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International audience; Since Tuan's seminal work on sense of place (Tuan 1990 [first ed. 1974]), there has been increased focus on place-based approaches and place-related values. While understanding the complex origins of such value in places remains a challenging issue, there is now widespread acceptance of the idea that recreational sites are not just about functional (either natural or man-made) attributes, but are also made up of unique socio-spatial recreational qualities. In the broad field of social sciences, there has been significant work done in disciplines such as environmental psychology, environmental philosophy, sociology or geography (Farnum, Hall et al. 2005). In comparisons, economics seems at a distance. In this paper, we take a first step towards the introduction of more place-based perspectives into the field of outdoor recreation economics. To do so, we look at the possibilities of coupling two conceptual traditions, as synthesized by a dual definition of "proximity".

Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas (MMV9), Bordeaux, FRA, 29-/08/2018 - 31/08/2018; It is our pleasure to welcome you to the 9th international Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas (MMV9) with a program including keynote speeches, organized and poster sessions, a half-day field trip, social events and post conference trips. This is the first time that France has hosted an MMV Conference. Our country is ranked as the world's top tourist destination, thanks largely to its culture, art, and gastronomy, as well as popular cities such as Paris and Bordeaux. On the other hand, France's potential as a destination for outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism is not hugely publicized, despite its many unique features in this respect: varied climate and natural assets (shoreline, mountains, lakes, and forests), large expanses of countryside, and a network of protected natural areas, to name but a few. France's protected areas are often free to access for the general public. However, in contrast with other countries, nature conservation in specific areas is much less widespread. Where it does take place, it is often centered on territories that are perceived to be "attractive", and where many conflicting activities are practiced. This may be one of the reasons why contractual tools and regional park systems are quite popular in France. The MMV Conference offers an excellent opportunity to discuss the situation in France in greater depth. The theme proposed for the conference was "recreation, place and local development". This reflects our assumption that recreational areas are not just physical assets designed to receive visitors for the purpose of leisure - which in itself would already be something of great importance - but that they reflect deeper social phenomena, as demonstrated through the range of organized sessions dedicated to discussing questions such as environmental education and economic development, but also emerging themes such as social integration, community resilience, environmental justice, and health. The traditional topics covered by MMV Conference reflect an evolving society: with innovations in monitoring techniques (both on people and nature), focus on new populations (Y generation, ethnic minority) and a larger concern for individual engagement and participative management. The 9th Edition of MMV is co-hosted by Irstea and BSA. This would not have been possible without significant contributions from a large number of additional partners and sponsors as well as our national scientific and organizing committee. We would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for their help. After two years of planning, we are proud to announce that we have more than 160 presentations from 30 countries, meaning that the conference will host over 200 participants from across the globe. We are honored that the International Steering Committee has given us the opportunity to be part of this great MMV community, which organized its first meeting in 2002. We hope you will enjoy the conference as much as we enjoyed organizing it. If you can't be with us in person, we hope that you will enjoy reading our publications.

International audience

International audience; Managing outdoor recreation requires close coordination between stakeholders. This leads to a more complicated situation, because the majority of stakeholders involved do not know each other well. Better integration of visitors into the management process calls for a fundamental change in the way, conceptual and practical models are designed. To this end, we propose an original analytical framework, inspired by the fields of economics and geography, based on various definitions of proximity.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM1-REPRO [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM1-REPRO; International audience; Tourism and recreation hardly represent new study topics. In fact, they are the subject of a large number of books, scientific and technical journals, as well as conferences. Most of the social science disciplines have dealt with tourism and recreation at some time or another via research or academic teaching. Analysis tools are also becoming increasingly sophisticated while sources of information are constantly expanded. In this context, the emergence of digital technology and of the Internet opens up new perspectives, the scope of which is yet to be fully grasped (new survey and data collection protocols, refinement of models, geo-location of trips, interactions between researchers and users, and so on). This proliferation of initiatives is an undeniable source of learning, and undoubtedly improves our understanding of the phenomena at play. However, we have to ask ourselves whether these innovations risk artificially isolating the subject of our study by cutting it off – more or less durably – from other social phenomena. Statistical observatories, for example, still sometimes make the distinction between ‘tourists’ (who spend at least one night away from their homes) and ‘day trippers’ (who pursue their activities on the same day), whereas a same person may choose freely between these two types of travel . Similarly, concerning analyses in terms of ‘industry’ (the purpose of which is to retrace the entire ‘chain’ of stakeholders involved in the creation and supply of a product), there may well be a risk of overlooking the connections between the territories and the ‘non-tourism’ stakeholders who work on their behalf, such as local authorities, natural area managers, farmers and foresters. That is why we have decided to blend perspectives on the broad topic of tourism and recreation. The book is divided into four sections: 1) location factors of tourism and recreation; 2) users and stakeholders; 3) local and regional impacts of recreational activities; and 4) foreign perspectives on French tourism and recreation issues.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM3-ECOPRA; International audience; The chapter is structured as follows. Firstly, we will recall the main economic principles which, until now, have governed entrance fees to natural arcas, drawing attention to the issue of demand analysis in the process. Next, we will look back at a series of studies that have sought to establish new foundations to explain tourists' willingness to contribute. We will conclude by looking at the various opportunities offered by the consideration of non-economic motivations in the analysis of tourists' behaviour.

International audience; Ce chapitre se propose de mettre en perspective les situations de stations françaises et suisse, en termes de modalités de gouvernance. En analysant les conditions d'émergence des stations, leur mode de fonctionnement actuel et la spécificité du contexte politique, les auteurs constatent une gouvernance très fragmentée des stations dans les deux pays. Ils s'interrogent sur cette base, à la capacité des stations suisses et françaises à pouvoir répondre aux enjeux de demain.

The primary objective of this report is to assess the current FOREST EUROPE Indicator 6.10 and to make recommendations to improve the reporting of the indicator. The report also considers recreation monitoring to better understand the reasons behind the difficulties in reporting this FOREST EUROPE indicator. The second objective is to identify means to improve monitoring of Indicator 6.10, and assess the use of recreation indicators in selected European countries as a means to identify best practice in terms of a stable standard and quality of measurements, which are comparable across European countries and over time. The report is the result of the work by a small group of experts, mainly researchers, from Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, France and the UK.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM3-ECOPRA; International audience; The first part proposes an analytical Framework for the tourism enhancement of the heritage, which deals with the complexity of the economic décisions relating to this aim, highlighting various types of possible and actual economic initiatives and their various meanings. Our approach draws on the economics of conventions in order to understand the various synergies possible between the heritage and tourism dynamics within a given territory. The second part présents an analysis of the tensions between the various possible trajectories for the specific case of the estuary islands which are the subjects of natural heritage policies, while representing an important site of cultural heritage.

International audience; Dans le contexte actuel d' « écologisation de la pensée » (Kalaora 2001), la portée cognitive et normative de l’écologie est considérablement renforcée. Selon une approche sociologique « pragmatiste », cet article traite de l’articulation entre l’écologisation - envisagée comme recadrage cognitif et normatif - avec des loisirs de nature largement « sportivisés » (kayak, chasse sous-marine, chasses). Les terrains d’étude sont deux terrains littoraux français (le bassin d’Arcachon et les Calanques de Marseille). Les liens entre sportivisation et écologisation apparaissent éminemment ambigus. Nos matériaux permettent bien de repérer des « troubles » environnementaux chez certains usagers, au sens où l’entendent les auteurs pragmatistes. Mais quelle que soit l’activité, ceux-ci sont toujours minoritaires par rapport à leur communauté de pratique, et ce malaise ne conduit pas de manière systématique à une « enquête » collective. Ils conduisent le plus souvent à une écologisation « pour soi ». Plus rarement, l’écologisation peut être « militante », c’est-à-dire portée par un acteur ou une poignée d’individus à l’instar d’entrepreneurs de cause, sensibilisant leurs pairs, enquêtent et militent pour faire figurer les préoccupations écologiques parmi les « motifs » des adeptes de loisirs de nature. Les usagers qui résistent à des normes écologiques perçues comme extérieures à leur espace de jeu ne s’opposent pas seulement à un règlement ou à une norme particulière, ils défendent également un espace-temps qu’ils imaginent libératoire et inversé par rapport à celui de leur quotidien. Pour comprendre les différentes trajectoires possibles, il apparaît nécessaire de repérer les acteurs et les réseaux porteurs du cadre cognitif et normatif écologique en tenant compte des normes en vigueur dans ces communautés de pratiques, qui peuvent lui être opposées.

In rural areas, tourism development dynamics are explained by classic locations factors such as amenity endowment or accessibility, but also by sociological features and stakeholder organization capacity. This chapter presents an analysis of the latter using social capital theory. The chapter has four separate sections. The first part presents an analytical framework. It starts with a summary of the reference work conducted on social capital, and of the work dealing with this concept while introducing a territorial aspect. It then goes on to propose transposing this analytical framework to tourism. The rest of the chapter illustrates the influence of individual social capital on tourism development and, in particular, on tourism entrepreneurship via an empirical analysis. The data and methods are presented in the second part of the chapter. The third section presents and discusses the empirical results. Lastly, the conclusion underscores both the benefits of this research and its limitations, before rounding off by opening up new avenues for research., Au sein des espaces ruraux, le développement du tourisme peut s'expliquer par des facteurs de localisation classiques, tels que les dotations en aménité ou l'accessibilité, mais aussi par des caractéristiques sociologiques et la capacité d'organisation des acteurs locaux. Ce chapitre aborde l'influence de ces dernières en mobilisant les théories du capital social. Le chapitre comporte quatre sections distinctes. La première section est consacrée à la présentation d'une grille d'analyse. Dans un premier temps, elle propose une synthèse des travaux de référence sur le capital social et de ceux qui abordent cette notion avec une entrée territoriale. Dans un second temps, elle propose une transposition de ce cadre d'analyse au cas du tourisme. La suite du chapitre illustre, à travers une analyse empirique, l'influence du capital social individuel sur le développement du tourisme et plus particulièrement sur l'entrepreneuriat touristique. Les données et les méthodes sont présentées dans la deuxième section du chapitre. La troisième section présente les résultats empiriques et les discute. Enfin, la conclusion souligne les apports d'une telle étude mais aussi ses limites et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.

The cross-cutting nature of tourism makes it a prime field for examining the relationships between a socio-economic (multi-)sector activity and territorial regulations. A tourism destination is a complete package combining a supply of accommodation, recreation, transport and other services. It involves a large and highly diverse range of stakeholders. Some of them are important for the activity, for example because of a resource that they control, although they do not have a specific tourism rationale. The purpose of this paper is to give a managerial view of this complex system, i.e., focused on issues of action, organisation and strategy: how to design and manage collective and integrated action in this field of destination operation? This article focuses on the place of stakeholders in tourism destination management models in general. It also places special emphasis on the territorial aspects of tourism and the way in which sectoral and territorial stakeholders interact. It establishes the respective legitimacies and roles of these two types of stakeholders as well as that of a unifying stakeholder, the “Organisme Local de Tourisme” (OLT, Local Tourism Organisation). The French “Parcs Naturels Régionaux” (PNR, Regional Natural Parks), in their role as territorial organisations with specific, multi-sector tasks, are also unifying bodies, and we will systematically examine how they contribute to tourism destination management., La transversalité du tourisme en fait un champ privilégié pour l'examen des relations entre une activité (multi-)sectorielle socio-économique et des régulations territoriales. Une destination touristique est un tout, associant offre d'hébergement, de loisirs, de transport, et autres services ; les acteurs concernés sont multiples et très divers. Certains d’entre eux sont importants pour l’activité, par exemple à travers une ressource qu’ils contrôlent, tout en n’ayant pas de logique touristique propre. L'objectif des travaux menés est de livrer sur ce système complexe un point de vue managérial, c'est à dire focalisé sur les problèmes d'action, d’organisation et de stratégie : comment concevoir et piloter une action collective, finalisée, dans ce domaine du fonctionnement des destinations ? Le présent texte s'attache à rendre compte de travaux sur la place des acteurs dans les modèles de management de la destination touristique, en général. De plus il met un accent particulier sur les dimensions territoriales du tourisme, et sur les articulations entre acteurs sectoriels et territoriaux. Il établit les légitimités et les rôles respectifs de ces deux types d’acteurs, ainsi que d’un acteur fédérateur, l’Organisme Local de Tourisme (OLT). De même, les Parcs Naturels Régionaux (PNR), en France, sont eux aussi fédérateurs, en tant qu’organisations territoriales dotées de missions particulières et multi-sectorielles, et nous examinerons systématiquement comment ils participent au management de destination touristique.

Bringing together scholars from the fields of planning, economics, sociology, management studies and geography, this book examines cross-cutting issues in tourism and recreation with the aim of developing an extended view of leisure time. Focusing mainly on France with comparison to the experience of Northern and Southern European countries and North America, it combines a diverse range of case studies to address issues such as contrasting rural dynamics, changing public policies, sustainable development imperatives, evolving user behaviour and increasingly diverse recreation activities and stakeholder organization.

International audience; In the field of the economics of outdoor recreation, special efforts have traditionally been made with regard to the evaluation of non-market benefits (i.e. the study of the “demand” side). Although this has unquestionably produced many very interesting results, from our point of view it has also led to the underestimation of another important aspect of economics i.e. the costs of outdoor recreation. Several publications have pointed out the multiple aspects of recreational costs (Loomis & Walsh 1997), including acquisition costs, operational costs, transaction costs, opportunity costs, congestion costs or even damage costs. For the reason outlined above, the costs that are neglected in market values (mostly congestion and damage costs) appear to have caught the attention of economists (Hanley et al. 2003). By comparison, other components of costs (acquisition, operational, transaction) have not received the attention they deserve and that they still lack sound economic analysis. Various reasons may be given: the data should be available a priori (in financial documents or contracts) or the subject should be relevant to engineering and not economics (because it refers to the installation of facilities which are generally designed and managed by technicians rather than social scientists). As a consequence, cost estimates frequently rely on ad hoc values (e.g. included in a local cost-benefit analysis) and little is known about their variability. In a world of scare resources, costs definitely do matter. By comparison, significant efforts have recently been made in sectors such as environmental conservation (see the survey of Naidoo et al. 2006, for instance). Where do we stand today with outdoor recreation?

International audience; Aquitaine is a region where forest and forestry industry are very important. During the past 30 years, the development of biomass projects based on forests resources took various forms, and remains rather confidential until recently when industrials started to invest in large scale equipments. Such developments are embedded in different territories and public authorities play a non negligible role by defining geographical priorities. In this communication, we try to investigate what lay behind such an evolution. Because of the rising tensions around forest resources, new wood products may actually gain additional values which may redesign (or not) existing organizations and eventually change common perceptions of forests.

International audience; What factors contribute to tourism and recreation development? How can we characterise stakeholder rationales and organisation modes to enhance tourism resources and foster tourism and recreation services? To what extent do tourism and recreation contribute to regional development? What changes are taking place in terms of new destinations, stakeholders, policy objectives? Bringing together scholars from the fields of planning, economics, sociology, management studies and geography, this book examines cross-cutting issues in tourism and recreation with the aim of developing an extended view of leisure time. Focusing mainly on France with comparison to the experience of Northern and Southern European countries and North America, it combines a diverse range of case studies to address issues such as contrasting rural dynamics, changing public policies, sustainable development imperatives, evolving user behaviour and increasingly diverse recreation activities and stakeholder organisation. Specific topics are highlighted, such as the role of social capital or culture as factors of recreation development; resort organisation from international and experience-based perspectives; and the usefulness of the capability approach to evaluate tourism impacts on local development. Emphasising policy recommendations to help public or collective action on the issues and presenting emerging trends in the field, this book should be of interest to students, scholars and stakeholders in tourism/recreation planning and management.

International audience; Recreation is frequently an essential issue in many beach management plans. To that end, classifications of beaches could be used in order to define development priorities and management practices. Thus, the selection of appropriate indicators is an ongoing debate as well as the necessity to combine environmental and socio-economic variables. In this paper, we compare three typologies that have been used in the recent formulation of a beach planning program in the South West of France (“Schéma Plans Plages” or “Beach Plan Scheme”). The first classification was engineering-driven and based on environmental and management information. It describes actual management practices and environmental resources. A multiple correspondence analysis and a hierarchical cluster analysis had lead to identify four types of beaches. The second one was an economics-driven approach designed to evaluate the management costs of recreation. It was based on a microeconomic framework and implemented statistical and econometric methods. Several types of costs values and costs functions were provided. Both of these approaches were developed by the authors with original data. The third classification was proposed by a group of experts coming from the administration (local communities, public agencies) aimed at defining regional development strategies. Compared to the previous ones, such a classification mainly reflects the preferences of local politics. Many official documents refer to this classification and new recreational projects must now be defined accordingly. In this last case, four other classes have been proposed. We compare these three approaches and study the possible combinations between them. Following this, we discuss the cost efficiency of different management strategies (including the schemes defined by the local authorities). We finally point out the challenges raised by such a multidisciplinary work and the need for a better integration between science and policy.

This paper explores the possible impact of the combination of forest and non-forest settings on recreation values. We extend the traditional contingent valuation method by introducing seven dichotomous choice occasions. To answer each valuation question, each respondent is asked to choose between a policy scheme and the status quo. Each scheme is composed of various programmes while each programme is linked to the recreational quality of one natural area. An extra distance is used as a proxy of the bid. The results show that respondents distinguish between schemes according to the number of programmes included. Nevertheless, a “ substitution effect” occurs when all programmes are supposed to be implemented. Individual WTP ranges from € 6.51 for the forest alone (e. g. 55.35 extra kilometres per group-vehicle) to € 18.11 (e. g. 153.9 extra kilometres per group-vehicle) for the complete scheme. Our results stress the fact that recreation in forests must not be isolated from other natural areas. From a more general point of view, valuation based on multi-attribute approaches must be favoured on “ multi-environment” sites., La fréquentation touristique des forêts littorales : la forêt a-t-elle une influence ? Cet article étudie l’impact de la combinaison d’espaces forestiers et non forestiers sur la valeur économique d’un site récréatif. Nous utilisons une extension de la méthode d’évaluation contingente visant à présenter sept occasions de choix dichotomiques. Lors de ces questions d’évaluation, chaque enquêté est invité à choisir entre une politique d’amélioration de la qualité du site et la situation de référence. Les politiques se composent de plusieurs programmes et chacun de ces derniers est lié à la qualité récréative d''un espace naturel. Les résultats montrent que les personnes interrogées différencient les politiques selon le nombre de programmes qu’elles comportent. Néanmoins, un effet de «substitution » se produit lorsque tous les programmes sont mis en oeuvre. Les consentements à payer individuels s’échelonnent de 6,51 € (ou 55,35 kilomètres par groupe-véhicule) lorsque seule la forêt est visée à 18,11 € (ou 153,9 kilomètres par groupe-véhicule) lorsque la totalité des espaces présents profite de l’amélioration. Nos résultats soulignent la nécessité de replacer les forêts dans leur environnement immédiat et, plus généralement, l’intérêt d’utiliser des approches multi-attributs pour estimer la valeur économique de sites récréatifs aux environnements variés., Rulleau Bénédicte, Dehez Jeoffrey, Point Patrick. The tourist recreational demand for coastal forests: Do forests really matter?. In: Revue d’études en Agriculture et Environnement, Vol. 92, N°3, 2011. pp. 291-310.

At summary: Introduction - Recreation demand inventories and monitoring in legislation and policy - Methodologies to measure recreation demand - European experiences of recreation demand inventories and monitoring -Comparison of european statistics - sampling strategies for on-site recreation use of european forests - Methods used for on-site recreation monitoring - Policy impacts of recreation monitoring in European countries - Conclusions and challenges.

Services provided by the natural environment, especially for recreation purposes, are highly heterogeneous. It is then useful to integrate characteristics in demand analysis. Visitors who recreate in forest for instance need both natural features and material equipments. One can thus ask about the relative importance of each characteristic in visit choice. However, methods traditionally used for the valuation of recreation demand are not adapted to the study of multidimensional changes (Hanley et al., 2001). It is thus necessary to use an alternative method, namely Choice Experiment (Bennett & Blamey, 2001). Based on Lancaster multi-attribute approach (1971) and on the random utility theory (Manski, 1977; McFadden, 1974), this method allows to study visitors' preferences and to infer their Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) for each attribute. We propose here to value recreation in public forests in the Gironde area (Southwest France). The survey conducted in July-August 2006 concerned 168 residents. According to econometric treatments, their decision is not nested and the multinomial logit must be preferred. Our results show that residents would lose in utility if policies guarantying the conservation of cleanliness, of congestion and of equipments were not maintained. But they are willing to pay only (1) for the maintenance of landscape quality and of cleanliness and (2) at their current level. These conclusions seem to prove the existence of lexicographic preferences. But the latter are not easily taken into account, especially in WTP estimation studies., Les services fournis par le patrimoine naturel, notamment pour des usages de loisirs, sont marqués par une forte hétérogénéité. Dès lors, l'analyse de la demande a tout intérêt à en intégrer les caractéristiques dans son champ d'investigation. En forêt par exemple, les visiteurs recherchent à la fois des attributs naturels et des équipements matériels. La question se pose donc de l'importance relative de chacun de ces éléments dans le choix de visite. Toutefois, les méthodes traditionnelles d'évaluation des services récréatifs ne sont pas adaptés à l'étude de ces changements multi-dimensionnels (Hanley et al., 2001). Il faut donc avoir recours à une méthode alternative : la Méthode des Choix Multi-Attributs (Bennett & Blamey, 2001). Basée sur l'approche multi-attributs de Lancaster (1971) et sur la théorie de l'utilité aléatoire (Manski, 1977 ; McFadden, 1974), elle permet d'étudier les préférences des visiteurs et d'inférer leur Consentement-À-Payer (CAP) pour chaque attribut. Nous proposons son application aux forêts domaniales de Gironde. Une enquête a été menée en juillet-août 2006 auprès d'un échantillon de la population résidente. Selon les traitements économétriques, la structure de décision n'est pas arborescente et le logit multinomial doit être privilégié. Les résultats montrent que, même si les résidents perdraient en utilité si les politiques de maintien de la qualité de la propreté, de la fréquentation et des équipements n'étaient pas maintenues, ils sont disposés à payer pour la conservation uniquement (1) de la qualité paysagère et de la propreté et (2) à leur niveau actuel. Ces conclusions semblent prouver l'existence de préférences lexicographiques. Or ces dernières sont difficiles à prendre en compte dans l'estimation de CAP notamment.

[Departement_IRSTEA]GT [TR1_IRSTEA]RURAMEN / AMANDE; International audience; The purpose of this chapter is to summarise existing experiences in recreation monitoring in European countries. The information was gathered from COST E33 experts. The review is based on national surveys conducted in last thirty years in countries of COST Action E33 members. In COST E33 23 countries signed the MoU, of whom 21 had members in the working group 2. In addition, some literature research was made to complete the material from other countries. We only considered population-based national surveys, which provide relevant information for forest recreation. This is a first overview of national monitoring practices all across Europe. First we introduce the status of monitoring in general. Second, we describe examples of different national recreation monitoring systems, and third, we analyse survey objectives, methods and variables used.; Ce chapitre propose un état des lieux sur l'utilisation d'enquêtes de fréquentation des espaces naturels menées à une échelle nationale dans les différents pays européens. Les données ont été fournies par différens experts participant au réseau européen COST E33 (Forest For Recreation and Nature Tourism).

International audience; This paper relates to the use of a multi-attribute extension of dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation called the Multi-Program Contingent Valuation Method. Such a method is devoted to the study of substitution/complementarity relations in the demand for environmental goods and we propose to implement it when recreational uses take place in a multi-dimensional context. A new way to design policies via criteria and pictures is needed therefore. The field study concerns the French South-West coastal forests where various natural assets cohabit. Our results prove that residents' mean Willingness-to-Pay for management policies ranges from 2.50 to 6.65 euros per person per visit depending on where recreation quality is supposed to be maintained. A bivariate probit proved to be relevant, showing that choices are non independent one from another. In a special case, the three natural assets appear to be valuated independently. But, it is still difficult to conclude on a more general basis.

International audience

At summary: the french background - Forest demand for recreation in the French society - Recreation supply: a quick overview in state-owned forests - Forest and Recreation in Aquitaine - An economic valuation of outdoor recreation in Girondecoastal forests

This paper relates to the use of the Multi-Program Valuation Method in recreation demand modelling. This method, based on Lancaster's multi-attribute approach, is devoted to the study of substitution/complementarity phenomena in demand for environmental goods. We propose its application to stated-owned French South-West coastal forests, where three adjoining wilderness areas (the ocean, the sand and the forest) form one sole site. Results show that residents' mean Willingness-to-Pay is significantly lower than tourists' one and that they do not valuate the three assets with the same rank. Residents and tourists are willing to pay respectively, without taking into account time cost, 2.56 and 10.66¤/visit/household for forest, 7.81 and 14¤ for the sand and 7.51 and 21.28¤ for the ocean. When they specifically attach importance to one asset, visitors are willing to pay an important premium in addition to this mean value (up to 75.58¤/visit/household for forest for tourists). Furthermore, tourists consider the three assets as complementary in utility whereas residents treat them as substitutes. Evaluating recreation demand while distinguishing both sub-populations is in consequence pertinent. Finally, all these results support the idea that forests should be regarded like significant value-added assets, rather than of first importance in destinations' choices.

Traditional recreation valuation methods like Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation do not take into account the multidimensional nature of some areas. Choice Experiment can be an alternative, but the number of attributes chosen must be restricted. We therefore propose to apply, previously, the Multi-Program Valuation Method (MPMV). Based on Lancaster (1966) and Hoehn (1991), the MPMV is dedicated to the study of the relations between attributes of an environmental policy (Santos, 1998). Each survey scenario consists in a zero-price status quo and a definite-price environmental policy affecting a combination of attributes. Respondents choose their preferred scheme and thus reveal their trade-offs between the price of the policy and its attributes. The MPMV then allows apprehending the complementarity/substitution relations between these characteristics. A method centred solely on forest recreation may afterwards be applied. We propose an application of the MPMV to stated-owned French South-West coastal forests. Ocean, sand and forest constitute one unique spot and we study their relations in consumers' demand. A survey was carried out in Summer 2006 and 385 usable responses were acquired. This paper first sets out MPMV's theoretical basis and methodological and practical issues. In a second part, the two regressions (on attributes or schemes) are compared, on a random coefficient basis. While they do not deal with interactions the same way, both show that the assets are substitutes in valuation. Visitors' willingness-to-pay for an asset ranges from 1.46 to 3.53¤/visit/person and those who specifically attach importance to one asset are willing to pay an important extra premium (up to 11.21¤/visit/person for forest). Visitors' willingness-to-pay for a policy ranges from 4.22 to 8.11¤/visit/person. Forest alone is in that case not significant. The numerous forest substitutes present in this district (the most wooded French one) undoubtedly play a role.

This paper relates to the use of the Multi-Program Valuation Method in recreation demand modelling. This method is devoted to the study of substitution/complementarity relations in the demand for environmental goods. We propose its application to French South-West coastal forests where three adjoining wilderness areas (the ocean, the sand and the forest) form one sole site. In a general way, our results prove the relevance of the tourist-resident distinction. Residents' mean Willingness-to-Pay is lower than tourists' one and both vary between management schemes depending on the included programs. Except in one case, the three natural assets are independently valued. Thus, forest's value can be clearly identified within the total recreation value and can be used in economic accounting systems or other cost-benefit analysis since there is no embedding bias.

Recreation is a major use of protected coastal zones as demand derives both from local and tourist populations. Economic impacts of such policies are hard to handle for many reasons. First, recreation is a non-market service and the lack of price is often associated with a lack of benefits. This situation is well know by economists who have elaborated various techniques for giving an economic value to many environmental functions. The Travel Costs Method (TCM) is one of the most used techniques for recreation but unfortunately tourists are generally dropped out the sample on the basis they do not fit well the standard economic hypothesis. Secondly, supply side is frequently neglected. This is partly because information on inputs, costs and outputs is scattered between public agencies or managers. Thus, complete analysis of recreation are also relatively rare. We offer here an integrated economic analysis of recreation activities in the Gironde area, a portion of coastal zone located in the South West of France. It's famous for its natural character and tourists attractiveness. Natural spaces are composed by sandy beaches, dunes and large pine three forests., Les littoraux sont parmi les composantes du patrimoine naturel les plus utilisées à des fins de loisirs. Pour ceux qui offrent encore de larges étendues d'espaces protégés, une gestion active associant éléments naturels et manufacturés est indispensable. Dans cette perspective, et suivant d'une certaine façon la notion plus générale de gestion intégrée des zones côtières (GIZC), les démarches d'évaluation ont tout intérêt à articuler véritablement les comportements d'offre (i.e les responsable d'espaces) et de demande (les utilisateurs). Dans cet article, nous proposons une analyse croisée de l'offre et la demande de loisirs de plein air sur une portion de côte du département de la Gironde. Nous développons pour cela une approche multi-attributs inspirée de la théorie de Lancaster (1966). La représentation de l'offre retient l'angle des coûts en procédant à l'estimation de plusieurs formes fonctionnelles. Ces dernières mettent en évidence l'influence d'un ensemble d'attributs récréatifs et peuvent être utilisées afin de calculer des coûts marginaux. Pour la demande, nous ciblons la population touristique. Reprenant un débat initié par Bell et Leeworthy (1990) et Shaw (1991), récemment relancé par Riera Font (2000), nous montrons comment adapter la méthode des coûts de déplacement qui exclue souvent cette catégorie d'usagers. Ceci passe par la définition d'une séquence de choix et l'introduction des dépenses sur site (on site costs). Une telle démarche permet d'estimer le bénéfice marginal de trois attributs récréatifs dont l'influence a préalablement été soulignée au niveau de l'offre : la longueur des plages, le linéaire de pistes cyclables et la surface des zones d'accueil aménagées en forêt. Le rapprochement entre offre et demande, à travers le calcul d'un bénéfice marginal net, laisse penser que les actuelles stratégies de mise en valeur basées sur ces trois aspects du service récréatif vont bien dans le sens de l'efficience économique. Au delà, les résultats obtenus confirment l'intérêt des approches multi-attributs pour l'évaluation économique des loisirs de plein air.

La communication tente de dresser un état des lieux des systèmes d'observation français sur l'offre de services récréatifs en forêt. Plusieurs sources d'information sont examinées : étude de la filière, indicateurs de gestion durable, inventaires écologiques, inventaire du patrimoine naturel ou encore l'observation des sports de nature. Un classement des indicateurs selon trois angles d'approche est proposé: le service, le producteur et l'évaluation économique.

Les auteurs examinent la place des activités récréatives et du tourisme de nature dans les forêts de montagne. En l'absence de systèmes d'observation ad hoc, plusieurs sources d'information sont utilisées. En tant que loisir de proximité, la récréation en forêt ne semble pas sensiblement différente en montagne par rapport au reste du territoire. En matière de tourisme, l'attractivité de la forêt paraît limitée (en comparaison d'attributs tels que la "montagne", les aires protégées ou encore les plans d'eau !). Les situations de haute et de moyenne montagne doivent cependant être distinguées. Des exemples d'activités liées à la forêt sont ensuite fournis, avec une attention particulière sur les sports de nature qui connaissent un essort récent.

Cette communication tente de resituer le niveau de développement de la fonction récréative sur les forêts françaises. On réalise à cet effet un premier état des lieux sur la recherche engagée en France, les systèmes d'observation et les politiques publiques.

International audience; Managing outdoor recreation requires close coordination between stakeholders. It is made all the more complicated by the fact that the majority of stakeholders involved hardly know each other. In this respect, a better integration of the visitors into the management process calls for a fundamental change in the way conceptual and practical models are designed. To this end, we propose an original analytical framework, inspired by the fields of economics and geography, and based on various definitions of proximity.Our previous research on forest recreation uses in South West France has shown that many organizations dedicated to regulate uses conflicts in the selected areas have failed because they gave little (if not) consideration to visitor’s perspective (e.g. the “demand side”). To gain a clearer understanding of how these users could be included in the management schemes, we ran several surveys that bring together both quantitative and qualitative techniques (500 & 60 obs. resp.).We distinguish three forms of proximity (geographic, organizational, and institutional) which are scale-dependent. In contrast with the preferences expressed at larger scales, the preferences expressed by people that live in the vicinity of a forest tend to focus on more specific details, such as the sensitive and aesthetic values purveyed by certain pine trees, contact with fauna, and open and varied underbrush depending on the season. Such values are coupled with dedicated (not necessarily intensive) practices. Though our work is still at an explanatory stage we believe that coupling the above-mentioned definitions of proximity may greatly improve the analysis of the territorial dimensions of outdoor recreation management.

Croatia has seen rapid growth of tourist arrivals with record braking 13% in 2017. Main attractions are scenic nature and UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS) out of which most prominent ones are Dubrovnik and Plitvice Lakes that came under attention of UNESCO and ICOMOS “reactive missions”. They have been demanded to develop and implement effective management plans that include improvements in monitoring and managing visitors and their impacts. Nevertheless, other nature protected areas in tourism regions are also facing growing pressures that raise concerns with stakeholders. The managing institutions are swiftly becoming aware of the challenges and the need to assess and adapt to the circumstances. The authors here present an approach that combined efforts of various disciplines with the goal to gather information, produce analysis and derive correlations that can inform visitor management. The goal was to consider the conservation requirements and needs of users, to produce a Study that would inform planning and management processes.

Visitors to Kornati National Park (Kornati NP) can be divided into two basic groups: individual visitors and group visitors. The number of visits has increased over time, from 166, 941 in 2015 to 172, 603 in 2017 (according solely to the tickets sold). The main motives to visit Kornati NP are leisure and relaxation and enjoying nature (Markov et al., 2016).Satisfaction is the most commonly used customer perceptual metric by managers - because it is generic and can be universally gauged for all products and services and it is clearly understood by respondents (Gupta and Zeithaml, 2007). The degree of tourists’ loyalty to a destination is reflected in their intentions to revisit the destination and in their recommendations to others, and thus, information about tourists’ loyalty is important to destination marketers and managers (Yoon and Uysal, 2005). The survey was conducted by Polytechnic of Šibenik in the period 2015 - 2016 by using a structured questionnaire prepared in five languages. The sampling was conducted using a stratified random sampling, in total, after data cleansing, 250 group visitors were interviewed in 2015 and 177 in 2016.The relationship between visitor satisfaction and loyalty is analysed by performing univariate tests and by applying structural equation modelling (SEM). In total, 40.2% of visitors stated that they intend to revisit NP Kornati, while 16.4% of visitors stated that they don’t intend to revisit with 43.4% not sure about their revisiting. Moreover, most of the visitors would recommend visiting Kornati National Park (86%), 12% of visitors would maybe recommend, while a minority (2%) would not recommend a visit. Each satisfaction indicator was analysed separately due to loyalty variables. The SEM model confirms the same structure having visitor loyalty positively related to visitor satisfaction where only main satisfaction factor stands out as a significant predictor of loyalty.Visitor loyalty is positively affected by visitor satisfaction where overall satisfaction, staff professionalism and kindness, the possibility to enjoy nature, and value for money are the main indicators of visitor satisfaction. The results are not surprising since they show that main drivers of visitor loyalty comprise overall satisfaction dimension, monetary dimension, social interaction, and primary motives for visiting.