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Background: Increased complexity in the primary healthcare services has followed in the wake of health reforms and reveals the need for competence enhancement in the nursing services. Effective and visionary leadership, sufficiently qualified staff and cooperation among professionals are considered as key measures to safeguard quality in the services. Aims: To identify which leadership styles characterise first‐line nurse managers in Norwegian municipal in‐patient acute care (MipAC) units and to investigate how first‐line nurse managers' leadership styles are associated with team culture and documented nursing competence planning. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was distributed to all the first‐line nurse managers in Norwegian MipAC units (n = 229). Data were collected between March and June 2019. The response rate was 80.5% (n = 182). First‐line managers' background information and data about their focus on team culture and competence planning were recorded. Furthermore, we noted organisational structural characteristics, and managers' transformational (relational) leadership and transactional (task‐oriented) leadership styles. Results: The managers exhibited a high degree of transformational leadership behaviour, which was significantly associated with team culture. No significant associations between leadership behaviours and documented competence planning were found. Notably, we found a significant correlation between transformational and transactional leadership styles, indicating that the managers adapt their leadership behaviours to actual requirements and situations. Organisational structural factors: the share of registered nurses (RNs) on the staff and having a position for a professional development nurse were positively associated with competence planning. Conclusion: A relational leadership style promotes team culture and both factors may empower the professional nursing environment. However, first‐line nurse managers need to acknowledge nursing competence planning as a central part of effective leadership. Having a professional development nurse position seems to complement leadership and ease the manager's responsibilities regarding team culture and competence planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To explore person‐centred care provided to a group of older adults (65+) by understanding their experiences of care received, their participation in care and what matters to them during and after the transition process between hospital and home. Background: Although facilitating person‐centred care (PCC) has gained increasing importance globally over the last few decades, its practical implementation has been challenging. This has caused difficulties in determining its core elements and best practices. Person‐centred care aims to deliver healthcare services based on individuals' preferences. Several approaches have been developed to better implement person‐centred care practices. The Norwegian transitional and follow‐up model, 'Holistic Continuity of Patient Care', chooses the 'What Matters to You?' approach. Other approaches include 'Shared Decision Making' and 'Continuity of Care'. Design: This study employed a qualitative design. Methods: Individual repeated interviews were conducted among eight participants. A hermeneutic exploratory research method was chosen. The COREQ checklist was followed. Results: Three main themes related to person‐centred care emerged: what matters in meetings with the individual healthcare worker, mobilising health‐promoting capabilities and resources and what matters when being in the organisational healthcare system. Conclusion: To participate in their own health issues, older people need to be empowered and better informed about the importance and scope of person‐centred care. 'What Matters to You?' is a good focus for the direction of care but can lead to a simplified understanding of individuals' preferences. Increased focus on how care recipients' capabilities and resources affect their responding is needed. Relevance to clinical practice: Ensuring that person‐centred aspects are incorporated into the entire healthcare system requires better methods of engaging and empowering older adults in healthcare settings; more focus on PCC competence and skills of healthcare professionals as well as better integration of PCC practices into healthcare administration and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To explore home care nurses' experiences of implementation and use of checklists developed for improving continuity of care for older patients (65+ years). Background: The Norwegian Coordination Reform was implemented to improve coordination between hospitals and communities and facilitate a quicker return to home community after hospital discharge. To follow‐up, national learning networks were initialised to improve pathways for chronically ill older patients, including the development and use of standardised checklists. Design: An explorative qualitative design was chosen. Methods: Three focus group interviews were conducted, including 18 registered nurses from eight municipalities in southern Norway. Systematic text condensation was used to analyse the interview texts. The COREQ checklist was followed. Results: Three categories emerged from the analysis. (a) "The implementation process" included the experiences of a chaotic beginning, the importance of involvement, the leaders' role and resource allocation. (b) "Pros and cons of checklists in use" included the informants' experiences of checklists' usefulness for nurses and the patients. (c) "Competence needed" included the need for a comprehensive set of formal, experiential and social competences. Conclusion and relevance to clinical practice: The leaders' role, support and engagement are decisive for a successful implementation. To succeed and establish solid routines, allocating resources when implementing new laborious routines, such as checklists, is important. To improve holistic continuity of care to chronically ill older patients, checklists should be customisable to each patient's needs, be comprehensive enough to grasp the essence in what to be done at several time points, but at the same time brief enough to be operational. Checklists can be a useful tool for home care nurses, if customised to the individual municipality and the staffs' working routines. It is important that the staff have versatile and extensive competencies enabling them to use the checklists appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify critical aspects of nursing competence to care for older patients in the context of municipal in‐patient acute care. Background: An increasingly complex and advanced primary healthcare system requires attention to the extent of nursing competence in municipal services. However, competence in complex and advanced care settings must be explored using perspectives which acknowledge the complexity of nurses' performance. Design: A phenomenological hermeneutic, qualitative approach with individual in‐depth interviews was used. COREQ reporting guidelines have been applied. Methods: A sample of eight nurses and two physicians employed in municipal in‐patient acute care units (MAUs) were purposively recruited to participate. Data were collected between May and June of 2017. Analysis and interpretation were conducted systematically in three steps: naïve reading, structural analysis and comprehensive understanding. Findings: Two main themes were revealed. The first was the following: "The meaning of the individual nursing competence" including the themes "Having competence in clinical assessments, decision‐making, and performing interventions"; "Having competence to collaborate, coordinate and facilitate"; and "Being committed." The second was the following: "The meaning of environmental and systemic factors for nursing competence," included the themes "Having professional leadership"; "Having a sufficiently qualified staff"; and "Working in an open, cooperative and professional work environment." Conclusion: Individual nursing competence in MAUs should include the capability to detect patient deterioration and to care for older patients in a holistic perspective. In addition, the professional environmental culture, supportive leadership and systemic factors seemed to be crucial to success. Relevance to clinical practice: This study illustrates the nurses' responsibility for older patients' safety and quality of care in the MAUs. These findings can act as a foundation for the development and adaptation of educational programmes to accommodate requirements for nursing competence in MAUs. The broad perspective of nursing competence can give directions for quality improvements in MAUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The way in which telemedicine contributes to promote coping and independence might be undervalued in the development of telemedicine solutions and the implementation of telemedicine interventions. This study explored how home-living patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experienced follow-up using telemedicine, and the extent to which the implemented technology was able to support and improve the patients' coping resources and independence. Methods A qualitative approach with individual semi-structured interviews was used. Ten patients diagnosed with COPD participated. The data were transcribed verbatim and a qualitative content analysis method was used, including analyses of the manifest and latent content of the texts. Results The participants' positive attitude to handling and understanding the technology and the positive and negative feelings related to use the technology derived the theme: "The telemedicine solution is experienced as comprehensible and manageable and provides meaning in daily life". The importance of telemedicine services that provided trust and confidence, the intervention's impact on independence and self-management and the intervention's ability to support integrity and meaning in life, derived the theme: "The telemedicine intervention contributes to stress reduction caused by illness burden and facilitates living as normally as possible". Discussion The impact of a telemedicine intervention might be influenced by the experience of a technological solution that requires little effort to deal with, while it must also provide meaning in life. Furthermore, the telenurses' expertise and the intervention's flexibility, i.e. possibilities for individual adaption, might promote coping to facilitate living as normally as possible despite illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older home-living people are an at-risk group for undernutrition, particularly those who are living alone. Lack of knowledge about healthy dietary habits, altered taste sensation, and declined health status are shown to be some of the factors related to undernutrition. The aims of this study were to explore how a small group of older people in Southern Norway perceived their nutritional self-care. Methods: An exploratory qualitative approach, combined with a simple self-report questionnaire, was used. Five persons living in rural areas in Southern Norway, who in a former study were screened and found to be at risk for undernutrition, participated. Qualitative data assessed by means of individual self-care talks in the persons' own homes were analyzed using directed content analysis. A simple self-report questionnaire containing demographic variables, two health-related questions, and the Nutritional Form For the Elderly (NUFFE-NO) instrument was filled out at baseline and 6 months after the self-care talks. Results: The qualitative data showed that the participants had adequate knowledge about healthy and nutritious diets. They were aware of and motivated to adapt their diet to their current state of health and to perform the necessary actions to maintain an optimal nutritional status and nutritional self-care. Conclusion: Older people living at home are a diverse group. However, this study showed that they may have sufficient knowledge, willingness, and ability to perform nutritional self-care, even if they live alone and have several chronic illnesses and impaired health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-care is an activity of mature persons who have developed their abilities to take care of themselves. Individuals can choose to actualize their self-care abilities into self-care activities to maintain, restore, or improve health and well-being. It is of importance to understand the meaning of the actualization of self-care resources among older people. The aim of this study was to investigate the meaning of the actualization of self-care resources, i.e., actions taken to improve, maintain, or restore health and well-being, among a group of older home-dwelling individuals with a high sense of coherence. The design of this study was to reanalyse narratives revealing self-care activities from 11 (five females and six males) Norwegian older home-dwelling people (65 years or older) identified as having a high sense of coherence. In order to reveal the meaning and get an understanding of why these self-care resources were realized or actualized, a Gadamerian-based research method was chosen. The analysis revealed four themes that showed the meaning of actualization of self-care resources in the study group: "Desire to carry on", "Be of use to others", "Self-realization", and "Confidence to manage in the future". The findings showed what older people found meaningful to strive for, and this information can be used as a guide for health professionals when supporting older people in their self-care. Older people with self-care resources can also be an important resource for others in need of social contact and practical help. These resources have to be asked for in voluntary work among older people in need of help and, thereby, can be a valuable supplement to the community health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older persons in transition to need professional care in their homes will constitute a large group in municipalities in the future. The aim of this study was to obtain insight into nurses' experiences and perceptions of caring for patients in transition to receive homecare. Eleven home nurses divided into two focus groups were interviewed, and a phenomenological hermeneutical design was used. Four interpretations closely related to each other were revealed: it is essential to have an understanding of the patients' transition history; the nurse' repertoire is challenged in the transition process; care must be adapted to the patients' life world; the excellence of care is threatened by the context. The nurses strived to provide care based upon respect for the independent individual as a living whole. Their ambitions were, however, challenged and threatened by the caring context. The cooperation across organizational levels was pointed out as a critical factor with potential for improvement. This must be taken seriously to support the nurses in their endeavors to provide excellent care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical studies constitute 50% of the bachelor program in nursing education in Norway, and the quality of these studies may be decisive for the students' opportunities to learn and develop their professional competences.The aim of this study was to explore what bachelor students' in nursing perceived to be important for having good learning experiences in clinical studies. Data was collected in a focus group interview with eight nursing students who were in the last year of the educational program. The interview was transcribed verbatim, and qualitative content analysis was used for exploring and interpreting the content of the interview text. One main theme emerged from the analysis: "being in a vulnerable and exposed position characterized by conflicting needs." Four categories were found: "aspects related to the clinical setting", "aspects related to the nurse supervisor," "aspects related to the student," and "aspects related to the student-supervisor relationship". The findings revealed that the students' learning experiences and motivation were related to individual, relational, and organizational aspects.The students highlighted their own as well as their supervisors' attitudes and competences and the importance of positive relationships. In addition, feeling welcomed, included, and valued in the ward improved their motivation, self-confidence, and self-respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The incidence and prevalence of mental problems among older people are difficult to map because the causes are often complex and the symptoms manifest in a range of ways. Therefore, there is a need for robust and useful instruments for screening mental problems in this group. One instrument used in Norway and around the world is the 30-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). Nevertheless, studies testing reliability and validity of the Norwegian version are scarce. Aim: The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties, by means of reliability and construct validity, of the Norwegian version of the GHQ-30 in a sample of older people living at home. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. A postal questionnaire including background variables and a range of health related questions, including the GHQ-30, was mailed to 6033 older people (age 65 years or more) who lived in their own homes in southern Norway. A final sample of 2106 persons (34.9%) responded to and returned the questionnaire. Data were analyzed statistically regarding reliability and construct validity of the GHQ-30. Results: The reliability of the instrument, reflecting its homogeneity, was shown in a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.93 and in significant item-to-total correlations. Construct validity was supported as the GHQ-30 demonstrated robustness in separating groups with known mental problems. Construct validity was also demonstrated in a logical four factor solution, which accounted for 50.0% of the variance in the study group. The factor structure supported previous testing studies of the instrument. Conclusion: The GHQ-30 showed satisfactory psychometric properties regarding reliability and construct validity in this study group, which may indicate that the instrument is suitable for use in screening mental problems in older people living at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being able to continue living in their own home as long as possible is the general preference for many older people, and this is also in line with the public policy in the Nordic countries. The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning of self-care and health for perception of life situation and identity among single-living older individuals in rural areas in southern Norway. Eleven older persons with a mean age of 78 years were interviewed and encouraged to narrate their self-care and health experiences. The interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a phenomenological-hermeneutic method inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. The findings are presented as a naïve reading, an inductive structural analysis characterized by two main themes; i.e., ''being able to do'' and ''being able to be'', and a comprehensive interpretation. The life situation of the interviewed single-living older individuals in rural areas in southern Norway was interpreted as inevitable, appropriate and meaningful. Their identity was constituted by their freedom and self-chosen actions in their personal contexts. The overall impression was that independence and the ability to control and govern their own life in accordance with needs and preferences were ultimate goals for the study participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 113-122 Self-care ability among home-dwelling older people in rural areas in southern Norway Introduction: The growing number of older people is assumed to represent many challenges in the future. Self-care ability is a crucial health resource in older people and may be a decisive factor for older people managing daily life in their own homes. Studies have shown that self-care ability is closely related to perceived health, sense of coherence and nutritional risk. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe self-care ability among home-dwelling older individuals living in rural areas in southern Norway and to relate the results to general living conditions, sense of coherence, screened nutritional state, perceived health, mental health and perceived life situation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in rural areas in five counties in 2010. A mailed questionnaire, containing background variables, health-related questions and five instruments, was sent to a randomly selected sample of 3017 older people (65+ years), and 1050 respondents were included in the study. Data were analysed with statistical methods. Results: A total of 780 persons were found to have higher self-care ability and 240 to have lower self-care ability using the Self-care Ability Scale for the Elderly. Self-care ability was found to be closely related to health-related issues, self-care agency, sense of coherence, nutritional state and mental health, former profession, and type of dwelling. Predictors for high self-care ability were to have higher self-care agency, not receiving family help, having low risk for undernutrition, not perceiving helplessness, being able to prepare food, being active and having lower age. Conclusions: When self-care ability is reduced in older people, caregivers have to be aware about how this can be expressed and also be aware of their responsibility for identifying and mapping needs for appropriate support and help, and preventing unnecessary and unwanted dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutritional screening instruments need to be evaluated in terms of reliability and validity and being able to demonstrate sensitivity and specificity for use in clinical practice and research. The aims of this study were to test the reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the Nutritional Form For the Elderly (NUFFE-NO) in a sample of older home-dwelling people, and to use the short form of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF) as a standard. Methods: A postal questionnaire, including the two instruments, background variables, and health-related questions, was sent to 6033 home-dwelling older people (65+ years) in southern Norway. In total, 2106 persons responded and were included. Data were analyzed statistically regarding homogeneity, concurrent and construct validity, sensitivity, and specificity of NUFFE-NO. Results: A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.71 and significant item-to-total correlations were obtained as measures of homogeneity. Concurrent validity was assessed by a correlation coefficient of -0.37 (P < 0.001) between NUFFE-NO and MNA-SF. NUFFE-NO could separate known nutritional at-risk groups as a measure of construct validity. A cut-off point of ≥4 for identification of older people at nutritional risk was found for NUFFE-NO with MNA-SF as a standard. Conclusion: NUFFE-NO shows adequate psychometric properties regarding homogeneity and construct validity. MNA-SF was not found to be the most suitable standard to use, because a low correlation coefficient was obtained as a measure of concurrent validity and a lower cut-off point was found compared with another study using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®) as a standard for NUFFE-NO. The obtained cut-off point of ≥4 is not recommended for use in practice or research, because many false positive nutritional at-risk persons would then be identified. Further studies with suitable design have to be performed among older home-dwelling people using the MNA as a standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sense of coherence (SOC), with its components comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness, is a major factor in the ability to cope successfully with stressors and is closely related to health. Qualitative studies related to SOC are scarce, and in this phenomenological interview study, self-care is investigated in relation to SOC. The aim of this study was to describe the lived experiences of self-care and features that may influence health and self-care among older home-dwelling individuals living in rural areas and who have a strong SOC. Eleven persons with a mean age of 73.5 years and a SOC value in the range of 153-188, measured by Antonovsky's 29-item SOC scale, were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed with a phenomenological descriptive method. The findings showed that successful self-care involves having, when needed, contact with the health care system, being conscious of a sound lifestyle, being physically and mentally active, being engaged, having social contacts with family and/or others, and being satisfied and positive and looking forward. Formal and informal caregivers should be conscious of the importance of motivating and supporting older individuals with respect to these dimensions of self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Using song and music in a systematic way in residential dementia care may have several positive impacts on the patients, as well as the care providers. The aim of this study was to explore how health care providers experienced taking responsibility for conducting a song and music program in dementia care in nursing homes., Methods: An explorative, qualitative study design was used. Focus groups were formed by 17 health care providers from 3 different nursing homes. These providers had experience implementing and using the "Gjenklang" ("reverberation") song and music program especially developed for people with dementia. Focus group interviews were transcribed verbatim, and systematic text condensation was used for analysing the data., Results: Three categories with associated subcategories emerged from the analysis process. The categories were 1) the music program increased the staff's consciousness and awareness; 2) the music program evoked the patients' emotions and reactions; and 3) maintaining enthusiasm over time., Conclusion: The general opinion among the participants was that using the song and music program in a systematic and planned way had many benefits and positive impacts on the patients, as well as the staff. However, it was challenging to make it a part of the daily routine. Thus, it is important that the leaders of the units take responsibility to ensure continuity and maintain engagement among the staff over time., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this study., (© 2020 Ekra and Dale.)

Background: Patients who have undergone a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery are exposed to physical and mental problems after discharge from the specialist hospital and are often in need of post-discharge support and follow-up., Aim: This study aimed to explore the attitudes of CABG patients toward using information and communication technology (ICT) during the first year of recovery after discharge from hospital., Methods: A cross-sectional design utilizing an electronic survey was employed. The sample consisted of 197 patients who had undergone a CABG surgery during 2015. The questionnaire included questions about follow-up needs, contacts with health professionals, use of the Internet, and attitudes toward using ICT in the recovery phase., Results: Mean age of the participants was 67.3 years; 18.3% were women. A total of 48.2% of the patient group was satisfied with the pre-discharge information. Only 27% had contacted the hospital after discharge. Whereas 58.4% of the participants had used the Internet to acquire information, only 30.4% found this information to be useful. Many patients (40%) reported that they could benefit from online health information and Skype meetings with professionals. More than 30% reported that nutritional guidance on the Internet could be motivating for choosing healthy diets, and 42.6% reported that Internet-based illustrative videotapes could be motivating for undertaking physical training., Conclusion: ICT can be useful and resource-saving for patients who have undergone a CABG surgery, as well as for the health care services. The technology must be appropriately tailored, with regard to content and design, to be helpful for patients., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore family members' satisfaction with care and decision-making during the intensive care units stay and their follow-up needs after the patient's discharge or death., Design: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted., Methods: Family members of patients recently treated in an ICU were participating. The questionnaire contented of background variables, the instrument Family Satisfaction in ICU (FS-ICU 24) and questions about follow-up needs. Descriptive and non-parametric statistics and a multiple linear regression were used in the analysis., Results: A total of 123 (47%) relatives returned the questionnaire. Satisfaction with care was higher scored than satisfaction with decision-making. Follow- up needs after the ICU stay was reported by 19 (17%) of the participants. Gender and length of the ICU stay were shown as factors identified to predict follow-up needs.

Background: Future challenges in many countries are the recruitment of competent staff in long-term care facilities, and the use of unlicensed staff. Our study describes and explores staff interactions in a long-term care facility, which may facilitate or impede healthy transition processes for older residents in transition., Methods: An ethnographic study based on fieldwork following ten older residents admission day and their initial week in the long-term care facility, seventeen individual semi-structured interviews with different nursing staff categories and the leader of the institution, and reading of relevant documents., Results: The interaction among all staff categories influenced the new residents' transition processes in various ways. We identified three main themes: The significance of formal and informal organization; interpersonal relationships and cultures of care; and professional hierarchy and different scopes of practice., Conclusions: The continuous and spontaneous staff collaborations were key activities in supporting quality care in the transition period. These interactions maintained the inclusion of all staff present, staff flexibility, information flow to some extent, and cognitive diversity, and the new resident's emerging needs appeared met. Organizational structures, staff's formal position, and informal staff alliances were complex and sometimes appeared contradictory. Not all the staff were necessarily included, and the new residents' needs not always noticed and dealt with. Paying attention to the playing out of power in staff interactions appears vital to secure a healthy transition process for the older residents.

Background: Older persons in transition between hospital and home care services are in a particularly vulnerable situation and risk unfortunate consequences caused by organizational inefficiency. The purpose of the study reported here was to elucidate how home nursing leaders experience the administration of care to older people in transition from hospital to their own homes., Methods: A qualitative study design was used. Ten home nursing leaders in two municipalities in southern Norway participated in individual interviews. The interview texts were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed by use of a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach., Results: Three main themes and seven subthemes were deduced from the data. The first main theme was that the home nursing leaders felt challenged by the organization of home care services. Two subthemes were identified related to this. The first was that the leaders lacked involvement in the transitional process, and the second was that they were challenged by administration of care being decided at another level in the municipality. The second main theme found was that the leaders felt that they were acting in a shifting and unsettled context. Related to this, they had to adjust internal resources to external demands and expectations, and experienced lack of communication with significant others. The third main theme identified was that the leaders endeavored to deliver care in accordance with professional values. The two related subthemes were, first, that they provided for appropriate internal systems and routines, and, second, that they prioritized available professional competence, and made an effort to promote a professional culture., Conclusion: To meet the complex needs of the patients in a professional way, the home nursing leaders needed to be flexible and pragmatic in their administration of care. This involved utilizing available professional competence appropriately. The coordination and communication between the different organizational levels and units were pointed out as major factors requiring improvement.

Background: It is important to obtain knowledge about the prevalence of nutritional risk and associated factors among older home-dwelling people in order to be able to meet nutritional challenges in this group in the future and to plan appropriate interventions. The aim of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of home-dwelling older people at nutritional risk and to identify associated factors using two different nutritional screening instruments as self-report instruments., Methods: This study had a cross-sectional design. A postal questionnaire, including the Norwegian versions of the Nutritional Form for the Elderly (NUFFE-NO) and Mini Nutritional Assessment - Short Form (MNA-SF), background variables, and health-related questions was sent to a randomized sample of 6033 home-dwelling older people in southern Norway. A total of 2106 (34.9%) subjects were included in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses., Results: When using the NUFFE-NO and MNA-SF, 426 (22.3%) and 258 (13.5%) older persons, respectively, were identified to be at nutritional risk. The risk of undernutrition increased with age. Several predictors for being at risk of undernutrition, including chronic disease/handicap and receiving family help, as well as protective factors, including sufficient food intake and having social contacts, were identified., Conclusion: Health professionals must be aware of older people's vulnerability to risk of undernutrition, perform screening, and have a plan for preventing under-nutrition. For that purpose, MNA-SF and NUFFE-NO can be suggested for screening older people living at home.