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1. Welcome-Introduction to the Workshop ' A first approach to an ELSA Curriculum for Data Scientists The FAIR Data Spaces Project as a Use Case'

Author

Daniela Mockler

Subjects
FAIR Data Spaces
Abstract

These Slides were presented in the context of the "A first approach to an ELSA Curriculum for Data Scientists-The FAIR Data Spaces Project as a Use Case " Workshop, which took place on 14.6.2023, online and was organized in the context of the BMBF Fair Data Spaces project. Welcome-Introduction to the Workshop " A first approach to an ELSA Curriculum for Data Scientists The FAIR Data Spaces Project as a Use Case", contains a brieff description of the FAIR Data Spaces project

Published
2023
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2. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around 1017 eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

A. C. Fauth, Vladimir Lenok, L. Perrone, M. I. Micheletti, M. Risse, Jonathan Blazek, Alessio Gorgi, Carla Bonifazi, Jose A. Bellido, Fabio Convenga, Marvin Gottowik, G. Matthiae, Brian Fick, Orazio Zapparrata, Antonio Bueno, Carola Dobrigkeit, M. Muzio, G. Parente, D. Melo, J. Rautenberg, M. E. Bertaina, Abha Khakurdikar, P. Abreu, Fabrizia Canfora, D. Ravignani, L. Bonneau Arbeletche, L. Zehrer, Q. Luce, M. Schimassek, C. Hojvat, Jan Ebr, Alan Watson, I.D. Vergara Quispe, G. P. Guedes, Toshihiro Fujii, Jakub Juryšek, Petr Hamal, Steffen Hahn, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, T. Pierog, Eric Mayotte, Esteban Roulet, M. Gómez Berisso, R. C. Shellard, Justin M. Albury, P. L. Ghia, Gualberto Avila, Sara Martinelli, M. Perlin, Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu, Zoé Torrès, Dariusz Gora, B. Tome, Josina Schulte, Maximilian Stadelmaier, F. Riehn, Marina Scornavacche, Jonathan Biteau, K. H. Kampert, J. C. Arteaga Velázquez, Ioana Codrina Maris, Octavian Sima, J. de Oliveira, R. Conceição, Alejandro Almela, Jacco Vink, H.O. Klages, Alan Coleman, Peter Hansen, F. Guarino, John Matthews, Peter Buchholz, J. F. Valdés Galicia, L. Valore, D. Nitz, W. M. Namasaka, A. C. Rovero, S. J. Saffi, Isabel Goos, D. Heck, Jeffrey A. Johnsen, Miroslav Hrabovský, A. Haungs, Julien Manshanden, V. V. Kizakke Covilakam, Andres Travaini, A. Segreto, Günter Sigl, D. Nosek, E. Santos, A. A. Nucita, I. De Mitri, R. Sato, M. del Río, P. Stassi, Hernan Wahlberg, Radomir Smida, Mario Buscemi, John Farmer, F. Fenu, A. Machado Payeras, Violet M. Harvey, D. Harari, Marcel Köpke, M. Platino, G. C. Hill, P. Mantsch, D. Lo Presti, S. J. De Jong, Alexandru Balaceanu, Z. Szadkowski, E. Varela, J.D. Sanabria Gomez, Roberto Mussa, Marco Aglietta, Julian Kemp, Paul Sommers, Srijan Sehgal, Jorge F. Soriano, Thomas Hebbeker, Fernando Gollan, Max Büsken, Sergio Dasso, Tristan Sudholz, Martín Miguel Freire, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, F. Pedreira, V. de Souza, Carla Aramo, Vincenzo Rizi, J. Perez Armand, Maria-Teresa Dova, M. R. Hampel, Pierre Billoir, A. Puyleart, Corinne Berat, Julien Souchard, Thomas Fitoussi, D. Martello, Alena Bakalova, Jarryd A. Day, A. Saftoiu, Ralph Engel, J. Ridky, A. Parra, M. Zavrtanik, L. R. Wiencke, Niklas Langner, Alex Kääpä, Marcio Aparecido Muller, Martina Bohacova, Giovanni Mancarella, O. Martínez Bravo, K. Mulrey, F. Sánchez, Miroslav Pech, V. Pirronello, Raul Sarmento, Felix Schlüter, Fabian Gobbi, Sullivan Marafico, Juan Pablo Gongora, Alina Mihaela Badescu, A. Weindl, Cristina Galea, François Montanet, M. Pothast, A.C. Cobos Cerutti, F. de Palma, E. De Vito, Darko Veberič, M. Suárez-Durán, Pavel Horvath, Claudio Galelli, M. Prouza, P. Ruehl, Marco Giammarchi, Clara Keiko Oliveira Watanabe, Flavia Gesualdi, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, Carla Taricco, Carla Bleve, Rodrigo Guedes Lang, R. M. de Almeida, T. Huege, Jeffrey Brack, Matias Tueros, G. Golup, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Eleonora Guido, Giovanni Consolati, Frank G. Schröder, N. Kunka, Maria Rita Coluccia, Maximilian Reininghaus, P. Tobiska, B. Andrada, K.-H. Becker, M. Pimenta, Silvia Mollerach, T. Bister, G. Marsella, H. Schieler, Jesús Peña-Rodríguez, P.G. Brichetto Orchera, David Wittkowski, G. Salina, Olivier Deligny, D. Correia dos Santos, Rodrigo Pelayo, Antonella Castellina, Stijn Buitink, V. Novotny, Luis A. Nunez, J. Stasielak, Jannis Pawlowsky, Rossella Caruso, Fernando Catalani, D. D. dos Santos, Sofia Andringa, R.C. dos Anjos, N. Fazzini, David Schmidt, Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez, Jonas Glombitza, F. C. T. Barbato, I. Allekotte, M. J. Roncoroni, Caterina Trimarelli, P.R. Araújo Ferreira, S. Schröder, Italo Epicoco, A. L. Müller, Tomáš Fodran, Alina Nasr-Esfahani, Thomas Bretz, Miguel Mostafa, Daniela Mockler, Petr Schovanek, L. Lopes, A. Di Matteo, R. Squartini, Florian Lukas Briechle, Petr Janecek, Corbin Covault, T. Suomijärvi, J. Pallotta, Juan Manuel González, G. De Mauro, M. Palatka, Gaia Silli, A. Tapia, A. Filipčič, Jörg R. Hörandel, L. Lu, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu, J. Chudoba, M. Schimp, G. Cataldi, Ugo Giaccari, B. Wundheiler, Martin Vacula, Christian Sarmiento-Cano, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, Virginia Binet, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Massimo Mastrodicasa, F. Sarazin, Lino Miramonti, B. C. Manning, H. Gemmeke, Jon Paul Lundquist, Markus Roth, A. M. Botti, M. Unger, S. Petrera, H. J. Mathes, Marc Weber, Stanislav Michal, Dusan Mandat, V. Scherini, Philipp Papenbreer, Jose Chinellato, Heino Falcke, D. de Oliveira Franco, Samo Stanič, A. Menshikov, Denis Stanca, Lukáš Vaclavek, R.J. Barreira Luz, Petr Travnicek, A. Fuster, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Denise Boncioli, L. Nellen, B. García, Bjarni Pont, B. Keilhauer, C. M. Schäfer, J. Kleinfeller, Ioana Caracas, J. Rodriguez Rojo, J. Vicha, Trent D. Grubb, A. Letessier-Selvon, Serguei Vorobiov, R. López, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Lorenzo Cazon, C. Pérez Bertolli, N. González, P. Savina, G. Medina-Tanco, Nataliia Borodai, Marcus Niechciol, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Enrique Zas, André Schulz, Juan Manuel Figueira, Roberta Colalillo, S. J. Sciutto, C. J.W.P. Timmermans, C. Morello, L. M. Domingues Mendes, Carlos Escobar, A. G. Mariazzi, Kevin-Druis Merenda, Kai Daumiller, Ralf Ulrich, Martin Erdmann, Fernando Contreras, Juan Miguel Carceller, Xavier Bertou, G. Farrar, Nikolaos Karastathis, Antonio Condorelli, Peter L. Biermann, S. Querchfeld, Olena Tkachenko, Marcos Cerda, Pedro Assis, H. Martinez, J. de Jesús, A. Streich, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, C. J. Todero Peixoto, A. Insolia, A. Etchegoyen, M. Kleifges, D. Zavrtanik, A.D. Supanitsky, J. Pȩkala, A.L. Garcia Vegas, M. Wirtz, Roger W Clay, Paolo Privitera, Carlo Ventura, F. Salamida, A. Yushkov, Ladislav Chytka, L. Nožka, Lorenzo Caccianiga, P.F. Gómez Vitale, Hernán Asorey, H. Wilczyński, E. M. Santos, Valerio Verzi, Kathrin Bismark, O. Scholten, R. Alves Batista, Bruce R. Dawson, P.O. Mazur, B. L. Lago, E.E. Pereira Martins, Paula Gina Isar, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Alvarez-Muniz, J., Alves Batista, R., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Araujo Ferreira, P. R., Arteaga Velazquez, J. C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Barreira Luz, R. J., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Binet, V., Bismark, K., Bister, T., Biteau, J., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Bohacova, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonneau Arbeletche, L., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Brichetto Orchera, P. G., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Busken, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Canfora, F., Caracas, I., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cobos Cerutti, A. C., Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceicao, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Convenga, F., Correia dos Santos, D., Covault, C. E., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jesus, J., de Jong, S. J., De Mauro, G., de Mello Neto, J. R. T., De Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Oliveira Franco, D., de Palma, F., de Souza, V., De Vito, E., del Rio, M., Deligny, O., Di Matteo, A., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Domingues Mendes, L. M., dos Anjos, R. C., dos Santos, D., Dova, M. T., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epicoco, I., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filipcic, A., Fitoussi, T., Fodran, T., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Galea, C., Galelli, C., Garcia, B., Garcia Vegas, A. L., Gemmeke, H., Gesualdi, F., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Gollan, F., Golup, G., Gomez Berisso, M., Gomez Vitale, P. F., Gongora, J. P., Gonzalez, J. M., Gonzalez, N., Goos, I., Gora, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Hahn, S., Hamal, P., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Horandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovsky, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Janecek, P., Johnsen, J. A., Jurysek, J., Kaapa, A., Kampert, K. H., Karastathis, N., Keilhauer, B., Kemp, J., Khakurdikar, A., Kizakke Covilakam, V. V., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Kopke, M., Kunka, N., Lago, B. L., Lang, R. G., Langner, N., Leigui de Oliveira, M. A., Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lo Presti, D., Lopes, L., Lopez, R., Lu, L., Luce, Q., Lundquist, J. P., Machado Payeras, A., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Manshanden, J., Mantsch, P., Marafico, S., Mariazzi, A. G., Maris, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinelli, S., Martinez, H., Martinez Bravo, O., Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafa, M., Muller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Mulrey, K., Mussa, R., Muzio, M., Namasaka, W. M., Nasr-Esfahani, A., Nellen, L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nozka, L., Nucita, A., Nunez, L. A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pawlowsky, J., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pekala, J., Pelayo, R., Pena-Rodriguez, J., Pereira Martins, E. E., Perez Armand, J., Perez Bertolli, C., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Petrera, S., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Pont, B., Pothast, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Rizi, V., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sanabria Gomez, J. D., Sanchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schafer, C. M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schluter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovanek, P., Schroder, F. G., Schroder, S., Schulte, J., Schulz, A., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Segreto, A., Sehgal, S., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Smida, R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stadelmaier, M., Stanca, D., Stanic, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Streich, A., Suarez-Duran, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijarvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Szadkowski, Z., Tapia, A., Taricco, C., Timmermans, C., Tkachenko, O., Tobiska, P., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Tome, B., Torres, Z., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trimarelli, C., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Vaclavek, L., Vacula, M., Valdes Galicia, J. F., Valore, L., Varela, E., Vasquez-Ramirez, A., Veberic, D., Ventura, C., Vergara Quispe, I. D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watanabe, C., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiencke, L., Wilczynski, H., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yushkov, A., Zapparrata, O., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Physics, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Pierre Auger, Abreu P., Aglietta M., Albury J.M., Allekotte I., Almela A., Alvarez-Muniz J., Alves Batista R., Anastasi G.A., Anchordoqui L., Andrada B., Andringa S., Aramo C., Araujo Ferreira P.R., Arteaga Velazquez J.C., Asorey H., Assis P., Avila G., Badescu A.M., Bakalova A., Balaceanu A., Barbato F., Barreira Luz R.J., Becker K.H., Bellido J.A., Berat C., Bertaina M.E., Bertou X., Biermann P.L., Billoir P., Binet V., Bismark K., Bister T., Biteau J., Blazek J., Bleve C., Bohacova M., Boncioli D., Bonifazi C., Bonneau Arbeletche L., Borodai N., Botti A.M., Brack J., Bretz T., Brichetto Orchera P.G., Briechle F.L., Buchholz P., Bueno A., Buitink S., Buscemi M., Busken M., Caballero-Mora K.S., Caccianiga L., Canfora F., Caracas I., Carceller J.M., Caruso R., Castellina A., Catalani F., Cataldi G., Cazon L., Cerda M., Chinellato J.A., Chudoba J., Chytka L., Clay R.W., Cobos Cerutti A.C., Colalillo R., Coleman A., Coluccia M.R., Conceicao R., Condorelli A., Consolati G., Contreras F., Convenga F., Correia dos Santos D., Covault C.E., Dasso S., Daumiller K., Dawson B.R., Day J.A., de Almeida R.M., de Jesus J., de Jong S.J., De Mauro G., de Mello Neto J.R.T., De Mitri I., de Oliveira J., de Oliveira Franco D., de Palma F., de Souza V., De Vito E., del Rio M., Deligny O., Di Matteo A., Dobrigkeit C., D'Olivo J.C., Domingues Mendes L.M., dos Anjos R.C., dos Santos D., Dova M.T., Ebr J., Engel R., Epicoco I., Erdmann M., Escobar C.O., Etchegoyen A., Falcke H., Farmer J., Farrar G., Fauth A.C., Fazzini N., Feldbusch F., Fenu F., Fick B., Figueira J.M., Filipcic A., Fitoussi T., Fodran T., Freire M.M., Fujii T., Fuster A., Galea C., Galelli C., Garcia B., Garcia Vegas A.L., Gemmeke H., Gesualdi F., Gherghel-Lascu A., Ghia P.L., Giaccari U., Giammarchi M., Glombitza J., Gobbi F., Gollan F., Golup G., Gomez Berisso M., Gomez Vitale P.F., Gongora J.P., Gonzalez J.M., Gonzalez N., Goos I., Gora D., Gorgi A., Gottowik M., Grubb T.D., Guarino F., Guedes G.P., Guido E., Hahn S., Hamal P., Hampel M.R., Hansen P., Harari D., Harvey V.M., Haungs A., Hebbeker T., Heck D., Hill G.C., Hojvat C., Horandel J.R., Horvath P., Hrabovsky M., Huege T., Insolia A., Isar P.G., Janecek P., Johnsen J.A., Jurysek J., Kaapa A., Kampert K.H., Karastathis N., Keilhauer B., Kemp J., Khakurdikar A., Kizakke Covilakam V.V., Klages H.O., Kleifges M., Kleinfeller J., Kopke M., Kunka N., Lago B.L., Lang R.G., Langner N., Leigui de Oliveira M.A., Lenok V., Letessier-Selvon A., Lhenry-Yvon I., Lo Presti D., Lopes L., Lopez R., Lu L., Luce Q., Lundquist J.P., Machado Payeras A., Mancarella G., Mandat D., Manning B.C., Manshanden J., Mantsch P., Marafico S., Mariazzi A.G., Maris I.C., Marsella G., Martello D., Martinelli S., Martinez H., Martinez Bravo O., Mastrodicasa M., Mathes H.J., Matthews J., Matthiae G., Mayotte E., Mazur P.O., Medina-Tanco G., Melo D., Menshikov A., Merenda K.-D., Michal S., Micheletti M.I., Miramonti L., Mockler D., Mollerach S., Montanet F., Morello C., Mostafa M., Muller A.L., Muller M.A., Mulrey K., Mussa R., Muzio M., Namasaka W.M., Nasr-Esfahani A., Nellen L., Niculescu-Oglinzanu M., Niechciol M., Nitz D., Nosek D., Novotny V., Nozka L., Nucita A., Nunez L.A., Palatka M., Pallotta J., Papenbreer P., Parente G., Parra A., Pawlowsky J., Pech M., Pedreira F., Pekala J., Pelayo R., Pena-Rodriguez J., Pereira Martins E.E., Perez Armand J., Perez Bertolli C., Perlin M., Perrone L., Petrera S., Pierog T., Pimenta M., Pirronello V., Platino M., Pont B., Pothast M., Privitera P., Prouza M., Puyleart A., Querchfeld S., Rautenberg J., Ravignani D., Reininghaus M., Ridky J., Riehn F., Risse M., Rizi V., Rodrigues de Carvalho W., Rodriguez Rojo J., Roncoroni M.J., Roth M., Roulet E., Rovero A.C., Ruehl P., Saffi S.J., Saftoiu A., Salamida F., Salazar H., Salina G., Sanabria Gomez J.D., Sanchez F., Santos E.M., Santos E., Sarazin F., Sarmento R., Sarmiento-Cano C., Sato R., Savina P., Schafer C.M., Scherini V., Schieler H., Schimassek M., Schimp M., Schluter F., Schmidt D., Scholten O., Schovanek P., Schroder F.G., Schroder S., Schulte J., Schulz A., Sciutto S.J., Scornavacche M., Segreto A., Sehgal S., Shellard R.C., Sigl G., Silli G., Sima O., Smida R., Sommers P., Soriano J.F., Souchard J., Squartini R., Stadelmaier M., Stanca D., Stanic S., Stasielak J., Stassi P., Streich A., Suarez-Duran M., Sudholz T., Suomijarvi T., Supanitsky A.D., Szadkowski Z., Tapia A., Taricco C., Timmermans C., Tkachenko O., Tobiska P., Todero Peixoto C.J., Tome B., Torres Z., Travaini A., Travnicek P., Trimarelli C., Tueros M., Ulrich R., Unger M., Vaclavek L., Vacula M., Valdes Galicia J.F., Valore L., Varela E., Vasquez-Ramirez A., Veberic D., Ventura C., Vergara Quispe I.D., Verzi V., Vicha J., Vink J., Vorobiov S., Wahlberg H., Watanabe C., Watson A.A., Weber M., Weindl A., Wiencke L., Wilczynski H., Wirtz M., Wittkowski D., Wundheiler B., Yushkov A., Zapparrata O., Zas E., Zavrtanik D., Zavrtanik M., and Zehrer L.

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, UHE [cosmic radiation], FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, detector: fluorescence, Auger, cosmic rays, surface [detector], Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, calorimeter, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, cosmic radiation: UHE, spectrum [cosmic radiation], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Engineering (miscellaneous), Engineering & allied operations, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), fluorescence [detector], Pierre Auger Observatory, Physics, astro-ph.HE, cosmic radiation: energy spectrum, cosmic radiation: spectrum, detector: surface, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Calorimeter, flux, observatory, spectral, ddc:620, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, energy spectrum [cosmic radiation], Energy (signal processing), RAIOS CÓSMICOS, ultra-high energy cosmic rays, energy spectrum features
Abstract

The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina – Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargüe; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia – the Australian Research Council; Belgium – Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS); Research Foundation Flanders (FWO); Brazil – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants No. 2019/10151-2, No. 2010/07359-6 and No. 1999/05404-3; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC); Czech Republic – Grant No. MSMT CR LTT18004, LM2015038, LM2018102, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016010 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008422; France – Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Régional Ile-de-France; Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Département Sciences de l’Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d’Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany – Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Württemberg; Italy – Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Universitá e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); México – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) No. 167733; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands – Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative; Poland -Ministry of Science and Higher Education, grant No. DIR/WK/2018/11; National Science Centre, Grants No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, No. 2016/23/B/ST9/01635 and No. HARMONIA 5–2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal – Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania – Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, the Program Nucleu within MCI (PN19150201/16N/2019 and PN19060102) and project PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0839/19PCCDI/2018 within PNCDI III; Slovenia – Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, N1-0111; Spain – Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (FPA2017-85114-P and PID2019-104676GB-C32), Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2017/07), Junta de Andalucía (SOMM17/6104/UGR, P18-FR-4314) Feder Funds, RENATA Red Nacional Temática de Astropartículas (FPA2015-68783-REDT) and María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence (MDM-2016-0692); USA – Department of Energy, Contracts No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, No. DE-FR02-04ER41300, No. DE-FG02-99ER41107 and No. DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; University of Delaware Research Foundation (UDRF) – 2019; and UNESCO., We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called second-knee feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays., ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02, Belgium – Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire PNC-IN2P3/CNRS, Département Sciences de l’Univers, Feder Funds, María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence MDM-2016-0692, Ministero degli Affari Esteri, RENATA Red Nacional Temática de Astropartículas FPA2015-68783-REDT, SURF, National Science Foundation 0450696, U.S. Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FG02-99ER41107, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-SC0011689, University of Delaware Research Foundation, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Australian Research Council, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 1999/05404-3, 2010/07359-6, 2019/10151-2, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología 167733, Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Conseil Régional, Île-de-France, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Narodowe Centrum Nauki 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, 2016/23/B/ST9/01635, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198, Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS I0-0033, N1-0111, P1-0031, P1-0385, Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki DIR/WK/2018/11, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ministry of Education and Research, Romania PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0839/19PCCDI/2018, PN19060102, PN19150201/16N/2019, European Regional Development Fund, Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España FPA2017-85114-P, PID2019-104676GB-C32, Xunta de Galicia ED431C 2017/07, Junta de Andalucía P18-FR-4314, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008422, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016010, LM2015038, LM2018102, MSMT CR LTT18004, Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade, Institut Lagrange de Paris

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2021
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3. A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory

Author

B. García, M. L. Díaz Castro, G. Farrar, R. López, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Francesca Zuccarello, Hernan Wahlberg, Q. Luce, Jose Chinellato, P. H. Nguyen, Martin Erdmann, Octavian Sima, J. Kleinfeller, H. J. Mathes, Z. Zong, G. Matthiae, R. R. Prado, F. Diogo, E. M. Santos, M. Schauer, A. Streich, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Stanislav Michal, A. Taboada, A. Letessier-Selvon, A. Parra, Antonio Bueno, Daniel Kuempel, M. Wirtz, Isabel Goos, Lorenzo Cazon, R. M. de Almeida, Kevin-Druis Merenda, D. Heck, G. P. Guedes, Roger W Clay, A. van Vliet, Frank G. Schröder, Toshihiro Fujii, P. Ristori, M. del Río, Bruce R. Dawson, Tim Huege, M. Trini, P.F. Gómez Vitale, Gualberto Avila, P.O. Mazur, David Wittkowski, J. Rodriguez Rojo, Jakub Juryšek, J. Debatin, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, Angela V. Olinto, G. Salina, Danielle LaHurd, Olivier Deligny, Charles Timmermans, Lukas Middendorf, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Ioana Codrina Maris, M. I. Micheletti, Antonio Condorelli, R. Lorek, Giuseppe De Mauro, J. F. Valdés Galicia, G. C. Hill, Ugo Giaccari, Jorge F. Soriano, Enrique Zas, A. Cancio, Ralph Engel, Rodrigo Pelayo, Q. Dorosti, J. Ridky, Stijn Buitink, Christine Peters, M. Scornavacche, M. Zavrtanik, M. Schimp, M. Risse, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, T. Pierog, Justin M. Albury, Max Malacari, Lili Yang, Markus Roth, I. Allekotte, John Farmer, Piotr Homola, Fernando Contreras, E.M. Holt, Giovanni Consolati, B. C. Manning, Jonathan Blazek, R. Ramos-Pollan, L. Nellen, Piera Luisa Ghia, M. Josebachuili, C. Morello, A. Tapia, Jonathan Biteau, Dariusz Gora, Maria-Teresa Dova, Giovanni Marsella, D. Nosek, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Benedikt Zimmermann, Rúben Conceição, E. Santos, Alessio Gorgi, A. C. Fauth, Vladimir Lenok, L. Perrone, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, A.M. van den Berg, Darko Veberič, G. Torralba Elipe, Philipp Papenbreer, G. Parente, Fabrizia Canfora, A. Aab, R. Krause, L. Valore, G. Morlino, Hernán Asorey, A. Bridgeman, Esteban Roulet, Petr Travnicek, Carla Bonifazi, S. J. Saffi, Alan Coleman, Trent D. Grubb, Jose A. Bellido, Carola Dobrigkeit, L. Zehrer, Thomas Harrison, D. Melo, R. Legumina, G. Kukec Mezek, M. J. Roncoroni, D. Nitz, Nicolas Martin Gonzalez, Peter L. Biermann, R.C. dos Anjos, L. A. S. Pereira, M.P. Panetta, Petr Schovanek, A. Puyleart, Corinne Berat, M. Giller, S. Baur, M. Stolpovskiy, Juan Manuel Figueira, Roberta Colalillo, M. Palatka, Jan Pękala, A. G. Mariazzi, M. Perlin, Luis Villaseñor, Alan Watson, M. E. Bertaina, A. Menshikov, F. Pedreira, J. Phuntsok, A. Weindl, Raul Sarmento, Paolo Privitera, D. Lo Presti, S. J. De Jong, Patricia María Hansen, Marvin Gottowik, N. Kemmerich, Martina Bohacova, K.-H. Becker, M. Pimenta, Eric Mayotte, Jeffrey A. Johnsen, S. Quinn, Xavier Bertou, Felix Schlüter, Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu, A. Zepeda, L. R. Wiencke, I.D. Vergara Quispe, J. Alvarez Castillo, P. Ruehl, Pedro Assis, Maximilian Reininghaus, M. Schimassek, J. de Oliveira, Alejandro Almela, C. Hojvat, Marco Giammarchi, Jan Ebr, Fabian Gobbi, Jarryd A. Day, A. Etchegoyen, David Schmidt, A. M. Botti, Roberto Mussa, M. Gómez Berisso, R. C. Shellard, Juan Pablo Gongora, Günter Sigl, Tobias Winchen, R. Sato, Florian Lukas Briechle, Denis Stanca, P. Stassi, Paul Sommers, Radomir Smida, F. Guarino, John Matthews, A. Blanco, O. C. Lippmann, A.C. Cobos Cerutti, B. Vargas Cárdenas, T. Suomijärvi, Peter Buchholz, J. Pallotta, C. Sarmiento-Cano, Jacco Vink, Thomas Bretz, H.O. Klages, Corbin Covault, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, Miroslav Hrabovský, M. Urban, M. Mastrodicasa, Matias Tueros, François Montanet, Lourenco Lopes, Mario Buscemi, B. L. Lago, S. Schröder, M. J. Cooper, F. Sánchez, V. de Souza, A. C. Rovero, Niraj Dhital, J. Rautenberg, C. Bleve, M. Wiedeński, Marco Aglietta, Dusan Mandat, I. Valiño, Matías Rolf Hampel, Alexandru Balaceanu, A. Haungs, Francesco Fenu, A. Kuotb Awad, S. G. Blaess, Lino Miramonti, A. A. Nucita, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Jesús Peña-Rodríguez, P. Abreu, B. Mitrica, D. Ravignani, Heino Falcke, V. Novotny, Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu, Eleonora Guido, Rossella Caruso, A. Lucero, Fernando Catalani, S. Mathys, Luis A. Nunez, I. Jandt, Ralf Ulrich, Marcio Aparecido Muller, M. Suárez-Durán, Carla Aramo, Jörg R. Hörandel, P. Mantsch, J. Vicha, Z. Szadkowski, Daniela Mockler, Vincenzo Rizi, Julien Souchard, D. Martello, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Miroslav Pech, M. Ziolkowski, M. Platino, F.O. de Oliveira Salles, P. Savina, G. Golup, Paula Gina Isar, Maria Rita Coluccia, Bruno Daniel, G. Mancarella, B. Keilhauer, Pavel Horvath, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, Marcus Niechciol, Silvia Mollerach, O. Martínez Bravo, Julian Kemp, Rodrigo Guedes Lang, Belén Andrada, S. J. Sciutto, P. van Bodegom, S. Müller, Juan Miguel Carceller, Alex Kääpä, S. Querchfeld, Nataliia Borodai, N. Fazzini, Jonas Glombitza, F. C. T. Barbato, A. Fuster, Sofia Andringa, H. Gemmeke, M. Unger, A. D. Supanitsky, J. Šupík, Carlo Ventura, Andrej Dundovic, Lorenzo Caccianiga, B. Wundheiler, Andres Travaini, Gregory R Snow, E. Varela, J.D. Sanabria Gomez, J. Chudoba, H. Schieler, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Ladislav Chytka, L. Calcagni, Kai Daumiller, Antonella Castellina, Alena Bakalova, J. Stasielak, S. Coutu, Gaia Silli, P. Heimann, Serguei Vorobiov, A. Filipčič, Federico Suarez, O. A. Taborda, C. Porowski, H. Martinez, F. Sarazin, Marcos Cerda, Denise Boncioli, G. Cataldi, V. Scherini, Valerio Verzi, B. Tome, Alexandra Saftoiu, Thomas Hebbeker, S. Petrera, Marc Weber, Sergio Dasso, Tristan Sudholz, Ivan De Mitri, Martín Miguel Freire, Jeffrey Brack, Olaf Scholten, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, F. Riehn, Miguel Mostafa, C. O. Escobar, A. Insolia, M. Kleifges, D. Zavrtanik, A. López Casado, Samo Stanič, Dariusz Glas, Bjarni Pont, R.J. Barreira Luz, Johannes Schumacher, Violet M. Harvey, D. Harari, F. Salamida, A. Yushkov, L.P. Ferreyro, Alina Mihaela Badescu, M. Prouza, R. Squartini, Alfred Müller, G. Medina-Tanco, R. Halliday, J. Hulsman, J. Poh, Valerio Pirronello, C. J. Todero Peixoto, L. Noža, H. Wilczyński, Aab A., Abreu P., Aglietta M., Albuquerque I.F.M., Albury J.M., Allekotte I., Almela A., Alvarez Castillo J., Alvarez-Muniz J., Anastasi G.A., Anchordoqui L., Andrada B., Andringa S., Aramo C., Asorey H., Assis P., Avila G., Badescu A.M., Bakalova A., Balaceanu A., Barbato F., Barreira Luz R.J., Baur S., Becker K.H., Bellido J.A., Berat C., Bertaina M.E., Bertou X., Biermann P.L., Biteau J., Blaess S.G., Blanco A., Blazek J., Bleve C., Bohacova M., Boncioli D., Bonifazi C., Borodai N., Botti A.M., Brack J., Bretz T., Bridgeman A., Briechle F.L., Buchholz P., Bueno A., Buitink S., Buscemi M., Caballero-Mora K.S., Caccianiga L., Calcagni L., Cancio A., Canfora F., Carceller J.M., Caruso R., Castellina A., Catalani F., Cataldi G., Cazon L., Cerda M., Chinellato J.A., Chudoba J., Chytka L., Clay R.W., Cobos Cerutti A.C., Colalillo R., Coleman A., Coluccia M.R., Conceicao R., Condorelli A., Consolati G., Contreras F., Cooper M.J., Coutu S., Covault C.E., Daniel B., Dasso S., Daumiller K., Dawson B.R., Day J.A., de Almeida R.M., de Jong S.J., Mauro G., de Mello Neto J.R.T., Mitri I., de Oliveira J., de Oliveira Salles F.O., de Souza V., Debatin J., del Rio M., Deligny O., Dhital N., Diaz Castro M.L., Diogo F., Dobrigkeit C., D'Olivo J.C., Dorosti Q., dos Anjos R.C., Dova M.T., Dundovic A., Ebr J., Engel R., Erdmann M., Escobar C.O., Etchegoyen A., Falcke H., Farmer J., Farrar G., Fauth A.C., Fazzini N., Feldbusch F., Fenu F., Ferreyro L.P., Figueira J.M., Filipcic A., Freire M.M., Fujii T., Fuster A., Garcia B., Gemmeke H., Gherghel-Lascu A., Ghia P.L., Giaccari U., Giammarchi M., Giller M., Glas D., Glombitza J., Gobbi F., Golup G., Gomez Berisso M., Gomez Vitale P.F., Gongora J.P., Gonzalez N., Goos I., Gora D., Gorgi A., Gottowik M., Grubb T.D., Guarino F., Guedes G.P., Guido E., Halliday R., Hampel M.R., Hansen P., Harari D., Harrison T.A., Harvey V.M., Haungs A., Hebbeker T., Heck D., Heimann P., Hill G.C., Hojvat C., Holt E.M., Homola P., Horandel J.R., Horvath P., Hrabovsky M., Huege T., Hulsman J., Insolia A., Isar P.G., Jandt I., Johnsen J.A., Josebachuili M., Jurysek J., Kaapa A., Kampert K.H., Keilhauer B., Kemmerich N., Kemp J., Klages H.O., Kleifges M., Kleinfeller J., Krause R., Kuempel D., Kukec Mezek G., Kuotb Awad A., Lago B.L., LaHurd D., Lang R.G., Legumina R., Leigui de Oliveira M.A., Lenok V., Letessier-Selvon A., Lhenry-Yvon I., Lippmann O.C., Lo Presti D., Lopes L., Lopez R., Lopez Casado A., Lorek R., Luce Q., Lucero A., Malacari M., Mancarella G., Mandat D., Manning B.C., Mantsch P., Mariazzi A.G., Maris I.C., Marsella G., Martello D., Martinez H., Martinez Bravo O., Mastrodicasa M., Mathes H.J., Mathys S., Matthews J., Matthiae G., Mayotte E., Mazur P.O., Medina-Tanco G., Melo D., Menshikov A., Merenda K.-D., Michal S., Micheletti M.I., Middendorf L., Miramonti L., Mitrica B., Mockler D., Mollerach S., Montanet F., Morello C., Morlino G., Mostafa M., Muller A.L., Muller M.A., Muller S., Mussa R., Nellen L., Nguyen P.H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu M., Niechciol M., Nitz D., Nosek D., Novotny V., Noza L., Nucita A., Nunez L.A., Olinto A., Palatka M., Pallotta J., Panetta M.P., Papenbreer P., Parente G., Parra A., Pech M., Pedreira F., Pekala J., Pelayo R., Pena-Rodriguez J., Pereira L.A.S., Perlin M., Perrone L., Peters C., Petrera S., Phuntsok J., Pierog T., Pimenta M., Pirronello V., Platino M., Poh J., Pont B., Porowski C., Prado R.R., Privitera P., Prouza M., Puyleart A., Querchfeld S., Quinn S., Ramos-Pollan R., Rautenberg J., Ravignani D., Reininghaus M., Ridky J., Riehn F., Risse M., Ristori P., Rizi V., Rodrigues de Carvalho W., Rodriguez Rojo J., Roncoroni M.J., Roth M., Roulet E., Rovero A.C., Ruehl P., Saffi S.J., Saftoiu A., Salamida F., Salazar H., Salina G., Sanabria Gomez J.D., Sanchez F., Santos E.M., Santos E., Sarazin F., Sarmento R., Sarmiento-Cano C., Sato R., Savina P., Schauer M., Scherini V., Schieler H., Schimassek M., Schimp M., Schluter F., Schmidt D., Scholten O., Schovanek P., Schroder F.G., Schroder S., Schumacher J., Sciutto S.J., Scornavacche M., Shellard R.C., Sigl G., Silli G., Sima O., Smida R., Snow G.R., Sommers P., Soriano J.F., Souchard J., Squartini R., Stanca D., Stanic S., Stasielak J., Stassi P., Stolpovskiy M., Streich A., Suarez F., Suarez-Duran M., Sudholz T., Suomijarvi T., Supanitsky A.D., Supik J., Szadkowski Z., Taboada A., Taborda O.A., Tapia A., Timmermans C., Todero Peixoto C.J., Tome B., Torralba Elipe G., Travaini A., Travnicek P., Trini M., Tueros M., Ulrich R., Unger M., Urban M., Valdes Galicia J.F., Valino I., Valore L., van Bodegom P., van den Berg A.M., van Vliet A., Varela E., Vargas Cardenas B., Veberic D., Ventura C., Vergara Quispe I.D., Verzi V., Vicha J., Villasenor L., Vink J., Vorobiov S., Wahlberg H., Watson A.A., Weber M., Weindl A., Wiedenski M., Wiencke L., Wilczynski H., Winchen T., Wirtz M., Wittkowski D., Wundheiler B., Yang L., Yushkov A., Zas E., Zavrtanik D., Zavrtanik M., Zehrer L., Zepeda A., Zimmermann B., Ziolkowski M., Zong Z., Zuccarello F., Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Muniz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Barreira Luz, R. J., Baur, S., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Biteau, J., Blaess, S. G., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Bohacova, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Bridgeman, A., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cobos Cerutti, A. C., Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceicao, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jong, S. J., Mauro, G., de Mello Neto, J. R. T., Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Oliveira Salles, F. O., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Rio, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Diaz Castro, M. L., Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., dos Anjos, R. C., Dova, M. T., Dundovic, A., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Ferreyro, L. P., Figueira, J. M., Filipcic, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Garcia, B., Gemmeke, H., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glas, D., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Gomez Berisso, M., Gomez Vitale, P. F., Gongora, J. P., Gonzalez, N., Goos, I., Gora, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Heimann, P., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Holt, E. M., Homola, P., Horandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovsky, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Jandt, I., Johnsen, J. A., Josebachuili, M., Jurysek, J., Kaapa, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Krause, R., Kuempel, D., Kukec Mezek, G., Kuotb Awad, A., Lago, B. L., Lahurd, D., Lang, R. G., Legumina, R., Leigui de Oliveira, M. A., Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lippmann, O. C., Lo Presti, D., Lopes, L., Lopez, R., Lopez Casado, A., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Maris, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Martinez Bravo, O., Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Middendorf, L., Miramonti, L., Mitrica, B., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafa, M., Muller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Muller, S., Mussa, R., Nellen, L., Nguyen, P. H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Noza, L., Nucita, A., Nunez, L. A., Olinto, A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pekala, J., Pelayo, R., Pena-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Phuntsok, J., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Poh, J., Pont, B., Porowski, C., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, S., Ramos-Pollan, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sanabria Gomez, J. D., Sanchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schauer, M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schluter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovanek, P., Schroder, F. G., Schroder, S., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Smida, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stanca, D., Stanic, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Stolpovskiy, M., Streich, A., Suarez, F., Suarez-Duran, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijarvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Supik, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Tome, B., Torralba Elipe, G., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Valdes Galicia, J. F., Valino, I., Valore, L., van Bodegom, P., van den Berg, A. M., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cardenas, B., Veberic, D., Ventura, C., Vergara Quispe, I. D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villasenor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiedenski, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczynski, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yang, L., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., Zong, Z., Zuccarello, F., Physics, ITA, and Research unit Astroparticle Physics

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Field of view, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Auger, lcsh:QB1-991, Observatory, ultraviolet, Storm, ddc:550, UHE Cosmic Rays, time resolution, Cosmic-ray observatory, Physics, lcsh:QE1-996.5, astro-ph, Geology, width [beam], Ionosphere, lcsh:Astronomy, UHE [cosmic radiation], Environmental Science (miscellaneous), horizon, Lightning, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, fluorescence [detector], background, Física, sensitivity, optics, lcsh:Geology, Elves, UV fluorescence detectors, Thunderstorm, 13. Climate action, Experimental High Energy Physics, network, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Elves
Abstract

The time and location of the 1,598 verified and reconstructed elves, used for the analysis showcased in this paper, are publicly available on the website of the Pierre Auger Observatory (https://www.auger.org/ index.php/science/data). We wish to thank the World Wide Lightning Location Network (http://wwlln.net), a collaboration among over 50 universities and institutions, for providing the lightning location data used in this paper. We acknowledge Robert Marshall for providing one of the most advanced elve simulations to the public, a key tool in understanding the elves observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe., Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250 km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of 3 · 106 km2, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Córdoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year-round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3-year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far-field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year-round operation and full horizon coverage., Argentina—Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargüe; and NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia—the Australian Research Council; Brazil—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants 2010/07359-6 and 1999/05404-3; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC); Czech Republic—Grants MSMT CRLTT18004, LO1305, LM2015038, and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402; France—Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Régional Ile-de-France; Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Département Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany—Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft. Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Württemberg; Italy—Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universitá e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); México—Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)167733; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands—Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Dutch National e-Infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative; Poland—National Centre for Research and Development, Grant ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11; National Science Centre, Grants 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2016/23/B/ST9/01635, and HARMONIA 5–2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal—Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania—Romanian Ministry of Research and InnovationCNCS/CCCDI-UESFISCDI, projects PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017- 0839/19PCCDI/2018, PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2016-1922, PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2016-1659, and PN18090102 within PNCDI III; Slovenia—Slovenian Research Agency; Spain—Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program Grant FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826; USA—Department of Energy, Contracts DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, and DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, Grant 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; and UNESCO.

Published
2020
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4. Reconstruction of vertical events recorded by the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

Daniela Mockler

Subjects
Pierre Auger Observatory, Photomultiplier, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Reconstruction algorithm, Généralités, Optics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, Zenith, Geology, Cherenkov radiation, Event reconstruction
Abstract

At ground level, surface detector arrays sample the secondary particles from extensive air showers induced by primary cosmic rays with ultra-high energy interacting with the Earth's atmosphere. The recorded events are used to study the energy spectrum, arrival directions, and mass composition of the cosmic rays. The surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory comprises 1660 water-Cherenkov stations deployed on a tessellated triangular grid. Each station is filled with 12 tons of ultra-purified water viewed by three 9-inch photomultipliers, which record the Cherenkov light produced mainly by electrons and muons entering the detector. Physics events are selected by exploring the temporal and spatial combination of the individual detector information in real time. The reconstruction algorithm determines the arrival direction and the energy of the primary particle, and will be described for selected events with zenith angles less than 60? (a dataset referred to as vertical). The presented reconstruction procedure has been successfully applied to measured and simulated showers., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2019

5. Covering the celestial sphere at ultra-high energies: Full-sky cosmic-ray maps beyond the ankle and the flux suppression

Author

Lorenzo Caccianiga, Jonathan Biteau, Dmitri Ivanov, K. Kawata, Sergey Troitsky, Hiroyuki Sagawa, Peter Tinyakov, Daniela Mockler, Igor Tkachev, Toshihiro Fujii, R. Menezes de Almeida, T. Bister, J. P. Lundquist, Toshiyuki Nonaka, D. Harari, A. Di Matteo, Olivier Deligny, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pierre Auger, Telescope Array, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
higher-order, media_common.quotation_subject, deflection, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, QC1-999, multipole, Cosmic ray, magnetic field, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, anisotropy, 01 natural sciences, Declination, Computer Science::Digital Libraries, law.invention, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, cosmic radiation: UHE, Anisotropy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysique, media_common, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Celestial equator, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Celestial sphere, suppression, Auger, observatory, Sky, sphere, galaxy, Multipole expansion, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], cosmic radiation: flux
Abstract

Despite deflections by Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields, the distribution of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) over the celestial sphere remains a most promising observable for the identification of their sources. Thanks to a large number of detected events over the past years, a large-scale anisotropy at energies above 8 EeV has been identified, and there are also indications from the Telescope Array and Pierre Auger Collaborations of deviations from isotropy at intermediate angular scales (about 20 degrees) at the highest energies. In this contribution, we map the flux of UHECRs over the full sky at energies beyond each of two major features in the UHECR spectrum – the ankle and the flux suppression -, and we derive limits for anisotropy on different angular scales in the two energy regimes. In particular, full-sky coverage enables constraints on low-order multipole moments without assumptions about the strength of higher-order multipoles. Following previous efforts from the two Collaborations, we build full-sky maps accounting for the relative exposure of the arrays and differences in the energy normalizations. The procedure relies on cross-calibrating the UHECR fluxes reconstructed in the declination band around the celestial equator covered by both observatories. We present full-sky maps at energies above ~ 10 EeV and ~ 50 EeV, using the largest datasets shared across UHECR collaborations to date. We report on anisotropy searches exploiting full-sky coverage and discuss possible constraints on the distribution of UHECR sources., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2019
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6. Auger-TA energy spectrum working group report

Author

I. Lhenry-Yvon, Olivier Deligny, Francesco Salamida, Ioana Codrina Maris, Gordon Thomson, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, Dmitri Ivanov, Daniela Mockler, Yoshiki Tsunesada, Daisuke Ikeda, I. Valiño, Toshiyuki Nonaka, V. Verzi, Markus Roth, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pierre Auger, Telescope Array, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
air, media_common.quotation_subject, QC1-999, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, energy spectrum, cosmic radiation: energy, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, energy dependence, Telescope, Observatory, law, 0103 physical sciences, cosmic radiation: UHE, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Monte Carlo, attenuation, media_common, Pierre Auger Observatory, Physics, showers: atmosphere, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, detector: surface, Attenuation, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, suppression, energy: calibration, Computational physics, Auger, observatory, Sky, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

The energy spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is the most emblematic observable for describing these particles. Beyond a few tens of EeV, the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array, currently being exploited, provide the largest exposures ever accumulated in the Southern and Northern hemispheres to measure independently a suppression of the intensity, in a complementary way in terms of the coverage of the sky. However, the comparison of the spectra shows differences that are not reducible to an overall uncertainty on the calibration of the energy scale used to reconstruct the extensive air showers. In line with the previous editions of the UHECR workshops, a working group common to both experiments examined these differences by focusing this time on quantification of these differences in the region of the sky commonly observed, where the spectra should be in agreement within uncertainties when directional-exposure effects are taken into account. These differences are compared with the systematic uncertainties of each experiment. We have also revisited the methods of determining cosmic-ray energies and deriving the energy spectrum. We describe the surface detector (SD) spectrum obtained adopting an energy calibration based on the constant intensity cut method (CIC), a Monte Carlo-based attenuation correction, and an energy-dependent CIC attenuation correction.

Published
2018
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7. The Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays at the Highest Energies

Author

Yoshiki Tsunesada, Daisuke Ikeda, Daniela Mockler, Francesco Salamida, Ioana Codrina Maris, Dmitri Ivanov, Toshiyuki Nonaka, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Gordon Thomson, Olivier Deligny, I. Valiño, V. Verzi, A. Schulz, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, Markus Roth, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Normalization (statistics), Work (thermodynamics), ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, cosmic radiation: energy spectrum, Scale (ratio), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, energy spectrum, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Auger, Nuclear physics, observatory, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, cosmic radiation: UHE, 010306 general physics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Scaling, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

International audience; In the same way as for previous international symposia on future directions in ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) physics, an inter-collaborative energy spectrum working group (WG) has been established with membership from the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger) and the Telescope Array experiment (TA) with the aim to compile a balanced view about the current status of the energy spectrum of UHECRs. In addition to the review work, another pursued goal has been to quantify the differences in the estimates of the energy spectrum at the highest energies. A summary of these studies is given in these proceedings.

Published
2016
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8. FAIR Data Spaces – a common Data Space for Industry, Science and Society

Author

Zeyd Boukhers, Christoph Lange-Bever, and Daniela Mockler

Subjects
NFDI, Gaia-X, Data Spaces, FAIR Principales
Abstract

A presentation about the FAIR Data Spaces project at the EOSC symposium 2022 in Prague. The FAIR Data Spaces project is funded by theFederal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)from May 2021 to May 2024. In this project, theGaia-X federated and secure data infrastructureand the National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) are connected to a common, cloud-based data space for industry and research in compliance with theFAIR Principles, i.e., to share data in a findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable way.

Published
2022
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