational service to adults, synchronize national system of adult education with world tendencies, provide conditions for adult education development and its influence on economic development of state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Throughout history, the relationship between religion and State has posed challenges. The issue of religious symbols in the public sphere is an area where the European Court of Human Rights has granted a wide margin of appreciation to States. The main argument is that there is no European consensus on the issue and that national authorities are better positioned to determine when interference with the freedom of religion becomes necessary in a democratic society. However, this argument has evoked criticism that no strong legal reasons or standards have been applied to the doctrine of the margin of appreciation. This article aims to analyse the Court's standards through an examination of the limits imposed on the doctrine under European supervision. Notwithstanding the controversy over its application, the doctrine does play an essential role in accommodating the diversity of human rights protection in Europe. Therefore, in future judgements, the Court should focus on a proportionality test against the State arguments, which would allow the Court to determine the applicability of the doctrine in the case of freedom of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This study contributes to a societal vision of contemporary democracy, a subject that is not sufficiently considered in the research literature, by analyzing the mechanisms underlying the production of egalitarian gender attitudes in less democratic and more democratic societies and concluding on the democratic social context. A comparative analysis of gender attitudes in 72 countries shows that citizens of the most democratized countries have more egalitarian gender attitudes in politics, business and access to university education and employment, and that determinants of gender attitudes vary by sex and socio-political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In a democratic society, freedom is not subject to power. Power is only a means by which freedom is protected. This limit is exceeded when freedom is attacked in two directions: either power becomes an end in itself, when the attack on freedom is open, or power attacks the content of freedom, claiming to fight attacks on it, in fact, doing nothing but legitimizing his own attack on freedom. "Freedom is just as endangered if it is attacked in the name of anti-fascism or overt fascism." (Fromm, 1998: 12). In order to highlight the two possible attacks on freedom and to be able to compare them in order to demonstrate that both pose an equally serious threat to freedom, we will compare the attacked freedom in the name of open fascism - taking as a benchmark freedom of expression and the attacks to it from the communist period, but also the freedom attacked in the name of anti-fascism - censorship of freedom of expression in a democratic society, under the pretext of protecting the individual's freedom to be informed correctly, thus intervening to regulate the content of freedom. The ultimate goal is to demonstrate that regardless of the society in which we place freedom - democratic or totalitarian, it is essential that the environment in which the power-freedom relationship takes place be one of communication, not coercion, otherwise freedom will be subject to the same abuses by state power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

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This article critically assesses John Dewey's philosophical thought which continues to be influential and important to this day in the development of a democratic society. He was a philosopher who devoted to his philosophical career to addressing and intellectualizing social problems. His pragmatic philosophical perspective is more adequate than other philosophies, especially to Ethiopian society by providing a reflective ideas more practical and helpful in the process of developing a democratic society, formulating better educational system, creating democratic outlooks and social values in which all members of a society can commonly and cooperatively share, experienced, and habituated in their life. This article will argue so far that Dewey's pragmatic philosophy is useful and would be a path in achieving a sustainable development in Ethiopia by playing such role to promote the democratic values, principles and institutions as well as the welfare of the Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Besides the already existing media types, the Internet is introducing a major revolution in the media field. TV shows, films and drama can be watched through the YouTube channels. Each user of Internet can create his own content that is available to millions of visitors, and which can be consumed free of charge. The situation is the same with posts on the Internet and social network ones. In this way, the offer program disproportionately increases, which implies different manipulations. However, in the modern world, despite the exceptional technical progress, the emergence of sophisticated programs on television and other media, from scientific to practical-educational, probably the largest problem in this field lies in the privatization of the media and the concentration of ownership in the narrow circle of capital owners and multinational companies. The program, seemingly diversified, deprives critical and even informative precise and clear roles, and prevalent entertainment and attention, from important existential and political themes. At the global level, this process is certainly affected by concrete national states that are deprived of sovereignty and a serious media concept. We are facing the danger that the critical mind is marginalized, education lowered, culture banalized, and the propaganda of new understandings is imposed as the imperative. more...

Values, moral values and democratic values are attracting the attention of education researchers in general and mathematics education researchers in particular. Little research has studied pre-service teachers' perceptions of values in the classroom, their perceptions of the relationship between the different variables of values in the classroom, as well as their relationship with the democratic society. The present research attempts to do so. Twenty-two graduate pre-service teachers who participated in 'New trends in mathematics education' course discussed how to cultivated values in the mathematics classroom. Moreover, they answered survey questions related to the cultivation of values in this classroom. We used a combination of deductive and inductive content analysis to characterize the pre-service teachers' texts. The research results indicate that the pre-service teachers perceived values as encouraging students' activity in the mathematics classroom. In addition, the pre-service teachers perceived values as encouraging specific categories of values needed as skills for the citizen in a democratic society, as creativity, critical thinking and metacognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The article is devoted to the socio-philosophical analysis of cultural and political problems that arise in modern societies in the context of globalization. The aim of the article is to clarify the paradigms of multiculturalism in terms of actual need for time. It is noted that respect for other cultural identities, not the actualization of radicalism, terrorism, extremism, religious fundamentalism and racism, which can lead to disruption of the system of ethnic and political relations of multi-ethnic societies in the era of globalization. The methodological basis of the study is dialectical, logical, comparative philosophical, social, historical and political methods. The scientific novelty of the article is the definition of the criterion of cultural and political rights of nations and nationalities in the era of globalization in the framework of international norms and rights. From the philosophical point of view, the concept of “multiculturalism” was analyzed and explained as a synthesis of the ideals of communism and liberalism. It was emphasized that multiculturalism as a humanistic ideology reflects the equality propagated by communism and respect for the individual, other cultures and religions that the liberals talk about. The article emphasizes the cultural analysis of multiculturalism in the work of S.S. Huntington’s “Conflict of Civilizations and the Reconstruction of the World Order.” It emphasizes the fact that culture is essentially a stable, indispensable and conservative social phenomenon, emphasizing the role of culture in social development in this area. Summing up, in the conclusion of the article, the author emphasizes that the transformation of the paradigm of multiculturalism into the main philosophical and political concept of modern societies in the context of globalization and the organization of political doctrine is an important worldcreating aspect for many countries. Given the positive qualities of this process, multiculturalism has been declared a priority of state policy in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The policy of multiculturalism is a policy aimed at preserving, developing the cultural diversity of people of different nationalities and religions, as well as the integration of national cultures of minorities and states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This paper aims to review the state of public administration and municipal governance today. The condition of state and municipal administration is considered on the example of modern democratic society. As the highest type of administration activities, social management is the effect of the subject on the public relations with the purpose of their improvement, development and streamlining, preservation of their qualitative specificity. The main feature of social control is that the object is the activities the subjects of knowledge. That is, the subjects of knowledge, and the real actors are the people themselves. In addition, the interaction between subject and object of knowledge is the object of knowledge. Management “is the property of any society arising from its systemic nature, the public nature of labor, the need of communication between people in work and life, the exchange of products, their material and spiritual activities.” Depending on the nature of the subject of management, there is control of the state (subject of control - state) and municipal administration (the subject of administration - the population of the municipality). more...

International standards of the right for the freedom of thought, conscience and religion as well as the corresponding case law of the European Court of Human Rights have not been sufficiently studied in the Ukrainian science of international public law. Contemporary researchers should have a clear understanding of what exactly comprises the catalog of international standards of this right, and how such standards are interpreted by the European Court. The Court in its 2014 decision S. A. S. v. France drew such a catalogue in a unique way. It is therefore important to analyze it for understanding and implementing this right. The understanding of standards of the right for the freedom of conscience and religion is not static. It is constantly developed by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The Court’s decision S. A. S. v. France is one of the most recent and, perhaps, most controversial decisions on Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, in which the Court drew a catalogue of such standards and gave its interpretation. The analysis of the most recent case law of the Court determines the actuality of this study. The purpose of the article is to make an analysis of the main standards of the right for the freedom of thought, conscience and religion in their interpretation by the European Court in its 2014 decision S. A. S. v. France. The article analyzes nine key standards of the right for the freedom of thought, conscience and religion as outlined in S. A. S. v. France decision. These are the principles that the Court examines each time while considering applications for violations of Article 9. From a researcher’s point of view S. A. S. v. France decision is both interesting and helpful, because here the Court dedicated a special section to the key principles which it had drawn in its previous case law. The difficulty and a controversial character of the decision prompted the Court to make a compilation of its former case law in order to justify its position. This make the decision extremely helpful to the researcher because it became a certain general commentary created by the Court, and which will be referred to as to the main list of rules and principles used by the Court in many years to come. more...

The article highlights building prerequisites that help to tackle problems related to the insufficient government communications and poor information provided to potential audiences in participatory democracies. The analysis has shown that many counties face the lack of strategic communications (both horizontal and vertical) and thus, create concerns about misunderstanding and bottlenecks in design and implementation of public policies. This problem expands when countries undergo rapid, systemic, fundamental changes, in particular due to the energy transition. Ukraine is not an exemption. Lack of real competition between MPA programs, pre-service and in-service training programs for public servants in Ukraine and poor quality of programs leave a niche for educational institutions to take the leading position. Hence, Kyiv Mohyla School of Governance (hereinafter – KMSGov) launched very specific and need oriented MPA program in Government Communications. The program was designed in close cooperation with Ukrainian public authorities and become client oriented. The program is innovative and one of a kind due to its integrity and consistency. It is student-centered and widely uses case studies, simulations and PBL techniques. In addition, the program consists of logically interconnected courses, which complement each other and provide broad pattern of particularities of evidence-based public policy design and implementation, public administration and management theory and practice, modern features of government communications and policy advocacy. Due to COVID restrictions and worldwide lockdown the Government Communication MPA program provided by KMSGov was fully transferred into on-line format without losing its quality. It became possible due modern information and communication technologies (tested in February-July 2020). The paper provides brief overview and main results of the analysis of the existing MPA programs and key particularities of the newly launched program. more...