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Abstract Marine heatwaves are becoming more frequent, widespread and severe, causing mass coral bleaching and mortality. Natural adaptation may be insufficient to keep pace with climate warming, leading to calls for selective breeding interventions to enhance the ability of corals to survive such heatwaves, i.e., their heat tolerance. However, the heritability of this trait–a prerequisite for such approaches–remains unknown. We show that selecting parent colonies for high rather than low heat tolerance increased the tolerance of adult offspring (3–4-year-olds). This result held for the response to both 1-week +3.5 °C and 1-month +2.5 °C simulated marine heatwaves. In each case, narrow-sense heritability (h 2) estimates are between 0.2 and 0.3, demonstrating a substantial genetic basis of heat tolerance. The phenotypic variability identified in this population could theoretically be leveraged to enhance heat tolerance by up to 1 °C-week within one generation. Concerningly, selective breeding for short-stress tolerance did not improve the ability of offspring to survive the long heat stress exposure. With no genetic correlation detected, these traits may be subject to independent genetic controls. Our finding on the heritability of coral heat tolerance indicates that selective breeding could be a viable tool to improve population resilience. Yet, the moderate levels of enhancement we found suggest that the effectiveness of such interventions also demands urgent climate action.

Estrogens are a growing problem in wastewater discharges because they are continuously entering the environment and are biologically active at extremely low concentrations. Their effects on wildlife were first identified several decades before, but the environmental limits and the remedial measures are still not completely elucidated. Most conventional treatment processes were not designed with sufficiently long retention times to effectively remove estrogens. Nature-based wastewater treatment technologies such as treatment wetlands (TW) and high-rate algal ponds (HRAP) are economically feasible alternatives for decentralized wastewater treatment and have promise for removing steroid hormones including estrogens. For small communities with populations below 50,000, the overall cost of TWs and HRAPs is considerably lower than that of advanced decentralized treatment technologies such as activated sludge systems (AS) and sequencing batch reactors (SBR). This results from the simplicity of design, use of less materials in construction, lower energy use, operation and maintenance costs, and operation by non-skilled personnel. The nature-based technologies show high removal (>80%) for both natural and synthetic estrogens. Estrogen removal in TWs can be enhanced using alternative media such as palm mulch, biochar, and construction wastes such as bricks, instead of traditional substrates such as sand and gravel. While TWs are effective in estrogen removal, they have the disadvantage of requiring a relatively large footprint, but this can be reduced by using intensified multilayer wetland filters (IMWF). Using filamentous algae in HRAP (high-rate filamentous algal pond; HRFAP) is an emerging technology for wastewater treatment. The algae supply oxygen via photosynthesis and assimilate nutrients into readily harvestable filamentous algal biomass. Diurnal fluctuations in oxygen supply and pH in these systems provide conditions conducive to the breakdown of estrogens and a wide range of other emerging contaminants. The performance of these nature-based systems varies with seasonal changes in environmental conditions (particularly temperature and solar irradiation), however a greater understanding of operating conditions such as loading rate, hydraulic retention time (HRT), pond/bed depth, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH, which influence the removal mechanisms (biodegradation, sorption and photodegradation) enable TWs and HRAPs to be successfully used for removing estrogens.

ABSTRACTRozanolixizumab is a humanized anti-neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) monoclonal antibody (mAb) of the immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) sub-class, currently in clinical development for the treatment of IgG autoantibody-driven diseases. This format is frequently used for therapeutic mAbs due to its intrinsic lower affinity for Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) and lack of C1q engagement. However, with growing evidence suggesting that no Fc-containing agent is truly “silent” in this respect, we explored the engagement of FcγRs and potential functional consequences with rozanolixizumab. In the study presented here, rozanolixizumab was shown to bind to FcγRs in both protein-protein and cell-based assays, and the kinetic data were broadly as expected based on published data for an IgG4 mAb. Rozanolixizumab was also able to mediate antibody bipolar bridging (ABB), a phenomenon that led to a reduction of labeled FcγRI from the surface of human macrophages in an FcRn-dependent manner. However, the presence of exogenous human IgG, even at low concentrations, was able to prevent both binding and ABB events. Furthermore, data from in vitro experiments using relevant human cell types that express both FcRn and FcγRI indicated no evidence for functional sequelae in relation to cellular activation events (e.g., intracellular signaling, cytokine production) upon either FcRn or FcγR binding of rozanolixizumab. These data raise important questions about whether therapeutic antagonistic mAbs like rozanolixizumab would necessarily engage FcγRs at doses typically administered to patients in the clinic, and hence challenge the relevance and interpretation of in vitro assays performed in the absence of competing IgG.

Abstract Background Germ Defence ( www.germdefence.org ) is an evidence-based interactive website that promotes behaviour change for infection control within households. To maximise the potential of Germ Defence to effectively reduce the spread of COVID-19, the intervention needed to be implemented at scale rapidly. Methods With NHS England approval, we conducted an efficient two-arm (1:1 ratio) cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) to examine the effectiveness of randomising implementation of Germ Defence via general practitioner (GP) practices across England, UK, compared with usual care to disseminate Germ Defence to patients. GP practices randomised to the intervention arm (n = 3292) were emailed and asked to disseminate Germ Defence to all adult patients via mobile phone text, email or social media. Usual care arm GP practices (n = 3287) maintained standard management for the 4-month trial period and then asked to share Germ Defence with their adult patients. The primary outcome was the rate of GP presentations for respiratory tract infections (RTI) per patient. Secondary outcomes comprised rates of acute RTIs, confirmed COVID-19 diagnoses and suspected COVID-19 diagnoses, COVID-19 symptoms, gastrointestinal infection diagnoses, antibiotic usage and hospital admissions. The impact of the intervention on outcome rates was assessed using negative binomial regression modelling within the OpenSAFELY platform. The uptake of the intervention by GP practice and by patients was measured via website analytics. Results Germ Defence was used 310,731 times. The average website satisfaction score was 7.52 (0–10 not at all to very satisfied, N = 9933). There was no evidence of a difference in the rate of RTIs between intervention and control practices (rate ratio (RR) 1.01, 95% CI 0.96, 1.06, p = 0.70). This was similar to all other eight health outcomes. Patient engagement within intervention arm practices ranged from 0 to 48% of a practice list. Conclusions While the RCT did not demonstrate a difference in health outcomes, we demonstrated that rapid large-scale implementation of a digital behavioural intervention is possible and can be evaluated with a novel efficient prospective RCT methodology analysing routinely collected patient data entirely within a trusted research environment. Trial registration This trial was registered in the ISRCTN registry (14602359) on 12 August 2020.

Abstract Background Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer. The pathology of M. ulcerans disease has been attributed to the secretion of a potent macrolide cytotoxin known as mycolactone which plays an important role in the virulence of the disease. Mycolactone is a biomarker for the diagnosis of BU that can be detected using the fluorescent-thin layer chromatography (f-TLC) technique. The technique relies on the chemical derivatization of mycolactone A/B with 2-naphthylboronic acid (BA) which acts as a fluorogenic chemosensor. However, background interferences due to co-extracted human tissue lipids, especially with clinical samples coupled with the subjectivity of the method call for an investigation to find an alternative to BA. Methods Twenty-six commercially available arylboronic acids were initially screened as alternatives to BA using the f-TLC experiment. UV–vis measurements were also conducted to determine the absorption maximum spectra of mycolactone A/B and myco-boronic acid adducts followed by an investigation of the fluorescence-enhancing ability of the boronate ester formation between mycolactone A/B and our three most promising boronic acids (BA15, BA18, and BA21). LC–MS technique was employed to confirm the adduct formation between mycolactone and boronic acids. Furthermore, a comparative study was conducted between BA18 and BA using 6 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) confirmed BU patient samples. Results Three of the boronic acids (BA15, BA18, and BA21) produced fluorescent band intensities superior to BA. Complexation studies conducted on thin layer chromatography (TLC) using 0.1 M solution of the three boronic acids and various volumes of 10 ng/µL of synthetic mycolactone ranging from 1 µL – 9 µL corresponding to 10 ng – 90 ng gave similar results with myco-BA18 adduct emerging with the most visibly intense fluorescence bands. UV–vis absorption maxima (λmax) for the free mycolactone A/B was observed at 362 nm, and the values for the adducts myco-BA15, myco-BA18, and myco-BA21 were at 272 nm, 270 nm, and 286 nm respectively. The comparable experimental λmax of 362 nm for mycolactone A/B to the calculated Woodward-Fieser value of 367 nm for the fatty acid side chain of mycolactone A/B demonstrate that even though 2 cyclic boronates were formed, only the boronate of the southern side chain with the chromophore was excited by irradiation at 365 nm. Fluorescence experiments have demonstrated that coupling BA18 to mycolactone A/B along the 1,3-diols remarkably enhanced the fluorescence intensity at 537 nm. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HR-MS) was used to confirm the formation of the myco-BA15 adduct. Finally, f-TLC analysis of patient samples with BA18 gave improved BA18-adduct intensities compared to the original BA-adduct. Conclusion Twenty-six commercially available boronic acids were investigated as alternatives to BA, used in the f-TLC analysis for the diagnosis of BU. Three (3) of them BA15, BA18, and BA21 gave superior fluorescence band intensity profiles. They gave profiles that were easier to interpret after the myco-boronic acid adduct formation and in experiments with clinical samples from patients with BA18 the best. BA18, therefore, has been identified as a potential alternative to BA and could provide a solution to the challenge of background interference of co-extracted human tissue lipids from clinical samples currently associated with the use of BA.

Lower limb spasm and spasticity may develop following spinal cord injury (SCI), causing hyper-excitability and increased tone, which can impact function and quality of life. Pharmaceutical interventions for spasticity may cause unwanted side effects such as drowsiness and weakness. Invasive and non-invasive electrical stimulation has been shown to reduce spasticity without these side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sacral afferent stimulation (SAS), through surface electrical stimulation of the dorsal genital nerve (N = 7), and through implanted electrodes on the sacral afferent nerve roots, on lower limb spasm and spasticity (N = 2). Provoked spasms were interrupted with conditional SAS, where stimulation commenced following a provoked spasm, or unconditional stimulation, which was applied continuously. Conditionally and unconditionally applied SAS was shown to suppress acute provoked spasms in people with SCI. There was a statistically significant reduction in area under the curve of quadriceps electromyography during acute spasm with SAS compared to a control spasm. These results show that SAS may provide a safe, low-cost method of reducing acute spasm and spasticity in people living with SCI. SAS through implanted electrodes may also provide an additional function to sacral nerve stimulation devices.

Larval dispersal is critical to the survival of coral reefs. As the only motile stage of the reproductive cycle, coral larvae choose a suitable location to settle and mature into adult corals. Here, we present a detailed study of ciliary propulsion in the common stony reef coral Acropora millepora. Using high-speed, high-resolution imaging, particle image velocimetry, and electron microscopy, we reveal the arrangement of the densely packed cilia over the larval body surface, and their organization into diaplectic (transversely propagating) metachronal waves. We resolve the individual cilium's beat dynamics and compare the resulting flows with a computational model of a dense ciliary array, and evaluate the efficiency of flow pumping associated with diaplectic metachronism in different regimes.

Abstract Marine sponges have recently been recognized as natural samplers of environmental DNA (eDNA) due to their effective water filtration and their ubiquitous, sessile, and regenerative nature. However, laboratory workflows for metabarcoding of sponge tissue have not been optimized to ensure that these natural samplers achieve their full potential for community survey. We used a phased approach to investigate the influence of DNA isolation procedures on the biodiversity information recovered from sponges. In Phase 1, we compared three treatments of residual ethanol preservative in sponge tissue alongside five DNA extraction protocols. The results of Phase 1 informed which ethanol treatment and DNA extraction protocol should be used in Phase 2, where we assessed the effect of starting tissue mass on extraction success and whether homogenization of sponge tissue is required. Phase 1 results indicated that ethanol preservative may contain unique and/or additional biodiversity information to that present in sponge tissue, but blotting tissue dry generally recovered more taxa and generated more sequence reads from the wild sponge species. Tissue extraction protocols performed best in terms of DNA concentration, taxon richness, and proportional read counts, but the non‐commercial tissue protocol was selected for Phase 2 due to cost‐efficiency and greater recovery of target taxa. In Phase 2 overall, we found that homogenization may not be required for sponge tissue and more starting material does not necessarily improve taxon detection. These results combined provide an optimized DNA isolation procedure for sponges to enhance marine biodiversity assessment using natural sampler DNA metabarcoding.

Abstract Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-23 receptor with several auto-inflammatory diseases, led to the heterodimeric receptor and its cytokine-ligand IL-23, becoming important drug targets. Successful antibody-based therapies directed against the cytokine have been licenced and a class of small peptide antagonists of the receptor have entered clinical trials. These peptide antagonists may offer therapeutic advantages over existing anti-IL-23 therapies, but little is known about their molecular pharmacology. In this study, we use a fluorescent version of IL-23 to characterise antagonists of the full-length receptor expressed by living cells using a NanoBRET competition assay. We then develop a cyclic peptide fluorescent probe, specific to the IL23p19:IL23R interface and use this molecule to characterise further receptor antagonists. Finally, we use the assays to study the immunocompromising C115Y IL23R mutation, demonstrating that the mechanism of action is a disruption of the binding epitope for IL23p19.

New Zealand’s agricultural sector faces the challenge of maintaining productivity while minimizing impacts on freshwaters. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of various green infrastructure systems designed to reduce diffuse agricultural sediment and nutrient loads. Utilizing a quantitative economic and contaminant reduction modeling approach, we analyze the impacts of five interceptive mitigation systems: riparian grass filter strips, constructed wetlands, woodchip bioreactors, filamentous algal nutrient scrubbers, and detainment bunds. Our approach incorporates Monte Carlo simulations to address uncertainties in costs and performance, integrating hydrological flow paths and contaminant transport dynamics. Mitigation systems are assessed individually and in combination, using a greedy cyclical coordinate descent algorithm to find the optimal combination and scale of a system for a particular landscape. Applying the model to a typical flat pastoral dairy farming landscape, no single system can effectively address all contaminants. However, strategic combinations can align with specific freshwater management goals. In our illustrative catchment, the mean cost to remove the full anthropogenic load is NZD 1195/ha for total nitrogen, NZD 168 for total phosphorus, and NZD 134 for suspended solids, but results will vary considerably for other landscapes. This study underscores the importance of tailored deployment of green infrastructure to enhance water quality and support sustainable agricultural practices.

Background Guided self-help has been shown to be effective for other mental conditions and, if effective for post-traumatic stress disorder, would offer a time-efficient and accessible treatment option, with the potential to reduce waiting times and costs. Objective To determine if trauma-focused guided self-help is non-inferior to individual, face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus for mild to moderate post-traumatic stress disorder to a single traumatic event. Design Multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled non-inferiority trial with economic evaluation to determine cost-effectiveness and nested process evaluation to assess fidelity and adherence, dose and factors that influence outcome (including context, acceptability, facilitators and barriers, measured qualitatively). Participants were randomised in a 1 : 1 ratio. The primary analysis was intention to treat using multilevel analysis of covariance. Setting Primary and secondary mental health settings across the United Kingdom’s National Health Service. Participants One hundred and ninety-six adults with a primary diagnosis of mild to moderate post-traumatic stress disorder were randomised with 82% retention at 16 weeks and 71% at 52 weeks. Nineteen participants and ten therapists were interviewed for the process evaluation. Interventions Up to 12 face-to-face, manualised, individual cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus sessions, each lasting 60–90 minutes, or to guided self-help using Spring, an eight-step online guided self-help programme based on cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus, with up to five face-to-face meetings of up to 3 hours in total and four brief telephone calls or e-mail contacts between sessions. Main outcome measures Primary outcome: the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, at 16 weeks post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes: included severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms at 52 weeks, and functioning, symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety, alcohol use and perceived social support at both 16 and 52 weeks post-randomisation. Those assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment. Results Non-inferiority was demonstrated at the primary end point of 16 weeks on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [mean difference 1.01 (one-sided 95% CI −∞ to 3.90, non-inferiority p = 0.012)]. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, score improvements of over 60% in both groups were maintained at 52 weeks but the non-inferiority results were inconclusive in favour of cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus at this timepoint [mean difference 3.20 (one-sided 95% confidence interval −∞ to 6.00, non-inferiority p = 0.15)]. Guided self-help using Spring was not shown to be more cost-effective than face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus although there was no significant difference in accruing quality-adjusted life-years, incremental quality-adjusted life-years −0.04 (95% confidence interval −0.10 to 0.01) and guided self-help using Spring was significantly cheaper to deliver [£277 (95% confidence interval £253 to £301) vs. £729 (95% CI £671 to £788)]. Guided self-help using Spring appeared to be acceptable and well tolerated by participants. No important adverse events or side effects were identified. Limitations The results are not generalisable to people with post-traumatic stress disorder to more than one traumatic event. Conclusions Guided self-help using Spring for mild to moderate post-traumatic stress disorder to a single traumatic event appears to be non-inferior to individual face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus and the results suggest it should be considered a first-line treatment for people with this condition. Future work Work is now needed to determine how best to effectively disseminate and implement guided self-help using Spring at scale. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN13697710. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 14/192/97) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 26. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common, disabling condition that can occur following major traumatic events. Typical symptoms include distressing reliving, avoidance of reminders and feeling a current sense of threat. First-choice treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder are individual, face-to-face talking treatments, of 12–16 hours duration, including cognitive behavioural therapy with a trauma focus. If equally effective treatments could be developed that take less time and can be largely undertaken in a flexible manner at home, this would improve accessibility, reduce waiting times and hence the burden of disease. RAPID was a randomised controlled trial using a web-based programme called Spring. The aim was to determine if trauma-focused guided self-help provided a faster and cheaper treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder than first-choice face-to-face therapy, while being equally effective. Guided self-help using Spring is delivered through eight steps. A therapist provides a 1-hour introductory meeting followed by four further, fortnightly sessions of 30 minutes each and four brief (around 5 minutes) telephone calls or e-mail contacts between sessions. At each session, the therapist reviews progress and guides the client through the programme, offering continued support, monitoring, motivation and problem-solving. One hundred and ninety-six people with post-traumatic stress disorder to a single traumatic event took part in the study. Guided self-help using Spring was found to be equally effective to first-choice face-to-face therapy at reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms at 16 weeks. Very noticeable improvements were maintained at 52 weeks post-randomisation in both groups, when most results were inconclusive but in favour of face-to-face therapy. Guided self-help using Spring was significantly cheaper to deliver and appeared to be well-tolerated. It is noteworthy that not everyone benefitted from guided self-help using Spring, highlighting the importance of considering it on a person-by-person basis, and personalising interventions. But, the RAPID trial has demonstrated that guided self-help using Spring provides a low-intensity treatment option for people with post-traumatic stress disorder that is ready to be implemented in the National Health Service. Scientific summary Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health condition that may develop following exposure to traumatic events that involve threatened or actual death, serious injury or sexual violence. PTSD causes significant distress to those affected by it, often co-occurs with other physical and mental health conditions and is associated with a large economic burden. Face-to-face, trauma-focused psychological treatments (TFPT) have been found to be the most effective currently available treatments for PTSD and are recommended first line by treatment guidelines across the world. Unfortunately, the limited number of suitably trained therapists available to deliver TFPT in the National Health Service often prevents timely access to treatment and some people find accessing and fully engaging with face-to-face TFPT difficult for other reasons, including work commitments, travel and childcare. Guided self-help (GSH) provides an alternative approach to the delivery of treatment by combining the use of self-help materials with regular guidance from a trained professional and requires less therapist time than recommended face-to-face TFPT. GSH has been shown to be effective for other mental conditions and, if effective for PTSD, GSH would offer a time-efficient and accessible treatment option, with the potential to reduce waiting times and intervention costs. Objectives The main aim of the RAPID trial was to determine the likely clinical and cost-effectiveness of GSH using Spring, an internet-based programme based on cognitive behavioural therapies with a trauma focus (CBT-TF), for mild to moderate PTSD. RAPID also aimed to describe the experience of receiving GSH using Spring from the recipient’s perspective, and the delivery of GSH using Spring from the therapist’s perspective. The objectives were to determine if: GSH using Spring was at least equivalent in effectiveness and cost-effective relative to individual face-to-face CBT-TF for people with PTSD, as judged by reduced symptoms of PTSD and improved quality of life. GSH using Spring improved functioning and reduced symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety, alcohol use and perceived social support. Specific factors may impact effectiveness and successful roll-out of GSH for PTSD in the NHS. Methods RAPID was a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled non-inferiority trial with assessors masked to treatment allocation. Individual randomisation was used. Economic evaluation was undertaken to determine cost-effectiveness and nested process evaluation to assess fidelity and adherence, dose and factors that may influence outcome (including context, acceptability, and facilitators and barriers, measured qualitatively). GSH using Spring was not expected to be more effective than face-to-face CBT-TF, and therefore, a non-inferiority design was chosen. Participants were recruited from NHS Improving Access to Psychological Therapy services based in primary care in England, and NHS psychological treatment settings based in primary and secondary care in Scotland and Wales. Wide eligibility criteria were used to ensure good external validity. Participants were aged 18 or over, had mild to moderate PTSD as their primary diagnosis, had regular access to the internet and gave informed consent to take part. Exclusion criteria were inability to read and write fluently in English, previous completion of a course of TFPT for PTSD, current PTSD symptoms to more than one traumatic event, current engagement in psychological therapy, psychosis, substance dependence, active suicide risk and change in psychotropic medication in the past 4 weeks. Participants were randomised to receive up to 12 face-to-face, manualised, individual CBT-TF sessions, each lasting 60–90 minutes, or to GSH using Spring. Spring is a manualised, eight-step online GSH programme based on CBT-TF. An initial meeting of 1 hour between the therapist and the person with PTSD is followed by four subsequent fortnightly meetings of 30 minutes, with four brief telephone calls or e-mail contacts between sessions. The primary outcome was the severity of symptoms of PTSD over the previous week as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) at 16 weeks post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes included severity of PTSD symptoms at 52 weeks, and functioning, symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety, alcohol use, and perceived social support at both 16 and 52 weeks post-randomisation. Resource use was also collected to support the health economic evaluation. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 19 participants and 10 therapists as part of the process evaluation, to gather perspectives of receiving and delivering the interventions, to examine underlying mechanisms and factors influencing future implementation. Results One hundred and ninety-six participants were randomised with 82% retention at 16 weeks and 71% at 52 weeks. There were no serious imbalances observed in the baseline data between the two groups. Non-inferiority (margin of 5 points) was demonstrated at the primary endpoint of 16 weeks on the CAPS-5 using the intention to treat principle [mean difference 1.0, 95% one-sided confidence interval (CI) (−∞, 3.9, non-inferiority p = 0.012)]. This was also the case for all secondary outcomes at this time point, except for client satisfaction that was inconclusive but in favour of CBT-TF. At 52 weeks post-randomisation, non-inferiority was shown for Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Alcohol Use Disorders Test and GSES; non-inferiority was not shown for the other outcomes but the results, which were inconclusive, were in favour of CBT-TF. Further examination of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) longitudinal measurements indicated that while the GSH group maintained their reduction (improvement) in IES-R scores between the 16- and 52-week assessments, the CBT-TF group continued to improve at a slow rate over the same period. There were no subgroup effects that showed any evidence of difference between the interventions including gender (pre-specified), mode of data collection or assessments conducted after the introduction of the COVID-19 lockdown. Spring was cheaper to deliver than face-to-face CBT TF [£277 (95% CI £253 to £301) vs. £729 (95% CI £671 to £788)]. When total costs were included, Spring was £572 (95% CI £64.96 to £1080.14) cheaper and produced but derived fewer quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared to CBT-TF, −0.04 (95% CI −0.10 to 0.01). At a willingness-to-pay threshold of £30,000 per QALY gained, the probability of GSH being cost-effective was 29.74%. The process data provided evidence of acceptability of the overall trial methodology, although key points were identified for consideration in future randomised controlled design, especially concerning burden and impact of outcome measures on participants and how they are delivered and explained. Intervention acceptability was indicated for both GSH and CBT-TF interventions, although there was a preference for face-to-face treatment. Therapeutic relationship was an important factor highlighted in the acceptability of the interventions. Flexibility identified with GSH was seen as positive and some activities within Spring were described as more helpful than others. Conclusions Implications for health care GSH using Spring was found to be non-inferior to face-to-face CBT-TF at treating people with mild to moderate PTSD. Significant gains were maintained in the GSH using Spring group at 52 weeks but some ongoing improvements in the CBT-TF group appeared to result in largely inconclusive findings with respect to non-inferiority at 52 weeks. The additional benefits of GSH using Spring with respect to time, cost and convenience, and having another evidence-based treatment option could be argued as outweighing what appear to be minor differences at 52 weeks. The results of the RAPID trial should herald a step change in the approach of services to the provision of evidence-based treatment to people with mild to moderate PTSD. There is now an urgent need to make GSH using Spring available as a low-intensity treatment option for people with PTSD. Future research implications How best to effectively disseminate and implement GSH using Spring at scale, to maximise its impact, is a key research question. This includes identification of the specific skill set and competencies required by a guiding clinician to foster effective alliance and engagement, and the optimal level of training and supervision required for the provision of GSH using Spring. The optimal amount of guidance is unclear. The quantitative and qualitative results strongly suggest that the current number of facilitation sessions is right for most people but that some people could probably benefit with more. Research into the impact of increased flexibility in delivery and more personalised adaptations is desirable. Research is also required to understand the extent to which individuals may or may not be excluded from internet-based treatments due to language and literacy issues, and online access issues, and how best to address these. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN13697710. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 14/192/97) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 26. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Abstract Background SP140 is a bromodomain-containing protein expressed predominantly in immune cells. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic modifications in the SP140 locus have been linked to Crohn’s disease (CD), suggesting a role in inflammation. Results We report the development of the first small molecule SP140 inhibitor (GSK761) and utilize this to elucidate SP140 function in macrophages. We show that SP140 is highly expressed in CD mucosal macrophages and in in vitro-generated inflammatory macrophages. SP140 inhibition through GSK761 reduced monocyte-to-inflammatory macrophage differentiation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory activation, while inducing the generation of CD206+ regulatory macrophages that were shown to associate with a therapeutic response to anti-TNF in CD patients. SP140 preferentially occupies transcriptional start sites in inflammatory macrophages, with enrichment at gene loci encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and inflammatory pathways. GSK761 specifically reduces SP140 chromatin binding and thereby expression of SP140-regulated genes. GSK761 inhibits the expression of cytokines, including TNF, by CD14+ macrophages isolated from CD intestinal mucosa. Conclusions This study identifies SP140 as a druggable epigenetic therapeutic target for CD.

Recruitment of coral larvae on reefs is crucial for individual survival and ecosystem integrity alike. Coral larvae can detect and respond to a wide range of biotic and abiotic cues, including acoustic cues, to locate suitable sites for settlement and metamorphosis. However, the acoustic ecology of coral larvae, including how they perceive auditory cues, remains poorly understood. In this mini-review we consider both ex situ physiology and behavior, and in situ ecological and behavioral studies, to first provide an updated overview of the abiotic and biotic cues used by coral larvae to guide settlement. We then explore in detail the use of acoustic cues and the current literature on behavioral responses to acoustic stimuli. Finally, we discuss gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms by which coral larvae detect acoustic cues, highlighting a novel application of technology to explore these sensory capabilities. We also address how larval phonotaxis, i.e., the ability to orient to a sound cue, can be applied to coral reef conservation. Current research suggests that acoustic cues are likely used at small spatial scales, and that coral larvae may have directional acoustic sensitivity enabling phonotactic behavior. Recruitment of coral larvae on reefs is significantly influenced by habitat-specific soundscape variation and likely affected by anthropogenic disturbance. We propose a novel application of the remote sensing technology, micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), to quantify the micromechanical responses of putative acoustically sensitive epidermal microstructures. We then highlight the potential for incorporation of acoustic enrichment techniques in coral reef conservation and restoration interventions.

Introduction: Sickle cell trait (SCT) has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in African Americans, although evidence for its impact in Africans and people with HIV is currently lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional study investigating the association between SCT and kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK. Methods: The primary outcome was estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 50 mg/mmol), and albuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio >3 mg/mmol). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between SCT and kidney disease outcomes. Results: A total of 2895 participants (mean age 48.1 [SD 10.3], 57.2% female) were included, of whom 335 (11.6%) had SCT and 352 (12.2%) had eGFR

Aims: The lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA) is a plain radiological measure of superolateral cover of the femoral head. This study aims to establish the correlation between 2D radiological and 3D CT measurements of acetabular morphology, and to describe the relationship between LCEA and femoral head cover (FHC). Methods: This retrospective study included 353 periacetabular osteotomies (PAOs) performed between January 2014 and December 2017. Overall, 97 hips in 75 patients had 3D analysis by Clinical Graphics, giving measurements for LCEA, acetabular index (AI), and FHC. Roentgenographical LCEA, AI, posterior wall index (PWI), and anterior wall index (AWI) were measured from supine AP pelvis radiographs. The correlation between CT and roentgenographical measurements was calculated. Sequential multiple linear regression was performed to determine the relationship between roentgenographical measurements and CT FHC. Results: CT-measured LCEA and AI correlated strongly with roentgenographical LCEA (r = 0.92; p < 0.001) and AI (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). Radiological LCEA correlated very strongly with CT FHC (r = 0.92; p < 0.001). The sum of AWI and PWI also correlated strongly with CTFHC (r = 0.73; p < 0.001). CT measurements of LCEA and AI were 3.4° less and 2.3° greater than radiological LCEA and AI measures. There was a linear relation between radiological LCEA and CT FHC. The linear regression model statistically significantly predicted FHC from LCEA, F(1,96) = 545.1 (p < 0.001), adjusted R2 = 85.0%, with the prediction equation: CT FHC(%) = 42.1 + 0.77(XRLCEA) Conclusion: CT and roentgenographical measurement of acetabular parameters are comparable. Currently, a radiological LCEA greater than 25° is considered normal. This study demonstrates that those with hip pain and normal radiological acetabular parameters may still have deficiencies in FHC. More sophisticated imaging techniques such as 3D CT should be considered for those with hip pain to identify deficiencies in FHC. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(1):12–19.

BackgroundInternet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) services for common mental health disorders have been found to be effective. There is a need for strategies that improve implementation in routine practice. One-size-fits-all strategies are likely to be ineffective. Tailored implementation is considered as a promising approach. The self-guided integrated theory-based Framework for intervention tailoring strategies toolkit (ItFits-toolkit) supports local implementers in developing tailored implementation strategies. Tailoring involves identifying local barriers; matching selected barriers to implementation strategies; developing an actionable work plan; and applying, monitoring, and adapting where necessary. ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the ItFits-toolkit with implementation-as-usual (IAU) in implementing iCBT services in 12 routine mental health care organizations in 9 countries in Europe and Australia. MethodsA stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial design with repeated measures was applied. The trial period lasted 30 months. The primary outcome was the normalization of iCBT delivery by service providers (therapists, referrers, IT developers, and administrators), which was measured with the Normalization Measure Development as a proxy for implementation success. A 3-level linear mixed-effects modeling was applied to estimate the effects. iCBT service uptake (referral and treatment completion rates) and implementation effort (hours) were used as secondary outcomes. The perceived satisfaction (Client Satisfaction Questionnaire), usability (System Usability Scale), and impact of the ItFits-toolkit by implementers were used to assess the acceptability of the ItFits-toolkit. ResultsIn total, 456 mental health service providers were included in this study. Compared with IAU, the ItFits-toolkit had a small positive statistically significant effect on normalization levels in service providers (mean 0.09, SD 0.04; P=.02; Cohen d=0.12). The uptake of iCBT by patients was similar to that of IAU. Implementers did not spend more time on implementation work when using the ItFits-toolkit and generally regarded the ItFits-toolkit as usable and were satisfied with it. ConclusionsThe ItFits-toolkit performed better than the usual implementation activities in implementing iCBT services in routine practice. There is practical utility in the ItFits-toolkit for supporting implementers in developing and applying effective tailored implementation strategies. However, the effect on normalization levels among mental health service providers was small. These findings warrant modesty regarding the effectiveness of self-guided tailored implementation of iCBT services in routine practice. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03652883; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03652883 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1186/s13063-020-04686-4

Aim: The triple network model of psychopathology posits that altered connectivity between the Salience (SN), Central Executive (CEN), and Default Mode Networks (DMN) may underlie neurodevelopmental conditions. However, this has yet to be tested in a transdiagnostic sample of young people. Method: We investigated this in 175 children (60 girls) that represent a heterogeneous population who are experiencing neurodevelopmental difficulties in cognition and behavior, and 60 comparison children (33 girls). Hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention were assessed by parent-report. Resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging data were acquired and functional connectivity was calculated between independent network components and regions of interest. We then examined whether connectivity between the SN, CEN and DMN was dimensionally related to hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, whilst controlling for age, gender, and motion. Results: Hyperactivity/impulsivity was associated with increased functional connectivity between the SN, CEN, and DMN in at-risk children, whereas it was associated with decreased functional connectivity between the CEN and DMN in comparison children. These effects replicated in an adult parcellation of brain function and when using increasingly stringent exclusion criteria for in-scanner motion. Conclusion: Triple network connectivity characterizes transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental difficulties with hyperactivity/impulsivity. We suggest that this may arise from delayed network segregation, difficulties sustaining CEN activity to regulate behavior, and/or a heightened developmental mismatch between neural systems implicated in cognitive control relative to those implicated in reward/affect processing.

Qualitative visual assessment of MRI scans is a key mechanism by which inflammation is assessed in clinical practice. For example, in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), visual assessment focuses on the identification of regions with increased signal in the bone marrow, known as bone marrow oedema (BMO), on water-sensitive images. The identification of BMO has an important role in the diagnosis, quantification and monitoring of disease in axSpA. However, BMO evaluation depends heavily on the experience and expertise of the image reader, creating substantial imprecision. Deep learning-based segmentation is a natural approach to addressing this imprecision, but purely automated solutions require large training sets that are not currently available, and deep learning solutions with limited data may not be sufficiently trustworthy for use in clinical practice. To address this, we propose a workflow for inflammation segmentation incorporating both deep learning and human input. With this 'human-machine cooperation' workflow, a preliminary segmentation is generated automatically by deep learning; a human reader then 'cleans' the segmentation by removing extraneous segmented voxels. The final cleaned segmentation defines the volume of hyperintense inflammation (VHI), which is proposed as a quantitative imaging biomarker (QIB) of inflammation load in axSpA. We implemented and evaluated the proposed human-machine workflow in a cohort of 29 patients with axSpA who had undergone prospective MRI scans before and after starting biologic therapy. The performance of the workflow was compared against purely visual assessment in terms of inter-observer/inter-method segmentation overlap, inter-observer agreement and assessment of response to biologic therapy. The human-machine workflow showed superior inter-observer segmentation overlap than purely manual segmentation (Dice score 0.84 versus 0.56). VHI measurements produced by the workflow showed similar or better inter-observer agreement than visual scoring, with similar response assessments. We conclude that the proposed human-machine workflow offers a mechanism to improve the consistency of inflammation assessment, and that VHI could be a valuable QIB of inflammation load in axSpA, as well as offering an exemplar of human-machine cooperation more broadly.

Background: Surgery for established cataract is highly cost-effective and uncontroversial, yet uncertainty remains for individuals about when to proceed and when to delay surgery during the earlier stages of cataract. Objective: We aimed to improve decision-making for cataract surgery through the development of evidence-based clinical tools that provide general information and personalised risk/benefit information. Design: We used a mixed methodology consisting of four work packages. Work package 1 involved the development and psychometric validation of a brief, patient self-reported measure of visual difficulty from cataract and its relief from surgery, named Cataract Patient-Reported Outcome Measure, five items (Cat-PROM5). Work package 2 involved the review and refinement of risk models for adverse surgical events (posterior capsule rupture and visual acuity loss related to cataract surgery). Work package 3 involved the development of prediction models for the Cat-PROM5-based self-reported outcomes from a cohort study of 1500 patients; assessment of the validity of preference-based health economic indices for cataract surgery and the calibration of these to Cat-PROM5; assessment of patients’ and health-care professionals’ views on risk–benefit presentation formats, the perceived usefulness of Cat-PROM5, the value of personalised risk–benefit information, high-value information items and shared decision-making; development of cataract decision aid frequently asked questions, incorporation of personalised estimates of risks and benefits; and development of a cataract decision quality measure to assess the quality of decision-making. Work package 4 involved a mixed-methods feasibility study for a fully powered randomised controlled trial of the use of the cataract decision aid and a qualitative study of discordant or mismatching perceptions of outcome between patients and health-care professionals. Setting: Four English NHS recruitment centres were involved: Bristol (lead centre), Brighton, Gloucestershire and Torbay. Multicentre NHS cataract surgery data were obtained from the National Ophthalmology Database. Participants: Work package 1 – participants (n = 822) were from all four centres. Work package 2 – electronic medical record data were taken from the National Ophthalmology Database (final set > 1M operations). Work package 3 – cohort study participants were from Bristol (n = 1200) and Gloucestershire (n = 300); qualitative and development work was undertaken with patients and health-care professionals from all four centres. Work package 4 – Bristol, Brighton and Torbay participated in the recruitment of patients (n = 42) for the feasibility trial and recruitment of health-care professionals for the qualitative elements. Interventions: For the feasibility trial, the intervention was the use of the cataract decision aid, incorporating frequently asked questions and personalised estimations of both adverse outcomes and self-reported benefit. Main outcome measures: There was a range of quantitative and qualitative outcome measures: questionnaire psychometric performance metrics, risk indicators of adverse surgical events and visual outcome, predictors of self-reported outcome following cataract surgery, patient and health-care practitioner views, health economic calibration measures and randomised controlled trial feasibility measures. Data sources: The data sources were patient self-reported questionnaire responses, study clinical data collection forms, recorded interviews with patients and health-care professionals, and anonymised National Ophthalmology Database data. Results: Work package 1 – Cat-PROM5 was developed and validated with excellent to good psychometric properties (Rasch reliability 0.9, intraclass correlation repeatability 0.9, unidimensionality with residual eigenvalues ≤ 1.5) and excellent responsiveness to surgical intervention (Cohen delta –1.45). Work package 2 – earlier risk models for posterior capsule rupture and visual acuity loss were broadly affirmed (C-statistic for posterior capsule rupture 0.64; visual acuity loss 0.71). Work package 3 – the Cat-PROM5-based self-reported outcome regression models were derived based on 1181 participants with complete data (R2 ≈ 30% for each). Of the four preference-based health economic indices assessed, two demonstrated reasonable performance. Cat-PROM5 was successfully calibrated to health economic indices; adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models offered good to excellent fit (root-mean-square error 0.10–0.16). The personalised quantitative risk information was generally perceived as beneficial. A cataract decision aid and cataract decision quality measure were successfully developed based on the views of patients and health-care professionals. Work package 4 – data completeness was good for the feasibility study primary and secondary variables both before and after intervention/surgery (data completeness range 100–88%). Considering ability to recruit, the sample size required, instrumentation and availability of necessary health economic data, a fully powered randomised controlled trial (patients, n = 800, effect size 0.2 standard deviations, power 80%; p = 0.05) of the cataract decision aid would be feasible following psychometric refinement of the primary outcome (the cataract decision quality measure). The cataract decision aid was generally well-received by patients and health-care professionals, with cautions raised regarding perceived time and workload barriers. Discordant outcomes mostly related to patient dissatisfaction, with no clinical problem found. Limitations: The National Ophthalmology Database data are expected to include some errors (mitigated by large multicentre data aggregations). The feasibility randomised controlled trial primary outcome (the cataract decision quality measure) displayed psychometric imperfections requiring refinement. The clinical occurrence of discordant outcomes is uncommon and the study team experienced difficulty identifying patients in this situation. Future work: Future work could include regular review of the risk models for adverse outcomes to ensure currency, and the technical precision of complex-numbers analysis of refractive outcome to invite opportunities to improve post-operative spectacle-free vision. In addition, a fully powered randomised controlled trial of the cataract decision aid would be feasible, following psychometric refinement of the primary outcome (the cataract decision quality measure); this would clarify its potential role in routine service delivery. Conclusions: In this research programme, evidence-based clinical tools have been successfully developed to improve pre-operative decision-making in cataract surgery. These include a psychometrically robust, patient-reported outcome measure (Cat-PROM5); prediction models for patient self-reported outcomes using Cat-PROM5; prediction models for clinically adverse surgical events and adverse visual acuity outcomes; and a cataract decision aid with relevant general information and personalised risk/benefit predictions. In addition, the successful mapping of Cat-PROM5 to existing health economic indices was achieved and the performances of indices were assessed in patients undergoing cataract surgery. A future full-powered randomised controlled trial of the cataract decision aid would be feasible (patients, n = 800, effect size 0.2 standard deviations, power 80%; p = 0.05). Trial registration: This trial is registered as ISRCTN11309852. Funding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 10, No. 9. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Abstract Background University students are at a greater risk of gaining weight compared to others. We explored associations between changes in weight and a set of dispositional constructs related to eating behaviour: motivation, impulsivity, social comparison, and eating styles. We predicted that increases in controlled motivation, impulsivity, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and physical appearance comparison would be related to increased weight and body fat. Methods First year students at a British university completed baseline (n = 196) and three-month (n = 163) measures of impulsivity, physical appearance comparison, motivation for following a healthy diet, eating styles, weight and body fat. Baseline-follow-up changes in these constructs were computed and subjected to cluster analysis. Results Four participant groups were identified according to similarities in the way these constructs evolved over time. The Losing and Gaining groups tended to show opposing changes in key variables (physical appearance comparison, uncontrolled eating, motivation, weight, and percentage of body fat). Interestingly, two groups showed no change in weight and body fat but evidenced unique changes in key variables, indicating that individuals can have different psychological profiles but still maintain their weight. Conclusions The study highlighted how stable weight maintenance arises from sets of interdependent constructs rather than variables in isolation, as well as emphasizing a need to take a person-centred approach to examining those at risk of weight gain and in developing interventions.

Summary: The Kinetic Intra-Cellular Assay (KICA) is a recombinant cell-based technique that utilizes NanoBRET technology. KICA enables the measurement of intracellular binding kinetics. This protocol describes steps for cellular transfection and expression, followed by addition of a target specific fluorophore conjugated probe and a range of concentrations of competitor compounds, followed by the measurement of BRET in a 384 well format. Fitting the BRET data allows measurement of forward and reverse binding rates and the determination of KD.For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Lay et al. (2021).

Broad uptake of smFRET has been hindered by high instrument costs and a lack of open-source hardware and acquisition software. Here, the authors present the smfBox, a cost-effective open-source platform capable of measuring precise FRET efficiencies between dyes on freely diffusing single molecules.

Abstract When planning a multicentre clinical trial, it can be difficult to predict the time needed to open individual sites, and this in turn impacts on the total number of sites needed, the budget and the time frame for a clinical trial to be delivered successfully. This is of particular importance for funding applications with a limited time frame and budget such as NIHR RfPB. It is more efficient and cost-effective to open the total number of sites needed at the outset of a trial, rather than to respond later to slow site opening and recruitment. Here, we share our experience of successfully delivering a multicentre clinical trial for a rare disease within a limited time frame and budget by approximately doubling the number of sites initially predicted to be needed. We initially predicted 20 sites would be needed to deliver the clinical trial, but early on in the trial, the number of sites was more than doubled to allow successful recruitment of the target sample size within the desired time frame. Of the 48 ethically approved sites, the median time from ethical approval of a site to opening for recruitment was 182 days (95% confidence interval [143 to 245 days]) and ranged from 18 to 613 days. In four (9%) of these sites, part of the delay was due to pharmacy sign off not being given when R&D had issued capacity and capability (C&C). Delays due to pharmacy sign off varied from 10 days to over 3 months delay in two sites (94 days and 102 days). A mathematical solution to the problem of planning a study with a short recruitment window has been given to support the planning and costing of grants with fixed time constraints: number of sites = required sample size divided by (number of eligible patients per site per month times recruitment rate times (the number of months accrual minus 6 months)). We expect these results to help others who are planning multicentre clinical trials in the UK. Ethical approval from NRES Committee South West (IRAS number 225959). Trial registration EudraCT Number 2017-001171-23 . Registered on 26 June 2017

ABSTRACT During nutrient limitation, bacteria produce the alarmones (p)ppGpp as effectors of a stress signaling network termed the stringent response. RsgA, RbgA, Era, and HflX are four ribosome-associated GTPases (RA-GTPases) that bind to (p)ppGpp in Staphylococcus aureus. These enzymes are cofactors in ribosome assembly, where they cycle between the ON (GTP-bound) and OFF (GDP-bound) ribosome-associated states. Entry into the OFF state occurs upon hydrolysis of GTP, with GTPase activity increasing substantially upon ribosome association. When bound to (p)ppGpp, GTPase activity is inhibited, reducing 70S ribosome assembly and growth. Here, we determine how (p)ppGpp impacts RA-GTPase-ribosome interactions. We show that RA-GTPases preferentially bind to 5′-diphosphate-containing nucleotides GDP and ppGpp over GTP, which is likely exploited as a regulatory mechanism within the cell to shut down ribosome biogenesis during stress. Stopped-flow fluorescence and association assays reveal that when bound to (p)ppGpp, the association of RA-GTPases to ribosomal subunits is destabilized, both in vitro and within bacterial cells. Consistently, structural analysis of the ppGpp-bound RA-GTPase RsgA reveals an OFF-state conformation similar to the GDP-bound state, with the G2/switch I loop adopting a conformation incompatible with ribosome association. Altogether, we highlight (p)ppGpp-mediated inhibition of RA-GTPases as a major mechanism of stringent response-mediated ribosome assembly and growth control. IMPORTANCE The stringent response is a bacterial signaling network that utilizes the nucleotides pppGpp and ppGpp to reprogram cells in order to survive nutritional stresses. However, much about how these important nucleotides control cellular reprogramming is unknown. Our previous work revealed that (p)ppGpp can bind to and inhibit the enzymatic activity of four ribosome-associated GTPases (RA-GTPases), enzymes that facilitate maturation of the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits. Here, we examine how this occurs mechanistically and demonstrate that this interaction prevents the accommodation of RA-GTPases on ribosomal subunits both in vitro and within bacterial cells, with the ppGpp-bound state structurally mimicking the inactive GDP-bound conformation of the enzyme. We additionally reveal that these GTPase enzymes have a greater affinity for OFF-state-inducing nucleotides, which is a mechanism likely to control ribosome assembly during growth. With this, we further our understanding of how ribosome function is controlled by (p)ppGpp, enabling bacterial survival during stress.

Abstract Objectives To examine the effectiveness of randomising dissemination of the Germ Defence behaviour change website via GP practices across England UK. Trial design A two-arm (1:1 ratio) cluster randomised controlled trial implementing Germ Defence via GP practices compared with usual care. Participants Setting: All Primary care GP practices in England. Participants: All patients aged 16 years and over who were granted access by participating GP practices. Intervention and comparator Intervention: We will ask staff at GP practices randomised to the intervention arm to share the weblink to Germ Defence with all adult patients registered at their practice during the 4-month trial implementation period and care will otherwise follow current standard management. Germ Defence is an interactive website ( http://GermDefence.org/ ) employing behaviour change techniques and practical advice on how to reduce the spread of infection in the home. The coronavirus version of Germ Defence helps people understand what measures to take and when to take them to avoid infection. This includes hand washing, avoiding sharing rooms and surfaces, dealing with deliveries and ventilating rooms. Using behaviour change techniques, it helps users think through and adopt better home hygiene habits and find ways to solve any barriers, providing personalised goal setting and tailored advice that fits users’ personal circumstances and problem solving to overcome barriers. Comparator: Patients at GP practices randomised to the usual care arm will receive current standard management for the 4-month trial period after which we will ask staff to share the link to Germ Defence with all adult patients registered at their practice. Main outcomes The primary outcome is the effects of implementing Germ Defence on prevalence of all respiratory tract infection diagnoses during the 4-month trial implementation period. The secondary outcomes are: 1) incidence of COVID-19 diagnoses 2) incidence of COVID-19 symptom presentation 3) incidence of gastrointestinal infections 4) number of primary care consultations 5) antibiotic usage 6) hospital admissions 7) uptake of GP practices disseminating Germ Defence to their patients 8) usage of the Germ Defence website by individuals who were granted access by their GP practice Randomisation GP practices will be randomised on a 1:1 basis by the independent Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC). Clinical Commission Groups (CCGs) in England will be divided into blocks according to region, and equal numbers in each block will be randomly allocated to intervention or usual care. The randomisation schedule will be generated in Stata statistical software by a statistician not otherwise involved in the enrolment of general practices into the study. Blinding (masking) The principal investigators, the statistician and study collaborators will remain blinded from the identity of randomised practices until the end of the study. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) To detect planned effect size (based on PRIMIT trial, Little et al, 2015): 11.1 million respondents from 6822 active GP practices. Assuming 25% of these GP practices will engage, we will contact all GP practices in England spread across 135 Clinical Commissioning Groups. Trial status Protocol version 2.0, dated 13 January 2021. Implementation is ongoing. The implementation period started on 10 November 2020 and will end on 10 March 2021. Trial registration This trial was registered in the ISRCTN registry ( isrctn.com/ ISRCTN14602359 ) on 12 August 2020. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.

Color is a fundamental contrast mechanism in fluorescence microscopy, providing the basis for numerous imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Building on spectral imaging schemes that encode color into a fixed spatial intensity distribution, here, we introduce continuously controlled spectral-resolution (CoCoS) microscopy, which allows the spectral resolution of the system to be adjusted in real-time. By optimizing the spectral resolution for each experiment, we achieve maximal sensitivity and throughput, allowing for single-frame acquisition of multiple color channels with single-molecule sensitivity and 140-fold larger fields of view compared with previous super-resolution spectral imaging techniques. Here, we demonstrate the utility of CoCoS in three experimental formats, single-molecule spectroscopy, single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, and multicolor single-particle tracking in live neurons, using a range of samples and 12 distinct fluorescent markers. A simple add-on allows CoCoS to be integrated into existing fluorescence microscopes, rendering spectral imaging accessible to the wider scientific community.

A sense of school belonging has a powerful effect on students' emotional, motivational, and academic functioning, yet there have been few attempts to listen to students' views on school belonging, or to seek their opinions on how best to promote it. Managed move protocols to facilitate a move to an alternative school were developed in the UK as a positive alternative to permanently excluding (expelling) students whose place at the school is no longer considered viable by school management. However, the "success" of these protocols has been defined in a manner which does not take full account of their affective impact on this vulnerable group of children and young people (CYP). Previous research has identified a need for greater personalization of the managed move transition process and fuller incorporation of CYP views. This study sought to understand how secondary school students who have undergone a managed move experience school belonging. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). A sense of school belonging resulted from positive relationships with peers and an attendant sense of safety, security, and acceptance. Participants expressed both the desirability and perceived difficulty of forging relationships in a new school and acknowledged the value of sensitive and subtle support.

Coral research is being ushered into the genomic era. To fully capitalize on the potential discoveries from this genomic revolution, the rapidly increasing number of high-quality genomes requires effective pairing with rigorous taxonomic characterizations of specimens and the contextualization of their ecological relevance. However, to date there is no formal framework that genomicists, taxonomists, and coral scientists can collectively use to systematically acquire and link these data. Spurred by the recently announced “Coral symbiosis sensitivity to environmental change hub” under the “Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics Project” - a collaboration between the Wellcome Sanger Institute and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to generate gold-standard genome sequences for coral animal hosts and their associated Symbiodiniaceae microalgae (among the sequencing of many other symbiotic aquatic species) - we outline consensus guidelines to reconcile different types of data. The metaorganism nature of the coral holobiont provides a particular challenge in this context and is a key factor to consider for developing a framework to consolidate genomic, taxonomic, and ecological (meta)data. Ideally, genomic data should be accompanied by taxonomic references, i.e., skeletal vouchers as formal morphological references for corals and strain specimens in the case of microalgal and bacterial symbionts (cultured isolates). However, exhaustive taxonomic characterization of all coral holobiont member species is currently not feasible simply because we do not have a comprehensive understanding of all the organisms that constitute the coral holobiont. Nevertheless, guidelines on minimal, recommended, and ideal-case descriptions for the major coral holobiont constituents (coral animal, Symbiodiniaceae microalgae, and prokaryotes) will undoubtedly help in future referencing and will facilitate comparative studies. We hope that the guidelines outlined here, which we will adhere to as part of the Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics Project sub-hub focused on coral symbioses, will be useful to a broader community and their implementation will facilitate cross- and meta-data comparisons and analyses.

Abstract Previous studies suggest white matter (WM) integrity is vulnerable to chronic hypoperfusion during brain ageing. We assessed ~ 0.7 million capillary profiles in the frontal lobe WM across several dementias comprising Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease with dementia, vascular dementia, mixed dementias, post-stroke dementia as well as post-stroke no dementia and similar age ageing and young controls without significant brain pathology. Standard histopathological methods were used to determine microvascular pathology and capillary width and densities in 153 subjects using markers of the basement membrane (collagen IV; COL4) and endothelium (glucose transporter-1; GLUT-1). Variable microvascular pathology including coiled, tortuous, collapsed and degenerated capillaries as well as occasional microaneurysms was present in all dementias. As expected, WM microvascular densities were 20–49% lower than in the overlying cortex. This differential in density between WM and cortex was clearly demonstrated by COL4, which was highly correlated with GLUT-1 densities (Spearman’s rho = 0.79, P = 0.000). WM COL4 immunopositive microvascular densities were decreased by ~ 18% across the neurodegenerative dementias. However, we found WM COL4 densities were increased by ~ 57% in post-stroke dementia versus ageing and young controls and other dementias. Using three different methods to measure capillary diameters, we found WM capillaries to be significantly wider by 19–45% compared to those in overlying neocortex apparent with both COL4 and GLUT-1. Remarkably, WM capillary widths were increased by ~ 20% across all dementias compared to ageing and young controls (P