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Currently, the strong involvement of young people in social media raises questions about potential multiplier effects on risks and opportunities for delinquent practices. It is not always easy to distinguish a harmless online action, an integral part of the social and relational experimentation typical of adolescence, from a fact that will constitute an unlawful act subject to judicial intervention. This article seeks to understand and discuss how the use of social media is materialized in the facts, defined as a crime by the criminal law, perpetrated by young people aged between 12 and 16, in the context of youth justice in Portugal. It is based on an exploratory analysis of qualitative information collected in a Family and Children Court from youth justice proceedings concerning 201 young people of both sexes. Just under a third of this population was proven to have been involved in unlawful acts using social media at three levels: planning/ organization, execution and dissemination. Multiple participation in social media is dominant. There is a significant overrepresentation of girls as perpetrators of unlawful acts, especially those involving a high degree of violence, embodying the online-offline continuum. Most of the analysed facts of both sexes have at their epicentre the perception that personal honour has been attacked and requires reparation. From there, it is a short step to violence, which can lead to a reconfiguration and exchange of roles between victim and aggressor, which is not always easy to prove. For both sexes, the relationships established in school dominate the interaction between aggressors-victims. More than the anonymity afforded by the digital, what stands out is the need for affirmation in public and/or semi-private space, and violent action is the catalyst to gain respect through the instant gratification offered by social media in an online-offline continuum embodying the “onlife” (Floridi, 2017) that characterizes the lives of young people today. Na atualidade, o forte envolvimento dos jovens em redes sociais suscita o questionamento sobre potenciais efeitos multiplicadores de riscos e oportunidades para práticas de delinquência. Nem sempre é simples distinguir uma ação online inofensiva, parte integrante da experimentação social/relacional típica da adolescência, de um facto que passa a constituir um ilícito passível de intervenção judicial. Este artigo procura conhecer e discutir como o uso de redes sociais se materializa nos factos qualificados pela lei penal como crime praticados por jovens, entre os 12 e os 16 anos, no quadro da justiça juvenil em Portugal. Recorre-se à análise exploratória de informação qualitativa recolhida em Tribunal de Família e Menores, nos processos tutelares educativos de 201 jovens, de ambos os sexos. Pouco mais de terço da população viu provado o envolvimento em ilícitos com recurso a redes sociais, em três níveis diferenciados: planeamento/organização, execução e disseminação. A participação múltipla em redes sociais é dominante. É significativa a sobrerrepresentação das raparigas enquanto autoras de ilícitos, especialmente com elevado grau de violência, num continuum online-offline. A maioria dos factos analisados, de ambos os sexos, tem no epicentro, a perceção de que a honra pessoal foi atingida e requer reparação. Daí ao ato violento é um passo curto, o que pode levar à reconfiguração e troca de papéis entre vítima e agressor, nem sempre fácil de provar. Para ambos os sexos, as relações criadas a partir da escola dominam a interação entre agressores-vítimas. Mais do que o anonimato que o digital pode proporcionar, transparece a necessidade de afirmação no espaço público e/ou semiprivado, constituindo a ação violenta o catalisador para ganhar respeito pela imediata gratificação, que as redes sociais oferecem, num continuum online-offline que dá corpo à “onlife” (Floridi, 2017) que caracteriza a vida dos jovens no presente.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio es comprender el sentimiento de inseguridad de estudiantes de secundaria de Mexicali. El estudio se basó en la Teoría Fundamentada. Se realizaron diez grupos focales, y los datos se analizaron mediante el software MAXQDA 12. Se encontró que el sentimiento de inseguridad se elabora a partir de condiciones contextuales, como sucesos delictivos en la colonia y otras zonas de la ciudad, actores vinculados a la delincuencia, experiencias de victimización y la participación de la policía en las comunidades. En su dimensión personal, el sentimiento de inseguridad, se vincula con un sentido de amenaza continua, miedo, restricción de movilidad y adopción de estrategias de protección. Se concluye que la dimensión personal del sentimiento de inseguridad permite comprender el impacto psicosocial de la delincuencia en jóvenes y su dimensión pública favorece la incorporación de sus voces en el diseño de políticas en materia de seguridad pública. Abstract: The aim of the study is to understand the feeling of insecurity of junior high school students in Mexicali. The study was based on Grounded Theory. Ten focus groups were performed, and the data was analyzed using MAXQDA software 12. It was found that the feeling of insecurity is elaborated from contextual conditions, such as criminal events in the neighborhood and other areas of the city, actors linked to crime, experiences of victimization and the participation of the police in the communities. In its personal dimension, the feeling of insecurity is linked to a sense of continuous threat, fear, restriction of mobility and the adoption of protection strategies. It is concluded that the personal dimension of the feeling of insecurity makes it possible to understand the psychosocial impact of delinquency in young people and its public dimension favors the incorporation of their voices in the design of public safety policies. Resumo: O objetivo do estudo é entender o sentimento de insegurança dos alunos do ensino médio de Mexicali. O estudo foi baseado na Teoria Fundamentada. Foram realizados dez grupos focais e os dados foram analisados no software MAXQDA 12. Verificou-se que o sentimento de insegurança é elaborado a partir de condições contextuais, como eventos criminosos no bairro e em outras áreas da cidade, atores ligados ao crime, experiências de vitimização e participação da polícia nas comunidades. Em sua dimensão pessoal, o sentimento de insegurança está vinculado a um sentimento de ameaça contínua, medo, restrição de mobilidade e adoção de estratégias de proteção. Conclui-se que a dimensão pessoal do sentimento de insegurança possibilita compreender o impacto psicossocial do crime nos jovens e sua dimensão pública favorece a incorporação de suas vozes no desenho de políticas de segurança pública.

Master's dissertation presented at ISPA – Instituto Universitário for the degree of Master in the specialty of Clinical Psychology. The literature shows us crime is - and has always been - a disproportionally male phenomenon. In recent years, the importance of understanding if and how masculinity is associated with maladjusted behaviors has risen notably. Accordingly, the main objective for this paper was to explore the association between conformity to masculine gender norms and deviant behavior. The secondary purpose was to explore the association between both negative and positive childhood experiences and deviant behavior. The sample consisted of 231 Portuguese adolescents of 18 and 19 years of age. Participants answered an online questionnaire that included four scales [Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Scale; Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) Scale; Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22) and Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS)] and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Experiences of adversity and conformity to masculine norms were both significantly positively associated with deviant behavior: [r = .341, p =

Mediation analysis has been confirmed as a very useful statistical tool in the social sciences, especially in school-related studies. This type of analysis was used in the present study to examine the mediating role of classroom climate (measured with the classroom environmental scale), categorized into three dimensions, namely involvement, affiliation, and teacher support, on the relationship between peer victimization and peer aggression. The participants consisted of 2011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17, SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia (Spain). Findings revealed a significant direct relationship of all the dimensions. They also revealed that teacher support was the only dimension that mediates in the relationship between peer violence and peer aggression. The results and their implications for improving classroom climate and school violence are discussed.

In the present project a systemic review was carried out to try to reveal if the is an association among three variables: "homelessness", "delinquency", and "mental health". First and foremost, it was imperative to find out if this was already a subject of investigation and if so, which conclusions were more persistent. Later, and with a carefully constructed algorithm applied to the PubMed data base, a number of already existing investigations were selected to analyze. Once the literature was selected it was time to filter through and see which one were going to serve the objective of this project, by which criteria of inclusion and exclusion were developed in order to be able to easily remove those that were not going to be of use. Finally with the articles read, conclusions were extracted in order to create a proper answer to the question "Is there an association among homelessness, delinquency and mental health?". En el present projecte s'ha dut a terme una revisió sistemàtica per saber si existeix una associació entre tres variables: "sense sostre", "delinqüència" i "salut mental". Primerament, era imperatiu que es busqués si ja hi havia investigacions al respecte i, en cas que sí, conèixer com s'havia tractat el tema i quines eren les conclusions establertes. Després es va construir amb un algoritme que pogués ser útil per trobar els articles que resultessin més adients per l'estudi. Un cop es va seleccionar la literatura que es tractaria es van desenvolupar criteris d'inclusió i exclusió per tal de poder descartar tots aquells articles que no aportessin informació suficient per l0objectiu del projecte. Finalment, un cop llegits els articles es van desenvolupar conclusions discutint els resultats d'aquelles investigacions prèviament realitzades i es va desenvolupar una conclusió pròpia.

Treball fi de màster de: Master's Degree in Specialized Economic Analysis Directors: Fernando Broner ; María Ptashkina ; Manuel Santana How does a sudden migrant crisis affect criminal activity, and through which mechanisms does this effect take place? We approach this topic by studying the effect of Venezuelan migration on crime rates in Colombia, in the context of the recent migrant crisis that made more than 1.2 million Venezuelans cross the border. Our study focuses on border provinces, where the presence of non-economic migrants is higher and potential assimilation problems could be exacerbated. Building on the fact that Venezuelan migration to Colombia is unrelated to economic outcomes in the latter, we are able to establish a causal effect. Our results show that Venezuelan forced migration had no significant effect on overall crime, but a positive and significant effect on personal theft. Particularly, there is an increase in Colombian and Venezuelan victimization rates, and an increase in the criminalization rates of Venezuelans. These results are robust to different specifications and controls and are reinforced by two placebo tests. ¿Cómo una crisis migratoria repentina afecta al crimen, y a través de qué mecanismos puede tener efecto? Estudiamos el efecto de la migración venezolana sobre las tasas de crimen en Colombia en el contexto de la reciente crisis migratoria que causó que más de 1.2 millones venezolanos cruzaran la frontera hacia Colombia. Nuestro estudio se centra en las provincias fronterizas, donde la presencia de inmigrantes por razones no económicas es más elevada y donde los potenciales problemas de asimilación pueden ser mayores. Considerando que la causa de esta ola migratoria no está relacionada con variables económicas en Colombia, podemos establecer causalidad. Nuestros resultados muestran que la ola de inmigración no tuvo efecto sobre el crimen total, pero sí un efecto positivo y significativo en las tasas de hurto a personas. En particular, muestran un incremento de las tasas de víctimas colombianas y venezolanas, y un incremento de las tasas de criminalidad de venezolanos. Estos resultados son robustos a diferentes especificaciones e inclusión de variables de control, y son reforzados por dos test de placebo.

RESUMEN El artículo se ocupa de la historia de la policía urbana de Santiago, específicamente de su accionar frente a la delincuencia que azotaba a la capital chilena del mil novecientos. A partir de fuentes como el archivo de la intendencia, prensa y revistas policiales, sigue los pasos de los agentes y guardianes de la recién creada Policía Fiscal, en su interacción con los denominados "rateros" y en su despliegue por las calles de la ciudad. Se sugiere que en el marco de una creciente especialización delictual, la Policía de Santiago no fue capaz de afirmar su autoridad, al carecer de un personal idóneo y respetado por la población, como también debido a los estrechos lazos de muchos de sus hombres con el mundo del delito. ABSTRACT The article examines the history of the urban police of Santiago, specifically its actions to combat the criminality that plagued the Chilean capital of the early 1900s. On the basis of sources like the governorship archive, the press, and police journals, it traces the interactions of the agents and guards of the recently created Fiscal Police with the so-called rateros (pickpockets), and examines their deployment throughout the city streets. The paper suggests that, within the framework of an increasing criminal specialization, the Santiago Police Force was unable to assert its authority. The causes of this were the lack of properly trained personnel, respected by the population, and the close ties of many staff members with the world of crime. RESUMO O artigo se ocupa da história da polícia urbana de Santiago, especificamente de seu agir diante da delinquência que acometia a capital chilena de 1900. A partir de fontes como o arquivo da intendência, imprensa e revistas policiais, segue os passos dos agentes e guardiães da recém criada Polícia Federal, em sua interação com os denominados "rateros" e em seu desdobramento pelas ruas da cidade. Sugere-se que, no âmbito de uma crescente especialização delitiva, a Polícia de Santiago não foi capaz de afirmar sua autoridade, ao carecer de um pessoal idôneo e respeitado pela população, bem como devido aos estreitos laços de muitos de seus homens com o mundo do delito.

Severe antisocial behaviour in adolescence is a matter of concern in every society, especially when it translates in juvenile delinquency that persists through adulthood. In this study, we asked a sample of 121 institutionalized male juvenile offenders (between 14 and 20 years old) to fill several self-report measures to understand young delinquents and their social and academic conditions, behaviour, and individual dispositions. Results reveal peculiarities on academic achievement, socioeconomic status and family size. Analysis confirmed the role of personality, self-concept, self-control and family environment on antisocial scores, especially psychoticism, neuroticism, social conformity, and family environment. Different behavioural subtypes reflect differences in psychoticism, antisocial behaviour and family environment. However, there were no correlations between antisocial tendency and age, school year or family size. Our paper contributes to existing knowledge that supports intervention approaches, stressing that, unlike age, school year or family size, different types of behaviour may require differentiated interventions. A questão dos comportamentos antissociais graves na adolescência é motivo de preocupação social, especialmente quanto se traduzem em delinquência juvenil que persiste pela idade adulta. No sentido de estudar as características de jovens delinquentes assim como as suas condições sociais e académicas e o seu comportamento e disposições individuais, foi solicitado o preenchimento de diversos questionários de autorrelato a uma amostra de 121 jovens delinquentes a cumprir medida de internamento em Centros Educativos (entre os 14 e os 20 anos de idade). Os resultados revelam particularidades relativamente ao percurso escolar, nível socioeconómico e estrutura familiar. As análises realizadas confirmaram o papel da personalidade, autoconceito, autocontrolo e ambiente familiar na tendência antissocial, destacando-se o papel do psicoticismo, neuroticismo, conformidade social e ambiente familiar. Foi ainda possível confirmar diferenças no psicoticismo, tendência antissocial e ambiente familiar entre jovens com diferentes tipos de comportamentos antissociais. Não foi, todavia, possível confirmar a existência de correlações entre tendências antissociais e idade, ano de escolaridade ou dimensão da fratria. Este estudo oferece um contributo adicional para defesa de diferentes abordagens interventivas, destacando que, apesar da uniformidade na tendência antissocial e disposições individuais em termos etários, escolares e familiares, indivíduos com comportamentos antissociais distintos poderão beneficiar de intervenções diferenciada. Fundação para a ciência e a Tecnologia( FCT) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

UID/SOC/04647/2013 SFRH/BPD/116119/2016 ? Neste texto promove-se a discussão sobre as origens da justiça juvenil nas sociedades ocidentais destacando-se as transformações ocorridas no sistema português. A análise sobre as relações entre justiça, direitos e instituições que enformam os diplomas legais e as práticas da justiça juvenil em Portugal têm de atender à forma como se evoluiu da representação do ‘menor’ culpado e da criança vítima para a de uma justiça ‘amiga’ das crianças que enquadra, no presente, a intervenção judicial. Nenhum princípio de justiça ancorado no Direito das Crianças e dos Jovens é, por si mesmo, absoluto quando transposto para a prática judiciária pelo que é indispensável compreender a sua evolução conceptual e identificar as mudanças ao longo dos tempos. publishersversion published

Cresce no Brasil a prevalência de jovens infratores, principalmente do gênero feminino. A literatura aponta para prevalências aumentadas de transtornos mentais entre esses jovens em vários países, mas no Brasil faltam estudos. O objetivo é avaliar a prevalência de transtornos mentais em adolescentes sob medida socioeducativa, considerando como hipótese sua diferença entre gêneros com base no tipo de delito cometido. O instrumento usado foi o K-SADS-PL. Como resultados, alta prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos entre adolescentes infratores, sendo os mais prevalentes: transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (33%), transtorno da conduta (77%), transtorno desafiador opositivo (50%), transtornos de ansiedade (70%), transtorno depressivo (50%), abuso de drogas ilícitas (70%) e abuso de álcool (52%). O abuso de álcool aumentou em 2,4 vezes a chance de um adolescente cometer delito violento. Esses dados sugerem às autoridades em saúde pública que tanto a detecção quanto o tratamento precoce de transtornos psiquiátricos na infância podem ajudar na prevenção de atos infratores. Sugerem também que o tratamento em saúde mental dos jovens sob custódia da lei deve ser parte fundamental da recuperação e da ressocialização deles.The prevalence of juvenile offenders in Brazil, mainly among young females, is on the increase. The literature on this issue indicates an increased incidence of mental disorders among young offenders in several countries, though studies in Brazil are lacking. The aim of this article is to study the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents from a socio-educational standpoint, taking as a hypothesis the gender difference and the type of offense committed. The instrument used was the K-SADS-PL. As results, we found a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among juvenile offenders, the most common being: attention deficit hhyperactivity disorder (33.3%); behavioral disorder (77%); oppositional defiant disorder (50%), anxiety disorders (70%), depressive disorder (50%), illicit drug abuse/dependence (70%), and alcohol abuse/dependence (52%). Alcohol abuse/dependence caused a 2.4-fold increase in the probability of adolescents committing a violent offence. Public health authorities should concentrate on early diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders in childhood to reduce future violations. It is also suggested that mental health treatment of detained juveniles should be a fundamental part of the recuperation and reintegration of young offenders into society.

Do último quartel do século XIX à I Guerra Mundial tecem-se importantes reflexões em torno da situação dos menores delinquentes e em perigo moral, problema complexo que envolveu na sua discussão uma elite internacional multidisciplinar. Essa reflexão fez-se também em Portugal, tendo conduzido a um conjunto de iniciativas visando o menor a proteger e o menor a corrigir. Analisa-se neste estudo a forma como, no contexto das realidades da cidade do Porto, foram geridas no terreno algumas das questões dos menores em risco, ou delinquentes. Uma análise contextualizada pelos discursos, produzidos concomitantemente, e por uma realidade social de grande peso, que procura contribuir para a historicização do problema dos menores delinquentes e em risco. Entre le dernier quart du XIXe siècle et la Ie Guerre Mondiale, la situation des mineurs délinquants ou en danger moral a suscité d’importantes réflexions. La discussion de ce problème complexe a réuni une élite internationale multidisciplinaire. Cette réflexion a aussi été menée au Portugal et a débouché sur un ensemble d’initiatives visant le mineur à protéger et le mineur à corriger. À partir du cas de la ville de Porto, cet article analyse la manière dont furent gérées sur le terrain certaines mesures concernant les mineurs à risque ou les délinquants. Cette étude, replacée dans le contexte des discours produits à l’époque et d’une réalité sociale très marquée, cherche à contribuer à l’historisation du problème des mineurs délinquants et à risque. From the last quarter of the 19th Century to World War I, important reflections were produced around the situation of the juvenile delinquents and in moral danger, a complex problem that included in its discussion an international multidisciplinal elite. This reflection was also produced in Portugal, leading to a set of initiatives aiming at the juvenile to be protected and to be corrected. This study analyses, in the context of the reality of the city of Oporto, how some of the questions were managed in the field of the juveniles in risk, or delinquents. Speeches are analysed in the context of the same time, all of them produced in a heavy weight social reality, which contributes to the history making of the juvenile delinquents in risk.

In this thesis, I draw on these theoretical models from the criminological literature and on the empirical tools from the field of economics to analyze crime from the perspective of economics. I use the city of Barcelona, known worldwide for its ability to attract tourists, as my area of study. To the best of my knowledge, no similar crime research has previously been undertaken in this city and, therefore, the results of this thesis should provide interesting outcomes for policy makers.. In Chapter 2, entitled "Should football teams be taxed? Determining crime externalities from football matches", I begin by demonstrating the economic importance of Football Club Barcelona. I then analyze the effect of Football Club Barcelona matches on crime from a spatial perspective. That is, I first evaluate the effect of the number of spectators on crime (thefts and assaults) by comparing crime rates on match days, both home and away, and days that are very similar in all other characteristics apart from the fact that no match has been played. I analyze two types of crime given that their determinants are likely to be very different: first, I focus on thefts, where the concentration of people in space and time may introduce incentives, or reduce costs, to potential offenders; and, second, I focus on assaults (fights and brawls in the main), whose drivers would appear to be more closely related to hooliganism, i.e., unlawful behavior related to football matches, such as fights, drunken disorder or damage to the belongings/property of others. In the next step, I analyze the impact of a football match on the spatial distribution of crime, by carrying out an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) of the census tracts around the stadium on football match days and on days free of football. Employing econometric models that account for the positive skewed distribution and the over dispersion of the data (e.g. negative binomial regressions), I analyze how the scheduling of a football match can modify the distribution of crime in the city of Barcelona. In the case of thefts, the results indicate an increase in the number of crimes for the whole city of Barcelona on home match days, especially, in those census tracts that are within a 1-km radius of the stadium. This suggests that despite the increase in the number of police officers deployed around the stadium, pick pockets are attracted to crowds where the rewards are likely to be higher and the probability of being detained lower. These results are confirmed by the placebo test that shows a lower number of crimes are recorded in the census tracts around the stadium when Football Club Barcelona plays away. In the case of assaults, a similar spatial pattern to that described for thefts is found, although the overall impact for the whole city is not significant. This result suggests that there is a marked displacement effect towards the census tracts around the football stadium from other parts of the city. This phenomenon would seem to reflect the hooliganism that is present in and around most football stadiums in Spain. As such, the results obtained in this chapter provide public administrations with the opportunity to raise their revenue levels by taxing the crime externalities generated by football teams. In Chapter 3, entitled "How time shapes crime: the displacement effects of football matches in the city of Barcelona", I purposefully omit the spatial dimension of crime in order to focus on the temporal. I begin by undertaking an analysis of the temporal profile of crime for the city of Barcelona. That is, I carry out a very specific analysis of different types of crime and their unique temporal patterns. I specifically observe temporal crime patterns on a daily, weekly and monthly basis to determine whether they actually follow a clear pattern over time. I then conduct an hourly analysis to examine the impact of a major event, in this case a football match, on different types of crime. The results show that the football matches played by Football Club Barcelona reduce the levels of certain types of crime during the period of the game due to the incapacitation effect, i.e., potential criminals are incapacitated by the fact of their watching the game. Moreover, I find a reduction in those crimes typically reported only by the police, including driving crimes and drug consumption, due to what I identify as a substitution effect, i.e., police officers substitute their duty of reporting crimes for that of safeguarding citizen security. The consequence is an apparent fall in these types of crime, although the reality may be quite different. Finally, the results also show that in the hours leading up to a game and in the hours following the final whistle there appears to be significant increases in certain types of crime such as pick pocketing and violent crimes. Chapters 2 and 3 give more evidence on the determinants of crime and specifically on crime behavior modifications (as regards both time and place displacements) attributable to major events such as football matches. The results obtained provide police agencies with a better understanding of the way in which criminals shift their decisions regarding the commission of crimes in relation to major events: on the one hand, when criminals decide to commit their crimes on days when a football match is being played; and, on the other, where criminals choose to commit these crimes on match days. Placing these results into the context of public economics, football matches generate negative externalities in the form of higher levels of crime, which serves as a justification for policy makers to find new ways of financing the public sector and compensating the costs of these events. Moreover, and given that tackling crime is one of the main goals of police agencies, Chapters 2 and 3 also shed light on criminal behavior. Specifically, the results reported in these chapters help understand the way in which criminals modify their target preferences (both in terms of time and space) and, therefore, how the police might best deploy police officers in time and space. However, since the early eighties there has been an increasing interest among police officers to ensure that that people not only feel safer, but that they have an enhanced perception of their own safety (Cordner, 2010). Thus, the reduction of the fear of crime has been a major objective of the police given its impact on individuals’ well-being. For instance, a robbery not only has an impact on the victim itself, it also affects the individuals that witness the act (and those who subsequently know about it) since they are likely to feel unsafe and to modify their behaviour accordingly. Networking and social interactions can spread this insecurity among individuals consequently affecting individuals’ well-being. If the authorities are incapable of ensuring that people perceive their personal integrity as being guaranteed and that they live in a safe environment, public efforts and resources devoted to crime prevention and control may well not be assessed as fulfilling their primary objectives. In this sense, assessing the determinants of fear of crime and of crime risk perception are crucial for the public sector as they tackle the potential negative effects on individuals’ well-being. Community policing is the policy that has been used since the early eighties in an attempt at assessing crime risk perception determinants as well as the potential factors that may reduce crime. It consists of a more human approach to society as the police seek to get closer to the real problems and fears of the citizens. The level of crime risk perception is not only determined by crime or individual characteristics such as gender or age, but also by the characteristics of the neighborhoods. The broken window thesis (Wilson and Kelling, 1982) links three important concepts in neighborhoods: disorder, fear and crime. Specifically, this thesis states that the link between the three concepts may start with a minor disorder such as a broken window. If left unchecked, it will generate the perception that no one cares about it. Hence, this minor disorder may generate increasing levels of fear. Levels of distrust among the neighbours consequently rise and they start to behave differently - staying at home more and socializing less with each other. In turn, this leads to a reduction in natural surveillance permitting further disorder and minor crimes. In sum, crime risk perception is known to be an important determinant of individuals’ well-being. Therefore, it is crucial, especially for governments, to understand its determinants and those (public) policies that can reduce it. Among those policies, public resources devoted to police forces emerge as a key instrument not only to tackle criminal activity but also to impact on citizenship crime risk perception. In this framework, the aim of Chapter 4, entitled "When police patrols matter. The effect of police proximity on citizens' crime risk perception", is precisely to analyze the determinants (both individual and neighborhood) of citizens’ crime risk perception for the city of Barcelona focusing on the effect of police proximity and taking into account spatial aspects of neighborhood characteristics. We measure, according to the main theoretical theories, how the simplest contact of a police officer with citizens’ can affect their level of crime risk perception. In this sense, we analyze how police policies consisting of an approach to citizens, may be effective in terms of reducing peoples’ crime risk perception. After controlling for possible problems of endogeneity of police forces and crime risk perception and the potential sorting of individuals across neighborhoods, our results show that crime risk perception is reduced when non-victims (randomly) interact with police forces. Moreover, neighborhood variables, such as proxies for social capital and for the level of incivilities, as well as individual characteristics have an impact on individuals’ crime risk perception., La tesis titulada 'Essays on the economics of crime: Determinants of crime in an urban context' tiene el objetivo de analizar los principales determinantes de la delincuencia en el contexto urbano. En concreto, analiza en profundidad los efectos de los partidos de fútbol jugados por el Fútbol Club Barcelona en la delincuencia con un objetivo tanto de análisis espacial como temporal. Adicionalmente, se analiza otra dimensión de la delincuencia: la percepción del delito. Para tales objetivos, se divide la tesis en 3 principales capítulos que reflejan 3 artículos que pueden ser leídos de forma separada o conjunta. En el primer capítulo, se analiza el efecto que los partidos de fútbol tiene sobre la distribución espacial de la delincuencia en la ciudad de Barcelona. Para tal objetivo, se utiliza una base de datos que por una parte, contiene todos los partidos de fútbol jugados por el F.C.B (tanto los jugados en casa como los jugados en otros campos de fútbol). Adicionalmente, y como gran novedad, se utiliza una base de datos única en España que contiene todos los delitos registrados por los Mossos de Esquadra i la Guardia Urbana desde 2007 a 2011 con información específica de donde han ocurrido, cuando han ocurrido y de que tipología delictiva se trata. Esta base de datos, permite realizar un análisis primero para el conjunto de toda la ciudad de Barcelona, y luego para aquellas secciones censales cercanas al estadio del Campo del F.C.B. La metodología utilizada consiste en un análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales mediante funciones de densidad de Kernel y la comparación de estos valores cuando existen partidos de fútbol jugados en casa y fuera de casa. De forma adicional, se añade un análisis de regresión que consiste en una primera estimación con datos de serie temporal a nivel de día para analizar los efectos de los partidos de fútbol sobre los hurtos y los delitos violentos en toda la ciudad de Barcelona. A continuación, también se realiza una estimación espacial que consiste en la estimación del efectos de los partidos de fútbol sobre los delitos violentos y sobre los hurtos a nivel de sección censal y día. En el segundo capítulo de la tesis, se realiza un análisis de los efectos de los partidos de fútbol sobre el desplazamiento de hasta 8 tipologías delictivas en la ciudad de Barcelona. El análisis se realiza mediante los datos descritos anteriormente. La metodología utilizada consiste tanto en un análisis descriptivo de todas las tipologías delictivas al nivel de hora, día, semana y mes, como en un análisis de regresión a nivel hora de los efectos de los partidos de fútbol sobre el desplazamiento de los delitos en el tiempo. Los resultados reflejan que ciertas tipologías delictivas parecen aumentar después del partido de fútbol mientras que otras, como el consumo de substancias estupefacientes y los delitos contra la seguridad vial, parecen disminuir. Finalmente, el último capítulo analiza, mediante datos de la encuesta de victimización de Barcelona, que determina la percepción del delito de los individuos. Analizo desde los determinantes individuales como sexo, edad, nacionalidad o renta, hasta los determinantes de barrio. Es decir, variables relacionadas con el entorno de orden y del aspecto del barrio. Finalmente, en este mismo capítulo se analiza como el simple contacto con la policía puede incrementar o disminuir el nivel de percepción del delito. La metodología utilizada es un análisis multinivel logístico que tiene en cuenta tanto el orden de la variable dependiente como las variables independientes a dos niveles.

This article investigates the location logic of petty larcenies and mugging with violence and intimidation, for the period: 2008-2011, in three intermediate cities of Catalonia. The aim is to validate and fine-tune previously-formulated hypotheses on crimes which follow patterns of a structural nature, that is, which have a tendency towards territorial stability linked to urban features and functions. These crimes have been compared with crimes against public order and assaults. This study has enabled a definition of the type of areas that attract and stabilise such phenomena; this makes possible consideration of the characteristics of public space that can favour the citizen's sense of securit

Este trabajo presenta una elaboración analítica de la dinámica de las familias de los menores que en su vida cotidiana vivencian problemas psicosociales, tales como la explotación sexual y la delincuencia. El resultado es un producto analítico de confrontación e integración, respecto a los procesos de investigación con las familias de dichos menores en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia. Para contextualizar el objeto de estudio, se hace mención especial a la estructura familiar que, como marco de referencia, permite la comprensión de cómo se organizan las familias, cuáles son los papeles que desempeñan sus miembros, cómo se estructuran sus jerarquías, cómo definen sus límites y cómo conciben el manejo de su crecimiento tanto individual como familiar. Se señala como característica de estas familias su conformación monoparental y, al tiempo, numerosa; es decir, que se encuentran estructuradas sobre la base de la existencia de una sola figura parental, asumida por un adulto o, en ocasiones, por un menor que cumple sus funciones y, además, estas familias están conformadas por un grupo relativamente grande de individuos que incluye figuras tales como abuelos y abuelas, padres y madres, hijos, nietas y personas acogidas. Así, el sistema familiar es marcado por la descomposición y la desintegración que no facilitan el establecimiento de patrones de comunicación, de normas, de límites y de lazos afectivos adecuados. Esta forma de organización de la institución familiar obstaculiza la reconfiguración de las herramientas necesarias para que cualquier ser humano logre un desarrollo integral. É feita uma elaboração analítica da dinâmica das familias dos menores de idade que, na sua vida quotidiana, experimentam problemas psicossociais tais como a exploração sexual e a delinqüência. O resultado é um produto analítico de confrontação e integração a respeito dos processos de pesquisa com as familias de tais menores de idade na cidade de Barranquilla, Colômbia. Com a finalidade de contextualizar o objeto de estudo, é feita uma menção especial da estrutura familiar, a qual, como marco referencial, permite a compreensão a respeito de como as familias se organizam, quais os papeis desempenhados pelos seus membros, como se estruturam as suas hierarquías, como são definidos os seus limites e como concebem o manejo do su crescimento tanto individual como familiar. Finalmente, cabe ressaltar como característica destas familias, a sua conformação monoparental e, ao mesmo tempo, numerosa. Elas encontram-se estruturadas sobre a base da existência de uma só figura parental, assumida por um adulto ou, em algumas ocasiões, por um menor de idade que cumpre com essas funções. Fora esse fato, estas familias estão 3 conformadas por um grupo de individuos que inclui figuras tais como avós e avôs, pais e mães, filhos, netos e pessoas acolhidas. Assim, o sistema familiar é marcado pela decomposição e a desintegração que, alternadamente, dificultam o estabelecimento de padrões de comunicação, de normas, de limites e de laços afetivos adequados. Esta forma de organização da instituição familiar obstaculiza a reconfiguração das ferramentas necessarias para que qualquer ser humano logre um desenvolvimento integral. This paper presents an analytical approach to the dynamics of families of children and teenagers who experience psychosocial problems like sexual exploitation and delinquency. The result of this work comes from confronting and integrating research processes on the families of those minors in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. In order to provide a contextual framework for the object of study, the authors center on the key concept of family structure, through which one may understand in what way those families are organized, the role of each one of its members, the clan hierarchy, the setting of limits, and the managing of individual and family growth. It is evidenced that one of the central characteristics of these families is that, in a majority of cases, they are simultaneously mono-parental and numerous; that is, they are constructed on the base of the existence of only one parental figure assumed by an adult or, on occasion, by a minor who fulfills that function, and, besides, they are formed by a relatively large group of individuals that includes grandparents, parents, children, grandchildren and resident acquaintances. In this way, the family system is characterized today by decomposition and disintegration, which provide obstacles to the build-up of communication channels, norms, limits and suitable affective relationships. This form of organization of family institutions bars the reconstitution of necessary personal and social tools that would allow human beings to develop in an integral way.

Coimbra, no inicio do Seculo XX, era uma cidade muito dinâmica na discussao das ideias pedagogicas. Estava nesse tempo muito bem ligada com a ciencia pedagogica que se fazia por todo o mundo. Havia dois jornais pedagogicos que discutiam a profissao e a tecnologia educativa. Notava-se ja a presenca das ideias da Escola Nova, que estava ligada ao estudo dos desvios da normalidade psicologica. Decroly era bem conhecido e renascia entre nos uma Pedagogia Especial a partir da analise e diagnostico das deficiencias, obrigando a mudanca do paradigma pedagogico. Esse processo era mais evidente no ensino dos cegos e dos surdos, mas criou ainda a necessidade social de proteccao dos delinquentes, que eram tambem criancas e jovens em risco moral. Tudo mostrava Portugal como um pais avancado e pioneiro numa pedagogia especial. Foi o que infelizmente um novo tempo politico veio obstaculizar, mas isso e ja o tema de outra investigacao. Abnormal education as a chief interest in Coimbra and Portugal in the beginning of the XX Century Abstract In the first years of the XX Century, Coimbra was a very dynamic town in the social and scientific discussion of pedagogical ideas. Coimbra is well linked to an already Global Education Science. In Coimbra, there were two pedagogical journals which discussed not only the teaching profession, but also pedagogical theory and educational practices. We can already see Escola Nova ideas well-linked to the psychological and sociological research about deviance to normal behaviour. Decroly was well-known among us and with him a Special Pedagogy was updated through the analysis and diagnosis of disabilities and handicaps in children and young people, leading to a new educational paradigm. The uprising of a new educational process is clear not only in education of blind and deaf children, but also in the creation of a social protection to the young people, sometimes delinquent or people with only some moral and/or criminal deviance, that are also children and young at moral risk. At that time, Portugal could be seen as a pioneer and an advanced country in Special Education. Unfortunately, a new political era is coming, putting barriers to this future. But this is another idea for a new research.

Fear of crime is one of the most important problems in our cities, even in low-crime rate areas. The aim of this paper is to provide evidence of the issues involved in the perceived risk of victimization and fear of crime in these contexts using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique. Five hundred and seventy-one people living in a working-class neighborhood of Barcelona answered a 45-item questionnaire including the following 7 constructs: perception of insecurity, previous threat experiences, social representations of insecurity, personal control and coping skills, potential aggressors, urban identity, and perceived environmental quality. Findings confirm the theoretical model, in which fear of crime is structurally related to: a) environmental features, b) personal variables, and c) social representation of unsafe places. In addition, we found that the role of social aspects is as important as that of environmental and psychological ones. Residential satisfaction and urban social identity appear as relevant variables.

This project is defined in the broad field of the socio-spatial Criminology, particularly it tries to test three main theories: social disorganization, collective efficacy and routine activities theory. Many studies tried testing these theories and the results are indeterminate. However, in my opinion these three theories could have explanatory capacity in determine the crime rate in a particular place. For this reason, this research has tried to look for the best explanation of crime in a certain location. Nevertheless, not only one theory could explain the phenomenon but also the mix of them. Moreover, I developed the same research in two different cities of two different countries to test if the results in both cities are the same, despite the many social and cultural differences.

El presente artículo describe y analiza el modus operandi y el proceso de toma de decisiones de una muestra de asaltantes de viviendas en territorio español. Mediante un análisis cualitativo de las entrevistas realizadas a 15 presos en el centro penitenciario de Ponent (Lleida, España), se corroboran en una muestra de personas condenadas (la mayoría de ellos de nacionalidad española) las principales conclusiones a las que ha llegado la investigación criminológica comparada en materia de robo en casa habitada. El análisis que se realiza a lo largo del estudio, primero en España en basarse en entrevistas a asaltantes de viviendas, se enmarca en las principales asunciones de las teorías de la oportunidad aplicadas a asaltantes de viviendas. Mediante la información aportada por las entrevistas se muestra cómo la Teoría de las Actividades Rutinarias y la Teoría de la Elección Racional gozan de una enorme capacidad explicativa cuando se aplican a este tipo de hechos delictivos, ayudando significativamente a comprender el comportamiento delictivo. Asimismo, los resultados apuntan, de forma consistente con las investigaciones previas, orientaciones precisas para una mejora en las medidas de prevención situacional y en la labor policial. Junto a ello, se sugieren nuevas líneas de trabajo para futuras investigaciones en nuestro país. The present article describes and analyzes the process of the modus operandi and decision making in a sample of burglars. Through a qualitative analysis of the interviews undertaken to 15 inmates in the state prison of Ponent (Lleida, Spain), the main findings reached by comparative criminological research in burglary are corroborated in a sample of burglars (most of them Spanish). This study, which is pioneer in Spain because of the methodology applied, is framed within the main assumptions of the so called opportunity theories in its application to burglars. The findings show that Routine Activity Theory and Rational Choice Theory are fully operating when applied to these crimes significantly helping to understand the criminals’ behavior. The findings also provide, in accordance with previous research, precise orientation for an improvement in situational prevention measures and policing. In addition these findings open new ways for future research in our country. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Setting the Watch comes to give answers to such kind of privacy issues, which are necessarily growing in a digital era. Technology makes the process of setting the watch a significantly more relevant element of analysis. In her book, Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen examines in depth the core concept of privacy in public space. By dealing with CCTV’s impact on privacy interests in public space, the author analyses a range of legal and ethical issues around the conflict between public interests in implementing public CCTV on the one hand and claims relating to an individual’s privacy interests on the other. Through her very well-written book, she shows the reader how in our society the demands for knowledge and control to advance public welfare often conflict with the private interests of the individual in relation to their secrecy, seclusion and anonymity (p. 12). info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion