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O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os fatores associados ao excesso de peso em crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde (PNDS) de 2006, um estudo transversal de base domiciliar. O diagnóstico do excesso de peso baseou-se no índice peso-para-altura superior a 2 escores z acima da mediana do padrão antropométrico da Organização Mundial de Saúde - 2006. A população estudada constituiu-se de 4.388 crianças. A prevalência de excesso de peso nas crianças foi descrita segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, antropométricas e comportamentais. Foram realizadas análises bruta e ajustada através da Regressão de Poisson e todas foram estratificadas pelo sexo da criança. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 6,6%. Após análise ajustada, o índice de massa corporal materno e o peso ao nascer foram associados ao excesso de peso. Além disso, o excesso de peso mostrou-se associado ao tempo de amamentação exclusiva, nos meninos e ao nível socioeconômico e situação conjugal, nas meninas. Enfatiza-se a necessidade da implementação de políticas públicas que atuem, o mais precocemente possível, nos principais determinantes do excesso de peso. The scope of the study was to identify factors associated with excess weight in Brazilian children less than five years of age. Data from a cross-sectional home-based study entitled the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2006 were used. The diagnosis of excess weight was performed using the weight-for-height greater than 2 z scores above the median anthropometric standard recommended by the World Health Organization in 2006. The population under study consisted of 4,388 children. The prevalence of excess weight in children was described according to socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral variables. Crude and adjusted analyses were carried out to assess statistical significance stratified by gender using Poisson regression. The prevalence of excess weight was 6.6%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, maternal body mass index and birth weight were associated with excess weight. Furthermore, being overweight was associated with exclusive breastfeeding for boys and with the socio-economic level and marital status of the mother for girls. The need to implement public policies that act on the major determinants of excess weight since childhood is emphasized.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência de consumo de diferentes tipos de carnes conforme variáveis sociodemográficas e nutricionais, e analisar o consumo, em adolescentes do Sul do Brasil, de dieta rica em gordura conforme os tipos de carne consumidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes pertencentes à coorte de nascimentos de 1993, em Pelotas (RS). A frequência de consumo de carnes vermelhas, brancas, vísceras e embutidos foi avaliada por um Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar, adaptado para este estudo. A ingestão de dieta rica em gordura foi avaliada a partir do instrumento proposto por Block. As variáveis independentes foram sexo, cor da pele, nível socioeconômico, escolaridade materna e estado nutricional. Nas análises estatísticas, foram utilizados testes Qui-quadrado de heterogeneidade e de tendência linear. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 4.325 adolescentes com idade média de 14,7, DP=0,3 anos, dos quais 51,2% eram do sexo feminino. A frequência de consumo diário de carnes vermelhas foi maior do que a de carnes brancas (43,0% e 9,7%, respectivamente). O consumo de embutidos por mais do que quatro vezes por semana foi referido por 48,5% dos indivíduos, e 81,4% relataram consumir vísceras raramente ou nunca. Adolescentes de maior nível socioeconômico e filhos de mães com maior escolaridade apresentaram maior consumo de carnes vermelhas e embutidos, enquanto aqueles em situação oposta apresentaram maior consumo de carnes brancas. Adolescentes que consomem carnes com maior frequência também consomem dieta rica em gordura. CONCLUSÃO: As carnes consumidas com maior frequência pelos adolescentes foram as vermelhas e os embutidos. No entanto, adolescentes de maior nível socioeconômico consomem carnes vermelhas com maior frequência, enquanto adolescentes menos favorecidos economicamente consomem mais carnes brancas. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the consumption frequency of various meats according to sociodemographic and nutritional variables and analyzed the consumption of high-fat diets according to type of meat by southern Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included the 1993 birth cohort from Pelotas (RS). The consumption frequency of red, white and organ meats and sausage were investigated by a food frequency questionnaire adapted for this study. Dietary fat content was determined as proposed by Block. The independent variables were gender, skin color, socioeconomic level, maternal education level and nutritional status. The statistical analyses included the Chi-square linear tendency test and the Chi-square test of homogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 4,325 adolescents with a mean age of 14.7 years, SD=0.3 years, were assessed, of which 51.2% were females. Red meat was consumed more frequently daily than white meat (43.0% and 9.7%, respectively). Sausage consumption frequency greater than 4 times per week was reported by 48.5% of the sample, and 81.4% reported to consume organ meats rarely or never. Adolescents of higher socioeconomic levels and of mothers with higher education levels consumed more red meats and sausages, while those in the opposite situation consumed more white meats. Adolescents who consumed meats more frequently also consumed a high-fat diet. CONCLUSION: Red meats and sausages were the meats most frequently consumed by the study adolescents. However, adolescents of higher socioeconomic levels consumed red meats more often, while those of lower socioeconomic levels consumed white meats more often.

O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever os padrões de trabalho urbano em jovens de 14-15 anos do Sul do Brasil. O trabalho infantil foi caracterizado como qualquer atividade que resultasse em retribuição na forma de bens, serviços ou dinheiro. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo e nível econômico. Dos 4325 adolescentes entrevistados, a proporção de trabalho no último ano foi de 22,2%, sendo 27,7% para o sexo masculino e 17,0% para o sexo feminino. Essa proporção também foi maior para as classes D/E (30,0%) do que para as classes A/B (14,3%). A maioria dos adolescentes trabalhava fora de casa, aproximadamente metade começou a trabalhar antes dos 14 anos e cerca de 80,0% referiram trabalhar por interesse próprio. Apenas 1,0% tinha contrato ou carteira de trabalho, 30,0% trabalhavam mais de seis horas por dia, e a renda média foi menor do que R$ 150/mês. Os serviços domésticos predominaram entre os mais pobres. Existe a necessidade de maior monitoramento do trabalho infantil e de intervenções que busquem o cumprimento da legislação vigente.The scope of this article was to describe the urban work patterns among 14 to 15-year-old youths from Southern Brazil. Child labor was characterized as any activity that resulted in retribution in the form of goods, services or money. The analyses were stratified by sex and economic level. Of the 4325 adolescents interviewed, the proportion of labor in the last year was 22.2%, namely 27.7% for the male sex, and 17% for the female sex. This proportion was also higher among the poorer strata of the population (30.0%) than the more affluent (14.3%). The majority of adolescents worked away from home and approximately half of them began working before 14 years of age, and around 80.0% reported that they worked by choice. Only 1.0% had a labor contract or work booklet, 30.0% worked more than six hours per day, and the average income was less than US$85/month. Domestic work predominated among the poorest teenagers. There is a need for greater surveillance of child labor and of interventions seeking to enforce prevailing legislation.

The prevalence of overweight and its association with demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological variables were evaluated. The sample included 810 adolescents (10-19 years of age) living in the urban area of Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city. Overweight was defined as a body mass index >= the 85th percentile, according to sex and age, and compared to the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, following the WHO recommendation for adolescents. A clustering sampling strategy was used, and both the crude and adjusted analyses (Poisson Regression) took this strategy into account. The prevalence of overweight was 19.3% (95%CI: 16.6-22.0) and there was no difference between the sexes. The following groups presented a greater probability of being overweight: those classified in the wealthiest socioeconomic groups, those who had dieted to lose weight within the previous 3 months, those who watch 4 or more hours of television per day, and those who have less than 3 regular meals per day. After stratification by gender, high socioeconomic level was associated with greatest risk of overweight among boys. Dieting to lose weight during the previous 3 months, 4 or more hours of television viewing per day, and less than 3 formal meals per day were risk factors for overweight among girls.

Background Large epidemiological studies in DNA biobanks have increasingly used less invasive methods for obtaining DNA samples, such as saliva collection. Although lower amounts of DNA are obtained as compared with blood collection, this method has been widely used because of its more simple logistics and increased response rate. The present study aimed to verify whether a storage time of 8 months decreases the quality of DNA from collected samples. Methods Saliva samples were collected with an OrageneTM DNA Self-Collection Kit from 4,110 subjects aged 14–15 years. The samples were processed in two aliquots with an 8-month interval between them. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations were carried out in 20% of the samples by spectrophotometry and genotyping. Descriptive analyses and paired t-tests were performed. Results The mean volume of saliva collected was 2.2 mL per subject, yielding on average 184.8 μg DNA per kit. Most samples showed a Ratio of OD differences (RAT) between 1.6 and 1.8 in the qualitative evaluation. The evaluation of DNA quality by TaqMan®, High Resolution Melting (HRM), and restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR (RFLP-PCR) showed a rate of success of up to 98% of the samples. The sample store time did not reduce either the quantity or quality of DNA extracted with the Oragene kit. Conclusion The study results showed that a storage period of 8 months at room temperature did not reduce the quality of the DNA obtained. In addition, the use of the Oragene kit during fieldwork in large population-based studies allows for DNA of high quantity and high quality.

Background Socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to be an important contributor to lung function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between lung function in adolescence and (a) SES at birth; (b) SES in adolescence; (c) SES trajectory from birth to adolescence ('never poor', 'non poor-poor', 'poor-non poor' and 'always poor'). Additionally, we investigate the role of adolescent and parental variables at mediating these associations. Methods Prospective birth cohort study in Pelotas, Brazil, including 4,005 adolescents (mean age: 14.7 years) followed up from birth. Lung function was measured by spirometry. Outcome variables were forced expiratory volume in one second in liters (FEV1) and forced vital capacity also in liters (FVC). Results Mean FEV1 was 3.46 L (95%CI 3.43-3.49) among boys and 2.93 L (95%CI 2.91-2.95) among girls. Mean FVC was 4.00 L (95%CI 3.97; 4.04) among boys and 3.30 L (95%CI 3.27; 3.32) among girls. SES at birth, in adolescence and its trajectory from birth to adolescence were inversely associated with lung function in both adolescent boys and girls. After adjustment for mediating variables, coefficients were largely reduced, particularly among boys, and the main predictor of change in coefficients was the inclusion of height in the models. Conclusion Low income adolescents from Brazil present impaired lung function as compared to the better off, and this is largely explained by height.

The aim of this study was to evaluate concurrent risk factors for high blood pressure in adolescents. This is a prospective cohort study including 4,452 adolescents born in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 1993. Blood pressure was measured before and after the interview, and the mean value was used in the analyses. Mean systolic blood pressure was 101.9mmHg (SD = 12.3) and mean diastolic pressure was 63.4mmHg (SD = 9.9). Adolescents with black skin had higher blood pressure than those with white skin. Mean systolic pressure among subjects in the top quartile of body mass index (BMI) was 11.6mmHg higher than among those in the lowest quartile. Mean systolic pressure among postmenarcheal girls was 5.4mmHg higher than among premenarcheal girls. Similar trends were found for diastolic arterial pressure. Our findings suggest that blood pressure control must begin already in childhood and adolescence. O objetivo do presente artigo foi avaliar fatores associados com a pressão arterial de adolescentes. Trata-se de estudo de coorte prospectivo, incluindo 4.452 adolescentes nascidos em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 1993. A pressão arterial foi medida no início e final da entrevista com aparelho digital, sendo o valor médio utilizado nas análises. A pressão arterial sistólica média foi de 101,9mmHg (DP = 12,3) e a diastólica foi de 63,4mmHg (DP = 9,9). Adolescentes com pele preta apresentaram valores mais elevados de pressão arterial sistólica do que os de pele branca. Adolescentes no quartil superior do índice de massa corporal (IMC) apresentaram uma pressão sistólica média 11,6mmHg maior do que aqueles no quartil inferior. Meninas que já menstruaram apresentaram uma pressão sistólica média 5,4mmHg maior em comparação às demais. Os resultados foram similares para a pressão arterial diastólica. O controle da pressão arterial elevada deve ser iniciado desde a infância e adolescência.

We evaluate the influence of demographic, socioeconomic, and maternal variables on the nutritional status of adolescents aged 11 years. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 4,452 adolescents born in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1993, accounting for 87.5% of the original cohort. Nutritional status was evaluated based on World Health Organization criteria. Subjects were classified according to nutritional status into thin, normal, overweight and obese. Independent variables analyzed included skin color, socioeconomic status, maternal schooling, and maternal body mass index (BMI). Analyses were stratified by sex, and multivariable regression was performed using the multinomial logistic approach. Overall, 7% of adolescents were classified as thin, 11.6% as overweight, and 11.6% as obese. Among boys, thinness was inversely associated with maternal schooling and maternal BMI. Among girls, thinness was directly associated with maternal BMI. Overweight and obesity were directly associated with socioeconomic status and maternal BMI, the former showing the strongest association with nutritional status among adolescents. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de fatores demográficos, sócioeconômicos e maternos sobre o estado nutricional de adolescentes, nascidos em 1993, em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A amostra estudada (n = 4.452) representa 87,5% da coorte original. O estado nutricional foi avaliado conforme as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, categorizado em magro, eutrófico, sobrepeso e obeso. As variáveis independentes foram cor da pele, índice de bens, escolaridade e índice de massa corporal (IMC) maternos. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo, e a regressão logística multinomial foi usada. Ao todo, 7% dos adolescentes eram magros, 11,6% tinham sobrepeso e 11,6% eram obesos. Entre os meninos, a prevalência de adolescentes magros apresentou associação inversa com escolaridade e IMC maternos. Entre as meninas, ser magra se associou inversamente com o IMC materno. Sobrepeso e obesidade mostraram-se associados diretamente com índice de bens e IMC maternos, sendo esta última, a principal variável associada com o estado nutricional dos adolescentes.

This study describes the food intake of adolescents participating in the 1993 birth cohort from Pelotas, Southern Brazil, according to socioeconomic position. We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the 2004-2005 follow-up visit. Food intake in the previous year was evaluated using the Block questionnaire. Socioeconomic status was evaluated based on an assets index, divided into quintiles. Foods with the highest frequency of daily intake were white bread (83%), butter or margarine (74.6%), beans (66.4%) and milk (48.5%). Intake of butter or margarine, bread, and beans was more frequent among poorer adolescents, and the inverse was true for milk. Intake of fruits and vegetables was low in all socioeconomic strata, but particularly low among the poor. In early adolescence, all socioeconomic groups showed high consumption of foods rich in fat and low consumption of foods rich in fiber. O estudo descreve alimentos consumidos por adolescentes pertencentes à coorte de nascimentos de 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, conforme o nível socioeconômico. Foi feita uma análise transversal com dados coletados no acompanhamento de 2004-2005. A freqüência alimentar no último ano foi avaliada pelo questionário Block. A posição socioeconômica foi verificada com base no índice de bens, dividido em quintis. Os alimentos mais consumidos diariamente foram: pão branco (83%), manteiga ou margarina (74,6%), feijão (66,4%) e leite (48,5%). O consumo de manteiga ou margarina, pão e feijão foram mais freqüentes entre adolescentes pertencentes ao primeiro (menor) quintil do índice de bens, e o consumo de leite foi maior no último quintil. Frutas, vegetais e salada verde tiveram baixo consumo principalmente entre os mais pobres. Todos os grupos socioeconômicos apresentaram consumo elevado de alimentos ricos em gordura e baixo consumo de alimentos ricos em fibra.

The aim of this study was to describe oral health follow-up studies nested in a birth cohort. A population-based birth cohort was launched in 1993 in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Two oral health follow-up studies were conducted at six (n = 359) and 12 (n = 339) years of age. A high response rate was observed at 12 years of age; 94.4% of the children examined at six years of age were restudied in 2005. The mean DMF-T index at age 12 was 1.2 (SD = 1.6) for the entire sample, ranging from 0.6 (SD = 1.1) for children that were caries-free at age six, 1.3 (SD = 1.5) for those with 1-3 carious teeth at six years, and 1.8 (SD = 1.8) for those with 4-19 carious teeth at six years (p < 0.01). The number of individuals with severe malocclusions at 12 years was proportional to the number of malocclusions at six years. Oral health problems in early adolescence were more prevalent in individuals with dental problems at six years of age. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever estudos de saúde bucal em uma coorte de nascimentos. Em 1993, teve início uma coorte de nascimentos de base populacional em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Dois estudos de saúde bucal aos 6 (n = 359) e 12 anos de idade (n = 339) foram realizados. Foi observada uma alta taxa de resposta no período entre 6 e 12 anos de idade; 94,4% das crianças pesquisadas em 1999 foram examinadas em 2005. A média do índice CPO-D aos 12 anos foi de 1,2 (DP = 1,6) para a população como um todo, variando de 0,6 (DP = 1,1) para o grupo livre de cáries aos 6 anos, 1,3 (DP = 1,5) para os que apresentaram 1-3 dentes atacados pela cárie e 1,8 (DP = 1,8) para aqueles com 4-19 dentes atacados pela cárie (p < 0,01). Observou-se um aumento da proporção de indivíduos com oclusopatias muito severas aos 12 anos, conforme o número de oclusopatias presentes aos 6 anos de idade. Problemas bucais no início da adolescência foram mais prevalentes nos indivíduos que apresentaram agravos à saúde bucal na infância.

The aim of this study was to verify the agreement between different approaches for estimating levels of physical activity in adolescents. One questionnaire was administered to parents and two were administered to the adolescents. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the 2004-2005 follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. Parents or guardians answered the following question: "Compared to most children the same age, would you say that your child exercises more, less, or the same amount?" A similar question was addressed to adolescents, as was a detailed questionnaire on physical activity. Agreement between the questionnaires was measured by the weighted kappa statistic. A total of 4,254 adolescents and parents/guardians answered the questionnaires. Kappa values indicated low agreement for all comparisons (kappa < 0.33 for all analyses). Measurement of physical activity in adolescents is complex, and available instruments should be validated prior to their use. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a concordância entre diferentes formas de se estimar o nível de atividade física de adolescentes. Um questionário foi aplicado aos pais e outros dois aos adolescentes. O estudo foi transversal aninhado ao acompanhamento de 2004-2005 da coorte de nascimentos de 1993 em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pais ou responsáveis responderam à questão: "Comparando com a maioria das crianças da mesma idade, o(a) Sr(a). diria que o seu filho faz mais exercícios que elas, menos exercícios que elas ou a mesma quantidade que elas?". Questão análoga foi aplicada aos adolescentes. Os adolescentes também responderam a um questionário mais detalhado sobre a prática de atividades físicas. A concordância entre os questionários foi avaliada pelo teste kappa ponderado. Um total de 4.254 adolescentes e responsáveis responderam aos questionários. Os valores de kappa indicaram concordância baixa para quaisquer das comparações (kappa < 0,33 para todas as análises). A mensuração de atividade física em adolescentes é complexa e os instrumentos disponíveis devem ser validados antes do uso.

The aim of this prospective analysis was to describe the cumulative incidence of hospital admissions in the first year of life and between 1 and 11 years of age and to explore associated factors. Hospital admissions were collected through regular monitoring in the first year of life, and through maternal report on admissions between 1 and 11 years. Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for confounding factors. 18.1% of children were hospitalized in the first year of life, and 30.7% between ages 1 and 11 years. Among boys, hospital admission in the first year was associated with low family income, paternal smoking during pregnancy, preterm delivery, and low birthweight. Among girls, in addition to the variables described for boys, black/mixed skin color was also a risk factor for hospital admission. For admissions between 1 and 11 years of age, low family income and gestational age ≥ 37 weeks were found to be significant risk factors. Com o objetivo de descrever a incidência cumulativa de hospitalizações no primeiro ano de vida e entre 1-11 anos de idade, e identificar fatores de risco precoces, foi realizado um estudo de coorte de nascimento de 1993 a 2004-2005. As hospitalizações foram coletadas por meio de monitoramento hospitalar até 1 ano de idade, e relato das mães sobre internações ocorridas de 1-11 anos. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo e ajustadas para fatores de confusão. Os percentuais de hospitalizações de 0-1 ano e de 1-11 anos foram 18,1% e 30,7%, respectivamente. As variáveis associadas com internações de 0-1 ano em meninos foram: baixa renda familiar, tabagismo paterno na gestação, prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer. No sexo feminino, além dos fatores de risco descritos entre os meninos, observou-se associação com cor da pele preta/parda. Quanto às hospitalizações de 1-11 anos, no sexo masculino, encontrou-se associação com baixa renda familiar e idade gestacional ≥ 37 semanas.

The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of fiber-rich food intake and evaluate its association with socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral characteristics. A city representative sample was selected and 3,993 subjects (> 10 years) were interviewed. The study used the Block Screening Questionnaire. A majority of subjects - 65.6% (95%CI: 64.2-67.1) - presented an inadequate intake frequency. Adjusted analysis for the overall sample showed an increased risk of inadequate frequency among men, adolescents, people of lower socioeconomic levels, current smokers, those insufficiently active and those having fewer than four daily meals. Age group-stratified analysis showed that among adolescents, living alone was a risk factor; for adults, risk factors were sex (male), current smoker, insufficiently active and fewer than four daily meals and; among the elderly they were male and being a current smoker. A lower socioeconomic level was associated to the outcome in all groups. Although the inadequate frequency of intake is very common in this population, teenagers are at a higher risk, pointing to a need for public health actions targeting this particular age group. Verificar a freqüência do consumo de alimentos fontes de fibras e avaliar sua associação com características sócio-econômicas, demográficas e comportamentais. Foi selecionada amostra representativa da cidade e 3.993 indivíduos (> 10 anos) foram entrevistados. Foi utilizado o instrumento Block Screening. A maioria da amostra, 65,6% (IC95%: 64,2-67,1), mostrou freqüência inadequada de consumo. A análise ajustada para amostra global mostrou risco aumentado de freqüência inadequada entre homens, adolescentes, de menor nível sócio-econômico, fumante atual, insuficientemente ativo e aqueles que faziam menos de 4 refeições/dia. A análise por faixa etária mostrou que entre adolescentes, morar sozinho foi um fator de risco; entre adultos, homens, fumantes, insuficientemente ativos e que realizavam menos de 4 refeições/dia; e, entre idosos, somente homens e fumantes. O menor nível sócio-econômico associou-se ao desfecho em todos os grupos. Ressalta-se que embora a população apresente alto porcentual do desfecho, chama atenção os adolescentes, sugerindo medidas prioritárias nesta faixa etária.

Birth weight has short and long-term effects on health. Some studies have used retrospective data on birth weight, reported by the subject or by the parents. This paper compares data on birth weight measured by the research team in 1993 with birth weight reported by the mother in 2004-2005, using data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. We also evaluate the role of misclassification when exploring the effect of birth weight on a given outcome. Mean difference between the two variables was 20g (SD = 288.3). Agreement for detecting low birth weight was 95.2% in the sample as a whole (kappa = 0.73), but was lower among low-schooling mothers. Mothers of children weighing less than 3,500g at birth tended to overestimate the child's birth weight. Inversely, mothers of heavier children tended to underestimate the values. One out of four mothers reported a difference of at least 200g in birth weight as compared to that measured in 1993. Use of reported birth weight diluted the magnitude of the association with body mass index at 11 years in comparison with measured birth weight. Reported birth weight should be used with great caution, if at all.

Summary In a prospective cohort from Brazil, we evaluated the incidence of fractures from birth to early adolescence and examined risk factors for fractures. The incidence was 14.2% (95%CI 13.2, 15.2). Male sex, birth length, and maternal age at delivery were positively associated with the risk of fractures. Introduction This study aims to evaluate the incidence of fractures from birth to 11 years of age and to explore the effect of early life variables on the risk of fractures. Methods All children (N = 5,249) born in 1993 in the city of Pelotas, Brazil were enrolled in a prospective birth cohort study. In 2004–2005, 87.5% of the cohort members were sought for a follow-up visit. History of fractures, including anatomic site and age of the fracture were asked to mothers. Results The incidence of fractures from birth to 11 years of age was 14.2% (95%CI 13.2, 15.2). Out of the 628 subjects who experienced a fracture, 91 reported two and only 20 reported three or more fractures. Male sex, birth length, and maternal age at delivery were positively associated with the risk of fractures. No consistent associations were found for family income, maternal body mass index, smoking during pregnancy, and birth weight. Conclusions Birth length seems to have long-term effect on musculoskeletal health. The higher risk of fractures among children of older mothers needs to be confirmed by other studies. In accordance to the developmental origins of diseases, fractures seem to be, at least in part, programmed in early life.

OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura científica sobre a continuidade dos padrões alimentares da infância à adolescência. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO utilizando os seguintes termos: "tracking", "dietary patterns" e "childhood/adolescence" e sinônimos. Foram encontrados 45 resumos e, após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 13 artigos foram incluídos. A continuidade do padrão foi avaliada por três principais análises estatísticas: coeficientes de correlação (Pearson ou Spearman), coeficiente kappa e análise de probabilidades. RESULTADOS: A continuidade do padrão alimentar foi de fraca a moderada entre os períodos infância-infância e infância-adolescência. Parece não haver continuidade na adolescência. CONCLUSÕES: Os padrões alimentares da infância podem persistir até a adolescência, embora no transcorrer da adolescência possam ser alterados ou descontinuados. OBJECTIVE: To review the scientific literature on the tracking of dietary patterns from childhood to adolescence. METHODS: A search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO databases was performed, using the following key words: "tracking", "dietary patterns" and "childhood/adolescence" and their respective synonyms. A total of 45 abstracts were found and, after the inclusion criteria were applied, 13 articles were included. The tracking of dietary patterns was assessed by three main statistical analyses: (Pearson or Spearman) correlation coefficients, kappa coefficient and probability analysis. RESULTS: The tracking of dietary patterns ranged from weak to moderate between the childhood-childhood and childhood-adolescence periods. During adolescence, there appears to be no tracking. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns in childhood may continue until adolescence, although such patterns may be changed or discontinued throughout adolescence. OBJETIVO: Revisar la literatura científica sobre la continuidad de los patrones alimenticios de la infancia a la adolescencia. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Lilacs y SciELO utilizando los siguientes términos: "tracking", "dietary patterns" y "childhood/adolescente" y sinónimos. Se encontraron 45 resúmenes y posterior a la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, 13 artículos fueron adjuntados. La continuidad del patrón fue evaluada por tres principales análisis estadísticos: coeficientes de correlación (Pearson o Spearman), coeficiente kappa y análisis de probabilidades. RESULTADOS: La continuidad del patrón alimenticio fue débil a moderada entre los períodos infancia-infancia e infancia-adolescencia. Parece no haber continuidad en la adolescencia. CONCLUSIONES: Los patrones alimenticios de la infancia pueden persistir hasta la adolescencia, a pesar de no transcurrir de la adolescencia pueden ser alterados o descontinuados.