Search

The disruptive explosion of technology that has characterised these last decades has, erroneously, been considered in an early period as the main plan of interest for the studies of global phenomena, especially smart phenomena, while instead the exact opposite is true, because these phenomena represent projections of the new micro-urban phenomena that are seen in smart cities and in the corollaries related to smart urbanism. The most significant emblematic smart urban elements are able to highlight the transition towards new sociocultural paradigms at a global level, which constitute and represent the theoretical foundations of every current process of urban regeneration and renewal. Since the 1980s when the informatics revolution exploded, the magnitude of the revolutionary effects on, first, urban and second, global paradigms have been continuously determined by smart urbanism, as touched upon within the current analysis. It makes sense to reflect on the most relevant transition, in terms of urban planning implications, that has already characterised the course of history and which seems to be recurring in another form: the transition from a hunter-gatherer society to a farmer society by the use of advanced technologies. This transition is currently fully present, in which urban environments become smart cities and smart work becomes prey. Therefore, the citizens are moving away from hunters of traditional work and are increasingly becoming farmers of smart work. The current paper, based on theoretical reflections, reviews research in the field to highlight that there are conflicting views in smart city planning and analyses the concept of smart urbanism with historical comparisons, focusing on both positive and negative urban implications.

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global crisis. Many countries have implemented restrictions on population movement, instituting full or partial lockdowns in Spring 2020 as nowadays. The Coronavirus emergency has imposed the need to introduce restrictions that have also had a great impact on tourism. The interventions of the European Commission and the containment policies of the population adopted by different member States, as well as by those outside Europe, have resulted in the closure and crisis of the tourism sector in most of the destinations. What it can be observed it’s a sort of “low tide” of the tourist flows all around the world. Moving from these considerations, the paper aims at contributes to the debate on the binomial COVID-19 and tourism. After an introductory frame of the pandemic ongoing phenomenon, the paper focuses on the dynamics relating to the crucial sectors of air and cruise tourism, moving then to the analysis of the coastal and inland areas’ situation. The proposed analysis is developed through the consideration of three elements characterizing the current scenario: the relevance of the pandemic shock wave; the adaptability of companies and operators’ behaviour to changes and challenges; the unexpected and countertrend situation of arising positive externalities in some areas, such as the internal ones.

In the last few decades, the tourism sector in Europe has been facing growing demands from travellers who want better access in hotels, at holiday destinations and tourist attractions. The number of European travellers in the 55+ age group is increasing and, together with disabled people and their families, these customers are looking for travel options where basic accessibility features are standard. The so-called accessible tourism for all is not about providing separate services for separate targets or niche tourist markets. It aims at full integration or rather the inclusion of people with special needs (age, size, disability) in the tourism sector. Its long-term goal is the creation of a tourist environment in which all tourists can participate actively. Viewed from the perspective of accessible tourism for all, tourism policy in the European Union can be said to unite accessibility targets that are part of the otherwise trade-related aspects of tourism policy and a disability policy that, based on the United Nations’ Standard Rules, support goals and specific measures at various levels that are designed to enhance accessibility in connection with tourism policy. Within this framework, the main purpose of this research is to investigate strategies and actions to which the European Commission is committed to increase accessibility in tourism. Using a qualitative methodology, the paper explores objectives and activities of some initiatives that are helping to make travel and tourism accessible for everyone. Therefore, it offers an overview of some projects and good practices taking place in European countries.

Typical of the 1990s, the global cities phenomenon preceded the past decade’s massive spread of smart cities. Yet the question of how the two phenomena currently coincide remains to be considered, as well as an analysis based on viewing smart cities as global cities. An analysis related to the European scenario is developed in this article, aimed at giving a response to the previous considerations. An index is also proposed; concerning the global character of the cities, it considers the ability of the cities to attract Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). Results of the proposed analysis show that in Europe four main scenarios exist. Two regarding positive and negative correlations between the diffusion of global and smart cities, and another two scenarios demonstrate cases in which the two features are not correlated. The first two cases are respectively related to smart cities that are also global cities. The last two cases deal with the presence of different drivers that are not related to smart urban plans, which could, however, drive the attraction of FDI or which could also promote smart actions without the thrust of FDI. Correlation and regression analyses complement the work.

INTRODUCTION. Acidemia is a frequent disorder in critically ill patients. Blood chloride removal may increase blood pH. Extracorporeal chloride removal may be achieved through: 1. Electrodialysis (ED), a technique that selectively move anions from one solution to another through ion-exchange membranes using electricity (1); 2. ultrafiltration (UF) and postdilution with hypochlorous reinfusate; 3. UF through anion Exchange Resin (a-ER) which replaces chloride with bicarbonate ions. OBJECTIVES. To evaluate, in-vitro, the chloride removal efficacy of these three different strategies. METHODS. A standard reinfusate solution (CB 32, Novaselect) (technique 1) and a bicarbonate-based solution (Multibic®) (technique 2 and 3) were pumped through an hemodiafilter at 150 mL/min. The following strategies have been studied: 1. “ED group”: the UF entered an ED chamber where chloride ions were replaced by hydroxide ions (OH-). Subsequently OHions were combined with CO2 to form bicarbonate within a membrane lung and the solution was reinfused in the main stream; 2. “Hypochlorous group”: the UF was discarded and the same volume was reinfused in postdilution as sodium bicarbonate 140 mEq/L; 3. “a-ER group”: the UF was pumped through an a-ER and then reinfused in postdilution. In Hypochlorous and aER groups, UF flows of 11.4, 22.7 and 34.1 mL/ min were tested. In the ED group, 3 different UF flows 15, 30 and 45 mL/min were tested, with a fixed amperage (4 Amp) and recirculating flow was set to equalize the UF tested, to achieve a theoretical removal of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 mEq/min of chloride, respectively. Before the hemodiafilter and downstream after reinfusion the solution was sampled for UF gas analysis and then wasted. The change in chloride among the two sampling sites was calculated to quantify chloride removal. The experiment was repeated three times. Data are reported as mean±SD. RESULTS. 1. In the “ED group”, chloride removal was 0.47±0.06, 0.96±0.11 and 1.22±0.17 mEq/min at 15, 30 and 45 mL/min of UF flow, respectively. 2. In the “Hypochlorous group”, chloride removal was 1.45±0.09, 2.65±0.09 and 4.50±0.15 mEq/min at 11.4, 22.7 and 34.1 mL/ min of UF flow, respectively. 3. In the “a-ER group”, chloride removal was 1.20±0.15, 2.05±0.09 and 3.35±0.09 at 11.4, 22.7 and 34.1 mL/min of UF flow, respectively (see Figure). CONCLUSIONS. The three different extracorporeal techniques effectively removed chloride. Chloride removal proportionally increased with the rise of the UF flow. Further investigations will be required to confirm these findings and to prove safety and feasibility studies invivo.

In this work the dynamics of the territorial development of the district systems are analyzed, considering the territorial competition as a biological evolutionism. From this, we suggest a model aimed to explain the points of strength and weakness of the district systems, divided into three different and correlated phases, made up of structural, relational and strategic dimension. Such a model, allowing to appraise the results of desk and field analyses made on a sample of firms of the nautical local system in the Province of Latina, has underlined the existence of a meaningful identification of the district firms with the territory, promoting a “mark of area” of “Made in Latina” products and strengthening the identity of the local productive system through strategies of manufacturing and commercial cooperation among the actors of the locally individualized compartment.

Book, page 104

Book, page 104

book page 23

Book, page 48

Book, O9.5