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The manufacturing process of open transmission gratings with high efficiency and high line density is described. This process is developed by Dr. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH in cooperation with the Max- Planck-Institut and involves two steps, the mechanical ruling of the original master and the photochemical replication of the individual grating facets. The freestanding transmission grating is added by a regular support structure obstructing about one-third of the grating area. For application in space astronomy, gratings have been subjected to vibration and acoustic-noise tests.