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This study examined whether the exercise-increased extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHsp72) levels in rats was associated with body temperature elevation during exercise. In all, 26 female Sprague-Dawley rats (3 mo old) were assigned randomly to control (CON; n = 8), exercise under warm temperature (WEx; n = 9), or exercise under cold temperature (CEx; n = 9). The WEx and CEx were trained at 25[degrees]C or 4[degrees]C, respectively, for nine days using a treadmill. Before and immediately after the final exercise bout, the colonic temperatures were measured as an index of body temperature. The animals were subsequently anesthetized, and blood samples were collected and centrifuged. Plasma samples were obtained to assess their eHsp72 levels. Only the colonic temperature in WEx was increased significantly (P < 0.05) by exercise. The eHsp72 level in WEx was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of either the CON or CEx. However, no significant difference was found between CON and CEx. Regression analyses revealed that the eHsp72 level increased as a function of the body temperature. In another experiment, the eHsp72 level of animals with body temperature that was passively elevated through similar kinetics to those of the exercise was studied. Results of this experiment showed that mere body temperature elevation was insufficient to induce eHsp72 responses. Collectively, our results suggest that body temperature elevation during exercise is important for induction of exercise-increased eHsp72. In addition, the possible role of body temperature elevation is displayed when the exercise stressor is combined with it. running exercise; warm; cold; ELISA; stress proteins

Overexpression of heat shock protein (HSP)72 is associated with cardioprotection. Hyperthermia-induced HSP72 overexpression is attenuated with senescence. While exercise also increases myocardial HSP72 in young animals, it is unknown whether this effect is attenuated with aging. Therefore, we investigated the effect of aging on exercise-induced myocardial heat shock factor (HSF)-1 activation and HSP72 expression. Male Fischer-344 rats (6 or 24 mo) were randomized to control, exercise, and hyperthermic groups. Exercise consisted of 2 days of treadmill running (60 min/day, ~75% maximal oxygen consumption). Hyperthermia, 15 min at ~41[degrees]C (colonic temperature), was achieved using a temperature-controlled heating blanket. Analyses included Western blotting for myocardial HSP72 and HSF-1, electromobility shift assays for HSF-1 activation, and Northern blotting for HSP72 mRNA. Exercise and hyperthermia increased (P < 0.05) myocardial HSP72 in both young (>3.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively) and aged (>3- and 1.5-fold, respectively) animals. Both exercise and hyperthermic induction of HSP72 was attenuated with age. Myocardial HSF-1 protein, HSF-1 activation, and HSP72 mRNA did not differ with age. These data demonstrate that aging is associated with diminished exercise-induced myocardial HSP72 expression. Mechanisms other than HSF-1 activation and transcription of HSP72 mRNA are responsible for this age-related impairment. stress proteins; cardioprotection; heart; heat shock protein

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in protecting cells from a range of acute and chronic stressful conditions. Treadmill running exercise results in increased Hsp72 and Hsp25 levels in various tissues and heat production during exercise has been shown to be the main factor for the increased levels of Hsp72 in myocardium. Since the adrenal gland plays a vital role in general response to stress, regulation of Hsps in adrenal glands following stressful events seems to be critical for controlling the whole-body stress response appropriately. This study tested the hypothesis of whether elevation of temperature is solely responsible for exercise-induced adrenal Hsp72 and Hsp25 expression. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old) were randomly assigned to either a sedentary control group or one of two treadmill-running groups: a cold exercise group run in a cold room at 4 [degrees]C (CE), and a warm exercise group run at 25 [degrees]C temperature (WE). Animals were run 60 min a day at 30 m min.sup.-1 speed for 4 consecutive days following adaptation to treadmill exercise. Exercise resulted in a significant elevation of body temperature only in the WE group (p < 0.05). Adrenal Hsp72 and Hsp25 levels were significantly higher in the WE group compare to the other groups (p < 0.05). These data demonstrated that exercise-related elevations of body temperature could be the only factor for the inductions of adrenal Hsp72 and Hsp25 expression. Keywords: Hsp72, Hsp25, Cold exercise, Adrenal, Treadmill running, Author(s): Senay Akin[sup.1], Hisashi Naito[sup.2], Yuji Ogura[sup.2], Noriko Ichinoseki-Sekine[sup.2], Mitsutoshi Kurosaka[sup.2], Ryo Kakigi[sup.2] and Haydar A. Demirel[sup.1] Introduction Sustaining of homeostasis from molecular to physiological level is important for survival [...]

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Glucocorticoids are among the most prescribed drugs globally due to their potent anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Although they have positive effects on the treatment of various disease states; long‐term administration is associated with high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. The heart attempts to cope with increased blood pressure and a decrease in glucose utilization by developing pathological cardiac remodeling. However, in this process, cardiac fibrosis formation and deterioration in heart structure and functions occur. Galectin‐3, a member of the β‐galactoside binding lectins, is consistently associated with inflammation and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of various disease states including insulin resistance and heart failure. Galectin‐3 expression is markedly increased in activated macrophages and a subset of activated fibroblasts and vascular cells. Also, failing and remodeling myocardium show increased Gal‐3 expression and elevated Gal‐3 levels are related to heart failure severity and prognosis. Furthermore, Gal‐3‐related pathways are recently suggested as therapeutic targets both pharmacologically and genetically to increase insulin sensitivity in vivo. The objective of this review is to provide a summary of our current understanding of the role of glucocorticoid‐associated insulin resistance, which is important for some cardiac events, and the potential role of galectin in this pathophysiological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of prohibited substances in the world of sport, in and out of competition, is a major global problem. A number of similar studies have been conducted in other parts of the world that investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of athletes about doping. The results of those studies cannot entirely be extrapolated to elite Turkish athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate elite athletes' current knowledge of appropriate drug use, doping and use of supplements, and to explore the need for further education on these topics. A total of 202 Turkish athletes participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected through a questionnaire. A five-point Likert scale was used for questions. The most commonly used over-the-counter medications by athletes were painkillers (78.2%). A remarkable proportion of athletes considered painkillers (41.1%), protein powder (43.1%), and caffeine (41.1%) to be prohibited drugs. According to the athletes, physicians (84.6%) and coaches (78.6%) were the two most frequently used sources of information, and 87.6% of the athletes found the physician to be the most reliable source of information. Elite athletes have poor knowledge about doping in Turkey. There is an urgent need for educational anti-doping programmes to address the knowledge gaps observed amongst athletes in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spor Hekimligi Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine is the property of Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine / Spor Hekimleri Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spor Hekimligi Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine is the property of Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine / Spor Hekimleri Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spor Hekimligi Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine is the property of Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine / Spor Hekimleri Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/aim: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) application has gained widespread interest for musculoskeletal injuries. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are frequently used in sports medicine before and/or after PRP application. Our study seeks to determine whether serum levels of platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of PRP would be affected by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Materials and methods: Two different final concentrations of diclofenac (0.5 µg mL-1 and 2.5 µg mL--1), meloxicam (0.8 µg mL-1 and 2.0 µg mL-1), and acetylsalicylic acid (final concentration 450 µm) were obtained in separate tubes with PRPs prepared from 20 healthy male volunteers. Medicine-free PRP was the control group. Growth factors were measured using ELISA. Results: PDGF-AB and VEGF serum levels did not change with diclofenac, meloxicam, or acetylsalicylic acid addition. PDGF-AB and VEGF serum levels correlated with each other. Conclusion: Diclofenac, meloxicam, and acetylsalicylic acid did not affect PDGF-AB and VEGF serum levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that long durations of bed rest, limb immobilization, or reduced activity in respiratory muscles during mechanical ventilation results in skeletal muscle atrophy in humans and other animals. The idea that mitochondrial damage/ dysfunction contributes to disuse muscle atrophy originated over 40 years ago. These early studies were largely descriptive and did not provide unequivocal evidence that mitochondria play a primary role in disuse muscle atrophy. However, recent experiments have provided direct evidence connecting mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle atrophy. Numerous studies have described changes in mitochondria shape, number, and function in skeletal muscles exposed to prolonged periods of inactivity. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that increased mitochondrial ROS production plays a key signaling role in both immobilizationinduced limb muscle atrophy and diaphragmatic atrophy occurring during prolonged mechanical ventilation. Moreover, new evidence reveals that, during denervation- induced muscle atrophy, increased mitochondrial fragmentation due to fission is a required signaling event that activates the AMPK-FoxO3 signaling axis, which induces the expression of atrophy genes, protein breakdown, and ultimately muscle atrophy. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of future research to better understand the mitochondrial signaling mechanisms that contribute to disuse muscle atrophy and to develop novel therapeutic interventions for prevention of inactivity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the differential diagnoses and follow-ups of two cases of avulsion fractures and muscle strains. The first case involves a 15-year-old boy with left buttock pain experienced during normal daily activity. The second case involves a 17-year-old boy who presented with painless mass on the left groin appearing in the previous month.

Details a study on the effects of endurance exercise training on myocardial biochemical and physiological responses during in vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in the rat. Theoretical background; Methods; Results.

Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the difference between sole arch indices of adolescent basketball players and an age matched non-athletic group., Methods: This study was carried out in the Sports Education, Health and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey, between November 1998 and December 1998. In junior (16-18 years) categories 48 male basketball players and 45 age matched controls were included in the study. Body mass index and podoscopic sole images of subjects were recorded, and the arch index was calculated for each group., Results: The sole arch index has no difference between basketball players and controls. The right foot arch index of the control group was 59.62 +/- 23.26 and 56.74 +/- 17.21 in players (p=0.497). The left foot arch index was 54.54 +/- 23.72 in control groups and 55.13 +/- 17.33 in players (p=0.890). There was a significant negative correlation between sole arch index and training age in basketball players (r=-0.3312 for right sole arch index, p value is less than 0.05; r=-0.3056 for left sole arch index, p less than 0.05)., Conclusion: These results have shown that basketball might result in specific adaptation on sole arches of adolescent players.