642 results on '"Contributors, JET"'
Search Results
2. A maximum likelihood tomographic method applied to JET gamma ray emission during the current quench
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Gelfusa, M., Craciunescu, T., Peluso, E., Giacomelli, L., Kiptily, V., Reux, C., Szepesi, G., Murari, A., and Contributors, JET
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Plasma position measurement with collimated neutron flux monitor diagnostics on JET
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Sperduti, A., Cecconello, M., Conroy, S., Eriksson, J., Kirov, K.K., Giacomelli, L., and Contributors, JET
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Distributed Poloidal Magnetic Field Measurement in Tokamaks Using Polarization-Sensitive Reflectometric Fiber Optic Sensor
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Contributors, Prasad Dandu, Andrei Gusarov, Willem Leysen, Perry Beaumont, Marc Wuilpart, and JET Contributors JET
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distributed magnetic field measurement ,optical fiber sensor ,polarization-sensitive reflectometry ,JET magnetic field ,tokamak ,poloidal magnetic field measurement - Abstract
Determination of the poloidal magnetic field distribution in tokamaks is of prime importance for the successful operation of tokamaks. In this paper, we propose a polarization-sensitive reflectometry-based optical fiber sensor for measuring the spatial distribution of the poloidal magnetic field in tokamaks. The measurement method exploits the Rayleigh backscattering and Faraday magneto-optic effect in optical fibers. The former is an intrinsic property of optical fibers and enables distributed polarization measurements, while the latter arises in the presence of a magnetic field parallel to the optical fiber axis and rotates the polarization state of the light. When an optical fiber is looped around a toroidal section of the vacuum vessel, the local polarization rotation of the light is proportional to the local poloidal magnetic field in the tokamak. The proposed method is discussed theoretically and experimentally using the results from JET. The obtained magnetic field measurement shows a good agreement with that of the internal discrete coils. A potential solution to recover the magnetic field data from the noise-affected region of the optical measurement is proposed and is demonstrated through simulations using the JET magnetic field configuration.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Neon seeding effects on two high-performance baseline plasmas on the Joint European Torus
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Gabriellini, S., Garzotti, L., Zotta, V.K., Bourdelle, C., Casson, F.J., Citrin, J., Frigione, D., Gatto, R., Giroud, C., Marin, M., Koechl, F., Lomas, P., Menmuir, S., Pucella, G., Rimini, F., Van Eester, D., and Contributors, JET
- Abstract
We present the JETTO-QuaLiKiz-SANCO fully predictive modelling of two JET-ILW high-performance baseline plasmas, a Ne seeded shot and an equivalent unseeded one. The motivation of the work lies in the experimental observation of a slightly higher confinement and performance of the Ne seeded shot with respect to the unseeded one, despite sharing the same main plasma parameters and heating powers. Moreover, the neon seeded shot shows a lower pedestal electron density and a higher core ion temperature with respect to the unseeded one. Integrated modelling is performed in order to understand if the cause of the improved confinement has to be ascribed to the improved pedestal parameters with neon seeding or if an impurity-induced turbulence stabilization is at play. The QuaLiKiz transport model is used for predicting the electron density, electron and ion temperatures and rotation in the core up to the pedestal top, while the pedestal is empirically modelled to reproduce the experimental kinetic profiles. The thermal diffusivities of the two shots, computed by QuaLiKiz, are compared, as well as the turbulence spectra, suggesting that the reduced transport found in the neon seeded shot is due in part to the stabilization of ITG and ETG modes. Further modelling is performed in order to disentangle the neon seeding effects, which are a direct effect on the turbulence stabilization and an indirect effect on the pedestal parameters. The results suggest that the improved performance with neon is due to a combination of turbulence stabilization and improved pedestal parameters.
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- 2023
6. Comparative survey of evaluated nuclear data libraries for fusion-relevant neutron activation spectrometry
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Raj Prasoon, Fischer Ulrich, Klix Axel, and Contributors JET
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Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The neutron flux-spectrum in a fusion device is frequently determined with activation foils and adjustment of a guess-spectrum in unfolding codes. Spectral-adjustment being a rather complex and uncertain procedure, we are carefully streamlining and evaluating it for upcoming experiments. Input nuclear cross-section data holds a vital position in this. This paper presents a survey of common dosimetry reactions and available data files relevant for fusion applications. While the IRDFF v1.05 library is the recommended source, many reactions of our interest are found missing in this. We investigated other standard sources: ENDF/B-VIII.0, EAF-2010, TENDL-2017, JENDL-4.0 etc. And, we analysed two experiments to ascertain the sensitivity of the spectral adjustment to the choice of nuclear data. One was performed with D-D (approx. 2.5 MeV peak) neutrons at the Joint European Torus (JET) machine and another with a white neutron field (approx. 33 MeV endpoint energy) at Nuclear Physics Institute (NPI) of Řež. Choice of cross-section source has affected the integral fluxes (20%) and individual group fluxes (
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- 2020
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7. High-order coupling of shear and sonic continua in JET plasmas
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Rodrigues, Paulo, Borba, Duarte, Cella, Francesca, Coelho, Rui, Ferreira, Jorge, Figueiredo, António, Mantsinen, Mervi, Nabais, Fernando, Sharapov, Sergei, Sirén, Paula, and Contributors, JET
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Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
A recent model coupling the shear-Alfv\'{e}n and acoustic continua, which depends strongly on the equilibrium shaping and on elongation in particular, is employed to explain the properties of Alfv\'{e}nic activity observed on JET plasmas below but close to the typical frequency of toroidicity-induced Alfv\'{e}n eigenmodes (TAEs). The frequency gaps predicted by the model result from high-order harmonics of the geodesic field-line curvature caused by plasma shaping (as opposed to lower-order toroidicity) and give rise to high-order geodesic acoustic eigenmodes (HOGAEs), their frequency value being close to one-half of the TAEs one. The theoretical predictions of HOGAE frequency and radial location are found to be in fair agreement with measurements in JET experiments, including magnetic, reflectometry and soft x-ray data. The stability of the observed HOGAEs is evaluated with the linear hybrid MHD/drift-kinetic code CASTOR-K, taking into account the energetic-ion populations produced by the NBI and ICRH heating systems. Wave-particle resonances, along with drive/damping mechanisms, are also discussed in order to understand the conditions leading to HOGAEs destabilization in JET plasmas., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication
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- 2022
8. Simultaneous measurements of unstable and stable Alfv\'en Eigenmodes in JET
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Tinguely, R. A., Gonzalez-Martin, J., Puglia, P. G., Fil, N., Dowson, S., Porkolab, M., Kumar, I., Podestà, M., Baruzzo, M., Fasoli, A., Kazakov, Ye. O., Nave, M. F. F., Nocente, M., Ongena, J., Štancar, Ž., and Contributors, JET
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Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
In this paper, we report the novel experimental observation of both unstable and stable Toroidicity-induced Alfv\'en Eigenmodes (TAEs) measured simultaneously in a JET tokamak plasma. The three-ion-heating scheme (D-DNBI-3He) is employed to accelerate deuterons to MeV energies, thereby destabilizing TAEs with toroidal mode numbers n = 3-5, each decreasing in mode amplitude. At the same time, the Alfv\'en Eigenmode Active Diagnostic resonantly excites a stable n = 6 TAE with total normalized damping rate $-\gamma/\omega_0 \approx$ 1%-4%. Hybrid kinetic-MHD modeling with codes NOVA-K and MEGA both find eigenmodes with similar frequencies, mode structures, and radial locations as in experiment. NOVA-K demonstrates good agreement with the n = 3, 4, and 6 TAEs, matching the damping rate of the n = 6 mode within uncertainties and identifying radiative damping as the dominant contribution. Improved agreement is found with MEGA for all modes: the unstable n = 3-5 and stable n = 2, 6 modes, with the latter two stabilized by higher intrinsic damping and lower fast ion drive, respectively. While some discrepancies remain to be resolved, this unique validation effort gives us confidence in TAE stability predictions for future fusion devices.
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- 2022
9. Interpreting Radial Correlation Doppler Reflectometry using Gyrokinetic Simulations
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Ruiz, J. Ruiz, Parra, F. I., Hall-Chen, V. H., Christen, N., Barnes, M., Candy, J., Garcia, J., Giroud, C., Guttenfelder, W., Hillesheim, J. C., Holland, C., Howard, N. T., Ren, Y., White, A. E., contributors., JET, and Contributors, JET
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Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
A linear response, local model for the DBS amplitude applied to gyrokinetic simulations shows that radial correlation Doppler reflectometry measurements (RCDR, Schirmer et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 1019 (2007)) are not sensitive to the average turbulence radial correlation length, but to a correlation length that depends on the binormal wavenumber $k_\perp$ selected by the Doppler backscattering (DBS) signal. Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations show that the turbulence naturally exhibits a non-separable power law spectrum in wavenumber space, leading to a power law dependence of the radial correlation length with binormal wavenumber $l_r \sim C k_\perp^{-\alpha} (\alpha \approx 1)$ which agrees with the inverse proportionality relationship between the measured $l_r$ and $k_\perp $ in experiments (Fernandez-Marina et al., Nucl. Fusion 54 072001 (2014)). This offers the possibility of characterizing the eddy aspect ratio in the perpendicular plane to the magnetic field and motivates future use of a non-separable turbulent spectrum to quantitatively interpret RCDR and potentially other turbulence diagnostics. The radial correlation length is only measurable when the radial resolution at the cutoff location $W_n$ satisfies $W_n \ll l_r$, while the measurement becomes dominated by $W_n$ for $W_n \gg l_r$. This suggests that $l_r$ is likely inaccessible for electron-scale DBS measurements ($k_\perp\rho_s > 1$). The effect of $W_n$ on ion-scale radial correlation lengths could be non-negligible., Comment: Total of 13 figures, 36 pages. TEX commands are included in the abstract for mathematical expressions. Submitted to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
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- 2022
10. Runaway electron velocity-space observation regions of bremsstrahlung hard X-ray spectroscopy
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Panontin, Enrico, Nocente, Massimo, Molin, Andrea Dal, Eriksson, Jacob, Gorini, Giuseppe, Cippo, Enrico Perelli, Rigamonti, Davide, Salewski, Mirko, Tardocchi, Marco, and Contributors, JET
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Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
The reconstruction of the distribution function of runaway electrons (RE) in magnetically confined fusion plasmas gives insights on the runaway electron beam dynamics during plasma disruptions. In view of enabling a two-dimensional, energy-pitch reconstruction of the RE velocity space, in this work we present a calculation of the weight functions for the bremsstrahlung emission by the REs. The weight functions allow bridging the bremsstrahlung spectrum with the RE velocity space, as they tell the region of the velocity space that contributes to a particular spectral measurement. The results are applied to investigate the RE velocity-space sensitivity of the hard X-ray diagnostic installed at the Joint European Torus.
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- 2022
11. Modelling and theoretical understanding of the isotope effect from JET experiments in view of reliable predictions for deuterium-tritium plasmas
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Garcia, J., Casson, F.J., Navarro, Bañón, Bonanomi, N., Citrin, J., King, D., Mantica, P., Mariani, A., Marin, M., Mazzi, S., Viezzer, E., Contributors, JET, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), JET contributors, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Garcia, J, Casson, F, Banon Navarro, A, Bonanomi, N, Citrin, J, King, D, Mantica, P, Mariani, A, Marin, M, Mazzi, S, and Viezzer, E
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Deuterium-Tritium ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,[PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics] ,JET ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,L and H-modes ,theoretical ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Nuclear Experiment ,isotope - Abstract
Special Issue on Isotope Effects in Toroidal Devices; International audience; This is an overview of the theoretical understanding of the so called isotope effect in JET Hydrogen versus Deuterium plasmas. Experimentally, weak to moderate deviations from naive GyroBohm scaling expectations are found for the core heat transport in L and H-modes. The physical mechanisms behind such deviations are analyzed in the framework of the Gyrokinetic theory. In the case of particle transport, isotope effects are mostly found in the plasma edge for which the density is higher in Deuterium than in Hydrogen plasmas. In general, both the thermal energy and particle confinement increase with increasing main ion mass. Comparison of such results to expectations for Deuterium-Tritium plasmas in ITER are discussed.
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- 2022
12. Validation of IMEP on Alcator C-Mod and JET-ILW ELMy H-mode plasmas.
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Luda, T, Angioni, C, Dunne, M G, Fable, E, Kallenbach, A, Bonanomi, N, Schneider, P A, Siccinio, M, Tardini, G, Rodriguez-Fernandez, P, Hughes, J W, Howard, N, Frassinetti, L, Saarelma, S, Upgrade Team, The ASDEX, MST1 Team, The EUROfusion, C-Mod Team, The Alcator, and contributors, JET
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FUSION reactor divertors ,PEDESTALS ,DATABASES ,ENGINEERING models - Abstract
The recently developed integrated model based on engineering parameters (IMEP) (Luda et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion 61 126048; Luda et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 60 036023), so far validated on ASDEX Upgrade, has been tested on a database of 3 Alcator C-Mod and 55 JET-ILW ELMy (type I) H-mode stationary phases. The empirical pedestal transport model included in IMEP, consisting now of imposing a fixed value of R < ∇ T e > / T e , t o p = − 82.5 , allows an accurate prediction of the pedestal top temperature (when the pedestal top density is fixed to the experimental measurements) across these three machines with different sizes, when the pedestal is peeling–ballooning (PB) limited. Cases far from the ideal PB boundary, corresponding to high edge Spitzer resistivity, are instead strongly overpredicted by IMEP. A comparison between the predictions of Europed and IMEP for a subset of JET-ILW cases shows that IMEP can more accurately reproduce the experimental pedestal width. This allows IMEP to better capture profile effects on the pedestal stability, and therefore to correctly describe the negative effect of fueling on the pedestal pressure for PB limited cases. A strong correlation between the separatrix density and the fueling rate has been identified for a subset of JET-ILW cases, when taking into account different divertor configurations. Overall, these promising results encourage further developments of integrated models to obtain reliable predictions of pedestal and global confinement using only engineering parameters for present and future machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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13. Comparison of Hydrogen Isotope Retention in Divertor Tiles of JET with the ITER-Like Wall Following Campaigns in 2011–2012 and 2015–2016
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Oya, Yasuhisa, Masuzaki , Suguru, Tokitani, Masayuki, Nakata, Moeko, Sun, Fei, Oyaidzu, Makoto, Isobe, Kanetsuku, Asakura, Nobuyuki, Otsuka, Teppei, Widdowson, Anna, Likonen, Jari, Rubel, Marek, and Contributors, JET
- Abstract
Hydrogen isotope retention and chemical state for the tiles exposed to plasma in the JET–ITER-like wall (ILW) during two campaigns in 2011–2012 (first campaign, ILW-1) and 2015–2016 (third campaign, ILW-3) were studied and compared by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy. In both campaigns the upper part of the inner divertor tiles was the deposition-dominated area, while erosion was observed on the outer divertor tiles. Therefore, higher deuterium retention was found on the inner divertor tiles. The major D desorption peak for the inner divertor tiles from ILW-3 was located at the temperature range of 470°C to 520°C, which was higher than measured after ILW-1: 370°C to 430°C. The XPS analyses showed the formation of a BeO layer on the ILW-3 inner divertor tiles, while after ILW-1 the layers also contained a significant amount of carbon. Deuterium retention was reduced toward the outer divertor tiles. The differences could be related to the difference in the power level in the two campaigns.
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- 2020
14. Power balance analysis at the L-H transition in JET-ILW NBI-heated deuterium plasmas
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Vincenzi, P., Solano, E.R., Delabie, E., Bourdelle, C., Snoep, G., Baciero, A., Birkenmeier, G., Carvalho, P., Cavedon, M., Citrin, J., Chernyshova, M., Fontdecaba, J., Hillesheim, J.C., Huber, A., Maggi, C., Menmuir, S., Parra, F.I., Contributors, JET, Vincenzi, P, Solano, E, Delabie, E, Bourdelle, C, Snoep, G, Baciero, A, Birkenmeier, G, Carvalho, P, Cavedon, M, Chernyshova, M, Citrin, J, Fontdecaba, J, Hillesheim, J, Huber, A, Maggi, C, Menmuir, S, Parra, F, and Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion
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H-mode ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,ion heat flux ,JET ,power balance analysi ,L-H ,power balance analysis ,ddc:620 ,Condensed Matter Physics - Abstract
The understanding of the physics underlying the L-H transition has strong implications for ITER experimental reactor and demonstration power plant (DEMO). In many tokamaks, including JET, it has been observed that, at a particular plasma density, n e,min, the power necessary to access H-mode PL-H is minimum. In the present work, L-H transitions of JET deuterium plasmas heated by neutral beam injection (NBI) are studied for the first time by means of a power balance analysis to characterize the main contributions in the transition, through integrated transport modelling. In the pulses analysed, we do observe a minimum of the L-H power threshold in density, indicating the presence of density branches and of n e,min. Electron and ion heat fluxes at the transition are estimated separately. The electron/ion equipartition power results in favour of the ions, as shown by QuaLiKiz quasilinear gyrokinetic simulations, which predict a larger ion transport that causes T e > T i. The resulting edge ion heat flux also shows a clear change of slope below n e,min, similarly to ASDEX-Upgrade (AUG) NBI pulses (Ryter et al 2014 Nucl. Fusion 54 083003). JET NBI data are compared to radio-frequency heated AUG and Alcator C-mod pulses (Schmidtmayr et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 056003), showing a different trend of the power, coupled to ions at the L-H transition with respect to the linearity observed in the radio-frequency heated plasmas. The presence of n e,min and the role of the ion heat flux is discussed in the paper, although it seems it is not possible to explain the presence of a PL-H minimum in density by a critical ion heat flux and by the equipartition power for the JET NBI-heated plasmas analysed.
- Published
- 2022
15. Modelling of the retention dynamics at the transition from High-confinement phase to Low-confinement phase in a full-tungsten tokamak
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Denis, Julien, Ferro, Yves, Bucalossi, Jérôme, Ciraolo, Guido, Hodille, Etienne, Pegourié, Bernard, Bufferand, Hugo, Grisolia, Christian, Loarer, Thierry, Serre, Eric, Vartanian, Stéphane, Marandet, Yannick, Contributors, Jet, Denis, Julien, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,[PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] ,[PHYS.COND.CM-MS] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] - Abstract
The dynamic retention of deuterium in a full-tungsten JET-like tokamak is investigated thanks to the Dynamics of Wall Elements (DWE) code. DWE is a wall model coupled to the SolEdge-EIRENE edge-plasma transport code. It is composed of two internal codes: (i) WE-temp, which determines the wall temperature, and (ii) MHIMS, which determines the transport, trapping and desorption of hydrogen isotopes in the wall material. In this work, four consecutive discharges are modeled and analysed with DWE. These discharges are identical and present a transition from a H-mode phase to a L-mode phase, which induces strongly different plasma-wall interactions. The main results are as follows. (i) A release of deuterium is observed at the vicinity of both strike-points at the end of the H-mode phase. This dynamics is explained by an increase of the wall temperature at both strike-points due to the strong plasma heat flux received there, leading to detrapping from trap with low detrapping energy. On the contrary, during the subsequent L-mode phase, the wall temperature at the strike-points decreases, leading to retention by filling the trap emptied during the H-mode. (ii) A release of deuterium from the first-wall is unexpectedly observed at the transition between the H-mode and the L-mode. This release is a consequence of a decrease in implantation energy between the two phases, as it entails a shallower implantation of deuterium. Despite the different material considered in the simulation, the latter result offers a possible explanation of the strong transient release of deuterium experimentally observed in the JET-ILW at the NBI cutoff during high density H-mode discharges.
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- 2022
16. Numerical study of helium ash and fast particle dynamics in a sawtoothing tokamak plasma
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Bierwage, Andreas, Koji, Shinohara, Kazakov, Yevgen, Kiptily, Vasili, Lauber, Philipp, Nocente, Massimo, Stancar, Ziga, Shuhei, Sumida, Masatoshi, Yagi, Garcia, Jeronimo, Shunsuke, Ide, and Contributors, JET
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Physics::Plasma Physics - Abstract
A relaxation even known as “sawtooth crash” is simulated in a large tokamak plasma with monotonic safety factor close to unity. The domain and the time scale of the event are set to match observations. The simulation follows passive alpha particles with energies 35 keV-3.5 MeV, whose initial density peak is localized in the relaxing domain. While the 35 keV profile flattens, a synergy of multiple physical factors allows the 3.5 MeV profile to remain peaked, facilitating the use of benign sawtooth activity in a fusion reactor to expel helium ash while preserving good confinement of fast alphas., 17th Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles and Theory of Plasma Instabilities in Magnetic Confinement Fusion (EPPI)
- Published
- 2021
17. A novel measurement of marginal Alfv\'{e}n Eigenmode stability during high power auxiliary heating in JET
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Tinguely, R. A., Fil, N., Puglia, P. G., Dowson, S., Porkolab, M., Guillemot, V., Podestà, M., Baruzzo, M., Dumont, R., Fasoli, A., Fitzgerald, M., Kazakov, Ye. O., Nave, M. F. F., Nocente, M., Ongena, J., Sharapov, S. E., Štancar, Ž., and Contributors, JET
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Physics::Plasma Physics ,Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
The interaction of Alfv\'{e}n Eigenmodes (AEs) and energetic particles is one of many important factors determining the success of future tokamaks. In JET, eight in-vessel antennas were installed to actively probe stable AEs with frequencies ranging 25-250 kHz and toroidal mode numbers $\vert n \vert < 20$. During the 2019-2020 deuterium campaign, almost 7500 resonances and their frequencies $f_0$, net damping rates $\gamma < 0$, and toroidal mode numbers were measured in almost 800 plasma discharges. From a statistical analysis of this database, continuum and radiative damping are inferred to increase with edge safety factor, edge magnetic shear, and when including non-ideal effects. Both stable AE observations and their associated damping rates are found to decrease with $\vert n \vert$. Active antenna excitation is also found to be ineffective in H-mode as opposed to L-mode; this is likely due to the increased edge density gradient's effect on accessibility and ELM-related noise's impact on mode identification. A novel measurement is reported of a marginally stable, edge-localized Ellipticity-induced AE probed by the antennas during high-power auxiliary heating (ICRH and NBI) up to 25 MW. NOVA-K kinetic-MHD simulations show good agreement with experimental measurements of $f_0$, $\gamma$, and $n$, indicating the dominance of continuum and electron Landau damping in this case. Similar experimental and computational studies are planned for the recent hydrogen and ongoing tritium campaigns, in preparation for the upcoming DT campaign.
- Published
- 2021
18. Simultaneous measurements of unstable and stable Alfvén eigenmodes in JET.
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Tinguely, R.A., Gonzalez-Martin, J., Puglia, P.G., Fil, N., Dowson, S., Porkolab, M., Kumar, I., PodestĂ, M., Baruzzo, M., Fasoli, A., Kazakov, Ye.O., Nave, M.F.F., Nocente, M., Ongena, J., Ĺ tancar, Ĺ˝., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
PLASMA jets ,CYCLOTRON resonance ,FAST ions ,DEUTERONS ,NEUTRAL beams - Abstract
In this paper, we report the novel experimental observation of both unstable and stable toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) measured simultaneously in a JET tokamak plasma. The three-ion-heating scheme (D-DNBI-
3 He) is employed to accelerate deuterons to MeV energies, thereby destabilizing TAEs with toroidal mode numbers n = 3â€"5, each decreasing in mode amplitude. At the same time, the AlfvĂ©n eigenmode active diagnostic resonantly excites a stable n = 6 TAE with total normalized damping rate â' Îł / ω0 ≠1%â€"4%. Hybrid kinetic-MHD modeling with codes NOVA-K and MEGA both find eigenmodes with similar frequencies, mode structures, and radial locations as in experiment. NOVA-K demonstrates good agreement with the n = 3, 4, and 6 TAEs, matching the damping rate of the n = 6 mode within uncertainties and identifying radiative damping as the dominant contribution. Improved agreement is found with MEGA for all modes: the unstable n = 3â€"5 and stable n = 2, 6 modes, with the latter two stabilized by higher intrinsic damping and lower fast ion drive, respectively. While some discrepancies remain to be resolved, this unique validation effort gives us confidence in TAE stability predictions for future fusion devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Numerical studies on saturated kink and sawtooth induced fast ion transport in JET ITER-like plasmas.
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Bonofiglo, P.J., PodestĂ, M., Vallar, M., Gorelenkov, N.N., Kiptily, V., White, R.B., Giroud, C., Brezinsek, S., and Contributors, JET
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FAST ions ,PLASMA jets ,JET transports ,DEUTERIUM plasma ,SCINTILLATION counters ,SCINTILLATORS - Abstract
This presentation examines the energetic particle transport induced by saturated kink modes and sawtooth crashes in JET deuterium plasmas. It is known that kink mode-resonant transport and phase-space redistribution from sawtooth crashes can drive strong fast ion transport with dependencies on particle pitch and energy. Measurements with JET’s Faraday cup fast ion loss detector array have shown that the internal kink growth phase preceding sawtooth crashes produces substantial fast ion losses. This report will numerically investigate the dominant energetic particle transport mechanism with a detailed examination of the fast ion phase-space dependencies, resonances, orbit topology changes, induced losses, and redistribution associated with the long-lived, resonant, kink mode and non-resonant sawtooth crash. The ORBIT-kick model forms the basis of the transport studies with realistic fast ion distributions produced from TRANSP. A recently created reduced model for sawtooth induced transport is used while the saturated kink modes are modeled with ideal magnetohydrodynamic codes. The simulations were further validated against experiment with a newly developed synthetic Faraday cup fast ion loss detector in addition to scintillator probe and neutron measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Tritium distributions on W-coated divertor tiles used in the third JET ITER-like wall campaign
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Y., Hatano (University of Toyama), S., E. Lee (University of Toyama), J., Likonen (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland), S., Koivuranta (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland), M., Hara (University of Toyama), S., Masuzaki (National Institute for Fusion Science), Asakura, Nobuyuki, Isobe, Kanetsugu, Hayashi, Takumi, J., Ikonen (University of Helsink), A., Widdowson (Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, UK), and contributors, JET
- Abstract
Tritium (T) distributions on tungsten (W)-coated plasma-facing tiles used in the third ITER-like wall campaign (2015–2016) of the Joint European Torus (JET) were examined by means of an imaging plate technique and β-ray induced x-ray spectrometry, and they were compared with the distributions after the second (2013–2014) campaign. Strong enrichment of T in beryllium (Be) deposition layers was observed after the second campaign. In contrast, T distributions after the third campaign was more uniform though Be deposition layers were visually recognized. The one of the possible explanations is enhanced desorption of T from Be deposition layers due to higher tile temperatures caused by higher energy input in the third campaign.
- Published
- 2019
21. Energy-selective confinement of fusion-born alpha particles during internal relaxations in a tokamak plasma
- Author
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Bierwage, Andreas, Koji, Shinohara, O. Kazakov, Yevgen, G. Kiptily, Vasily, Lauber, Philipp, Nocente, Massimo, Stancar, Ziga, Shuhei, Sumida, Masatoshi, Yagi, Garcia, Jeronimo, Shunsuke, Ide, and Contributors, JET
- Abstract
Long-pulse operation of a self-sustained fusion reactor using toroidal magnetic containment requires control over the content of alpha particles produced by D-T fusion reactions. On the one hand, MeV-class alpha particles must stay confined to heat the plasma. On the other hand, decelerated helium ash must be expelled before diluting the fusion fuel. Here, we report results of kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic hybrid simulations of a large tokamak plasma that confirm the existence of a parameter window where such energy-selective confinement can be accomplished by exploiting internal relaxation events known as sawtooth crashes. The physical picture — a synergy between magnetic geometry, optimal crash duration and rapid particle motion — is completed by clarifying the role of magnetic drifts. Besides causing asymmetry between co- and counter-going particle populations, magnetic drifts determine the size of the confinement window by dictating where and how much reconnection occurs in particle orbit topology.
- Published
- 2022
22. Isotope dependence of energy, momentum and particle confinement in tokamaks
- Author
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Weisen, H., Maggi, C.F., Oberparleiter, M., Casson, F.J., Camenen, Y., Menmuir, S., Horvath, L., Auriemma, F., Bache, T., Marin, M., Bonanomi, N., Chankin, A., Delabie, E., Frassinetti, L., Garcia, J., Giroud, C., King, D., Lorenzini, R., Schneider, P.A., Siren, P., Varje, J., Viezzer, E., Contributors, JET, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, EUROfusion Consortium, and JET Contributors
- Subjects
electron ,Tokamak ,Fusion plasma ,fusion plasma ,Collisionality ,Plasma confinement ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Nuclear physics ,pressure ,law ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,0103 physical sciences ,Plasma properties ,010306 general physics ,flow shear ,Scaling ,driven ,Physics ,Jet (fluid) ,plasma confinement ,Safety factor ,chapter 2 ,plasma properties ,turbulence ,Plasma ,simulation ,Condensed Matter Physics ,plasma-confinement ,Beta (plasma physics) ,mass ,mode plasmas ,Dimensionless quantity - Abstract
The isotope dependence of plasma transport will have a significant impact on the performance of future D-T experiments in JET and ITER and eventually on the fusion gain and economics of future reactors. In preparation for future D-T operation on JET, dedicated experiments and comprehensive transport analyses were performed in H, D and H-D mixed plasmas. The analysis of the data has demonstrated an unexpectedly strong and favourable dependence of the global confinement of energy, momentum and particles in ELMy H-mode plasmas on the atomic mass of the main ion species, the energy confinement time scaling as ${\tau _E}\sim {A^{0.5}}$ (Maggi et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, vol. 60, 2018, 014045; JET Team, Nucl. Fusion, vol. 39, 1999, pp. 1227–1244), i.e. opposite to the expectations based only on local gyro-Bohm (GB) scaling, ${\tau _E}\sim {A^{ - 0.5}}$ , and stronger than in the commonly used H-mode scaling for the energy confinement (Saibene et al., Nucl. Fusion, vol. 39, 1999, 1133; ITER Physics Basis, Nucl. Fusion, vol. 39, 1999, 2175). The scaling of momentum transport and particle confinement with isotope mass is very similar to that of energy transport. Nonlinear local GENE gyrokinetic analysis shows that the observed anti-GB heat flux is accounted for if collisions, E × B shear and plasma dilution with low-Z impurities (9Be) are included in the analysis (E and B are, respectively the electric and magnetic fields). For L-mode plasmas a weaker positive isotope scaling ${\tau _E}\sim {A^{0.14}}$ has been found in JET (Maggi et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, vol. 60, 2018, 014045), similar to ITER97-L scaling (Kaye et al., Nucl. Fusion, vol. 37, 1997, 1303). Flux-driven quasi-linear gyrofluid calculations using JETTO-TGLF in L-mode show that local GB scaling is not followed when stiff transport (as is generally the case for ion temperature gradient modes) is combined with an imposed boundary condition taken from the experiment, in this case predicting no isotope dependence. A dimensionless identity plasma pair in hydrogen and deuterium L-mode plasmas has demonstrated scale invariance, confirming that core transport physics is governed, as expected, by the 4 dimensionless parameters ρ*, ν*, β, q (normalised ion Larmor radius, collisionality, plasma pressure and safety factor) consistently with global quasi-linear gyrokinetic TGLF calculations (Maggi et al., Nucl. Fusion, vol. 59, 2019, 076028). We compare findings in JET with those in different devices and discuss the possible reasons for the different isotope scalings reported from different devices. The diversity of observations suggests that the differences may result not only from differences affecting the core, e.g. heating schemes, but are to a large part due to differences in device-specific edge and wall conditions, pointing to the importance of better understanding and controlling pedestal and edge processes.
- Published
- 2020
23. Results from the Alfv\'{e}n Eigenmode Active Diagnostic during the 2019-2020 JET deuterium campaign
- Author
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Tinguely, R. A., Puglia, P. G., Fil, N., Dowson, S., Porkolab, M., Fasoli, A., Testa, D., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
Physics::Plasma Physics ,Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
This paper presents results of extensive analysis of mode excitation observed during the operation of the Alfv\'{e}n Eigenmode Active Diagnostic (AEAD) in the JET tokamak during the 2019-2020 deuterium campaign. Six of eight toroidally spaced antennas, each with independent power and phasing, were successful in actively exciting stable MHD modes in 479 plasmas. In total, 4768 magnetic resonances were detected with up to fourteen fast magnetic probes. In this work, we present the calculations of resonant frequencies $f_0$, damping rates $\gamma < 0$, and toroidal mode numbers $n$, spanning the parameter range $f_0 \approx$ 30 - 250 kHz, $-\gamma \approx$ 0 - 13 kHz, and $\vert n \vert \leq 30$. In general, good agreement is seen between the resonant and the calculated toroidal Alfv\'{e}n Eigenmode frequencies, and between the toroidal mode numbers applied by the AEAD and estimated of the excited resonances. We note several trends in the database: the probability of resonance detection decreases with plasma current and external heating power; the normalized damping rate increases with edge safety factor but decreases with external heating. These results provide key information to prepare future experimental campaigns and to better understand the physics of excitation and damping of Alfv\'{e}n Eigenmodes in the presence of alpha particles during the upcoming DT campaign, thereby extrapolating with confidence to future tokamaks.
- Published
- 2020
24. Quasilinear nature of L mode edge turbulent transport in fluid nonlinear simulations
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Gregory De Dominici, Fuhr, G., Bourdelle, C., Beyer, P., Garbet, X., Sarazin, Y., Falchetto, G., Contributors Jet, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), icard, valerie, and Implementation of activities described in the Roadmap to Fusion during Horizon 2020 through a Joint programme of the members of the EUROfusion consortium - EUROfusion - - H20202014-01-01 - 2018-12-31 - 633053 - VALID
- Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,[PHYS] Physics [physics] - Abstract
See the author list of Overview of the JET preparation for Deuterium-Tritium Operation by E. Joffrin et al. to be published in Nuclear Fusion Special issue: overview and summary reports from the 27th Fusion Energy Conference (Ahmedabad, India, 22-27 October 2018); International audience; In tokamak plasma, the edge region is characterized by larger gradients, higher resisitivity and distance to the critical β shorter compared to core plasma. By edge, here we mean the region where the pedestal forms when transsiting from L to H-mode: r/a = 0.85 − 1. This paper shows, using a three-dimensional electromagnetic fluid turbulent transport model, that the quasilinear hypothesis is valid in the edge region. The diamagnetic coupling is stabilizing while β is destabilizing. The effect of β on the characteristic times of turbulence is studied, as its effect on the Reynolds stress and the Maxwell stress in these fluid simulations.
- Published
- 2019
25. Correlation of surface chemical states with hydrogen isotope retention in divertor tiles of JET with ITER-Like Wall
- Author
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Yasuhisa, Oya (Shizuoka University), Suguru, Masuzaki (National Institute for Fusion Science), Masayuki, Tokitani (National Institute for Fusion Science), Keisuke, Azuma (Shizuoka University), Oyaidzu, Makoto, Isobe, Kanetsugu, Asakura, Nobuyuki, Anna, M. Widdowson (Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, UK), Kalle, Heinola (University of Helsinki, Finland), Stefan, Jachmich (Association Euratom-Etat Belge, Belgium), Marek, Rubel (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden), contributors, JET, and Oyaizu, Makoto
- Abstract
To understand the fuel retention mechanism, correlation of surface chemical states and hydrogen isotope retention behavior determined by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and TDS (Thermal desorption spectroscopy), respectively, for JET ITER-Like Wall samples from operational period 2011-2012 were investigated. It was found that the deposition layer was formed on the upper part of the inner vertical divertor area. At the inner plasma strike point region, the original surface materials, W or Mo, were found, indicating to an erosion-dominated region, but deposition of impurities was also found. Higher heat load would induce the formation of metal carbide. At the outer horizontal divertor tile, mixed material layer was formed with iron as an impurity. TDS showed the H and D desorption behavior and the major D desorption temperature for the upper part of the inner vertical tile was located at 370 °C and 530 °C. At the strike point region, the D desorption temperature was clearly shifted toward higher release temperatures, indicating the stabilization of D trapping by higher heat load.
- Published
- 2018
26. Micro-/nano-characterization of the surface structures on the divertor tiles from JET ITER-like wall
- Author
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Tokitani, Masayuki, Miyamoto, Mitsutaka, Masuzaki, Suguru, Fujii, Yuta, Sakamoto, Ryuichi, Oya, Yasuhisa, Hatano, Yuji, Ohtsuka, Teppei, Oyaizu, Makoto, Kurotaki, Hiroki, Suzuki, Takumi, Hamaguchi, Dai, Isobe, Kanetsugu, Asakura, Nobuyuki, Widdowson, Anna, Rubel, Marek, and Contributors, JET
- Abstract
Micro-/nano-characterization of the surface structures on the divertor tiles used in the first campaign(2011–2012) of the JET tokamak with the ITER-like wall (JET ILW) were studied. The analyzed tiles werea single poloidal section of the tile numbers of 1, 3 and 4, i.e., upper, vertical and horizontal targets,respectively. A sample from the apron of Tile 1 was deposition-dominated. Stratified mixed-materiallayers composed of Be, W, Ni, O and C were deposited on the original W-coating. Their total thicknesswas ∼1.5 m. By means of transmission electron microscopy, nano-size bubble-like structures with asize of more than 100 nm were identified in that layer. They could be related to deuterium retention inthe layer dominated by Be. The surface microstructure of the sample from Tile 4 also showed deposition:a stratified mixed-material layer with the total thickness of 200–300 nm. The electron diffraction patternobtained with transmission electron microscope indicated Be was included in the layer. No bubble-likestructures have been identified. The surface of Tile 3, originally coated by Mo, was identified as the erosionzone. This is consistent with the fact that the strike point was often located on that tile during the plasmaoperation. The study revealed the micro- and nano-scale modification of the inner tile surface of the JETILW. In particular, a complex mixed-material deposition layer could affect hydrogen isotope retentionand dust formation.
- Published
- 2017
27. Global distribution of tritium in JET with the ITER-like wall
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Lee, S.E., Hatano, Y., Tokitani, M., Masuzaki, S., Oya, Y., Otsuka, T., Ashikawa, N., Torikai, Y., Nobuyuki, Asakura, Hirofumi, Nakamura, Kanetsugu, Isobe, Hironori, Kurotaki, Dai, Hamaguchi, Takumi, Hayashi, Widdowson, A., Jachmich, S., Likonen, J., Rubel, M., and contributors, JET
- Abstract
Nondestructive analysis of tritium (T) distribution was performed by means of imaging plate technique on specimens cut from the Be limiters, W-coated carbon tiles and bulk W lamellae retrieved from the JET tokamak after the first and third experimental campaigns with the ITER-like wall. Afterwards, analyses were continued using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, microscopy techniques and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Co-deposits formed on the W-coated tiles in the 1st campaign showed large T retention because of high carbon content reaching up to 50 atomic %, while the carbon fraction in co-deposits after the 3rd campaign was distinctly lower. The T retention of the plasma-facing surface of the bulk W tile was smaller than that of the W-coated tiles by a factor of 20, while deposition of small amount of T was found at the side surfaces facing to the gaps in a lamella structure. The correlation of T distributions with surface morphology and the discharge conditions is discussed.
- Published
- 2021
28. Impurity analysis of JET DiMPle pulses.
- Author
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Lawson, K D, Coffey, I H, Rimini, F, Książek, I, and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
DUST ,PLASMA flow ,TRITIUM ,FUSION reactor divertors - Abstract
Divertor monitoring pulses (DiMPle) have been run in JET from the C35 campaign onwards. They provide an opportunity to study the impurity contamination of the plasma when it is limited by different surfaces within the machine, as well as the longer term behaviour of the impurities. In these discharges the plasma is first limited on the outer wall, then on the inner wall and, subsequently, in the X-point configuration the outer strike point is positioned on the horizontal tile 5 of the machine followed by tile 6 and then the vertical tile 7. The present study details the impurity behaviour in the DiMPle pulses from JET-ILW campaigns C35 to C38, which ran from 2015 to 2019. The impurities can largely be divided into two groups. The first, including most gases, are present immediately after their use in the machine; the second group includes those elements that are retained on plasma facing surfaces within the vessel. Most of these are metals, for which a systematic behaviour is found. Influxes due to metallic dust particles behave more like the elements of the first group. The origin of the impurities where this is known is given as well as details of the systematic behaviour, including differences due to the line-of-sight of the observing spectrometer. A clear difference is seen when the discharge fuel is H and this has implications for tritium and deuterium-tritium operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. European transport simulator modeling of JET-ILW baseline plasmas: predictive code validation and DTE2 predictions.
- Author
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Huynh, P., Lerche, E.A., Van Eester, D., Garcia, J., Johnson, T., Ferreira, J., Kirov, K.K., Yadykin, D., Strand, P., Contributors, JET, and Team, the EUROfusion-IM
- Subjects
CYCLOTRON resonance ,PLASMA beam injection heating ,PLASMA jets ,NONLINEAR operators ,NEUTRAL beams ,FOKKER-Planck equation - Abstract
The European transport simulator is a fusion machine simulator useful for making predictions of high-performance fusion plasmas, in particular for DT reactors. Recent developments introducing self-consistent simulations of combined RF + NBI heating schemes in which majority, minority and beam ions are simultaneously heated is documented. The predictive simulations are first validated by comparison with the experimental data on a DD JET baseline plasma. In order to prepare the next JET DTE2 experimental campaign, extrapolations of fusion performance on DT plasma from DD plasma are made with a particular focus on ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) computation. Traditional ion cyclotron range of frequency heating models do not permit the study of Coulomb collisional interaction of various ion species simultaneously including neutral beam injection ions, and generally forces one to consider only minority populations. Accounting for multi-population interaction is made possible here by solving coupled sets of Fokker–Planck equations for all ion species adopting the non-linear collision operator for arbitrary distribution functions, accounting for effects, such as the self-collisions of majority (or large minority) populations. To answer the question whether H minority scheme or
3 He minority ICRH scheme is better for boosting the DT fusion performance, minority concentration scans are produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The role of electron-scale turbulence in the JET tokamak: experiments and modelling.
- Author
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Mantica, P., Bonanomi, N., Mariani, A., Carvalho, P., Delabie, E., Garcia, J., Hawkes, N., Johnson, T., Keeling, D., Sertoli, M., Staebler, G.M., Szepesi, G., Taylor, D., Thorman, A., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
TOKAMAKS ,CYCLOTRON resonance ,ELECTRON temperature ,DEUTERIUM plasma ,ELECTRON transport ,NEUTRAL beams ,PLASMA beam injection heating - Abstract
Dedicated electron heat transport experiments have been carried out in L- and H-mode Deuterium plasmas of the JET-ILW tokamak to identify the amount of electron heat carried by electron-scale electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes. Ion cyclotron resonance heating at different positions has been used to probe the response of the electron temperature inverse gradient length R/L
Te to changes in electron heat flux qe , while different amounts of neutral beam heating allowed to scan the ratio of ion to electron temperature Te /Ti , which is a key parameter for the onset of ETGs. Results indicate a steepening of the normalized qe vs R/LTe curve above R/LTe ∼ 8 for Te /Ti ⩽ 1, suggestive of the ETG onset. Ion-scale gyro-kinetic (GK) simulations match the ion heat flux and the low-R/LTe part of the qe curve, but do not reproduce such steepening at high R/LTe . Multi-scale GK simulations covering both ion and electron scales and including one impurity bundling light and heavy species indicate an ETG contribution only for R/LTe values larger than the experimental ones. Sensitivity studies of such result are difficult to achieve due to limitation in numerical resources. The quasi-linear TGLF model has been used for sensitivity studies. With the same bundled impurity as the GK multi-scale, TGLF shows the qe steepening at much larger R/LTe values than in experiment, but when using the real mix of light impurities neglecting the heavy impurities, TGLF gets closer to the experimental results. Profile simulations with TGLF including both light and heavy impurities show over-prediction of Te profiles and in some cases also of density, but good Ti predictions, confirming issues with the model electron stiffness for these plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Using HPC infrastructures for deep learning applications in fusion research.
- Author
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Ferreira, Diogo R and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
- *
DEEP learning , *HIGH performance computing , *RECURRENT neural networks , *CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks , *GRAPHICS processing units , *MACHINE learning - Abstract
In the fusion community, the use of high performance computing (HPC) has been mostly dominated by heavy-duty plasma simulations, such as those based on particle-in-cell and gyrokinetic codes. However, there has been a growing interest in applying machine learning for knowledge discovery on top of large amounts of experimental data collected from fusion devices. In particular, deep learning models are especially hungry for accelerated hardware, such as graphics processing units (GPUs), and it is becoming more common to find those models competing for the same resources that are used by simulation codes, which can be either CPU- or GPU-bound. In this paper, we give examples of deep learning models—such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and variational autoencoders—hat can be used for a variety of tasks, including image processing, disruption prediction, and anomaly detection on diagnostics data. In this context, we discuss how deep learning can go from using a single GPU on a single node to using multiple GPUs across multiple nodes in a large-scale HPC infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Modelling of runaway electron dynamics during argon-induced disruptions in ASDEX Upgrade and JET.
- Author
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Björk, K Insulander, Vallhagen, O, Papp, G, Reux, C, Embreus, O, Rachlew, E, Fülöp, T, Team, the ASDEX Upgrade, contributors, JET, and Team, the EUROfusion MST1
- Subjects
ELECTRONS ,PLASMA currents ,ARGON plasmas ,ELECTRON temperature ,PLASMA instabilities - Abstract
Disruptions in tokamak plasmas may lead to the generation of runaway electrons that have the potential to damage plasma-facing components. Improved understanding of the runaway generation process requires interpretative modelling of experiments. In this work we simulate eight discharges in the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks, where argon gas was injected to trigger the disruption. We use a fluid modelling framework with the capability to model the generation of runaway electrons through the hot-tail, Dreicer and avalanche mechanisms, as well as runaway electron losses. Using experimentally based initial values of plasma current and electron temperature and density, we can reproduce the plasma current evolution using realistic assumptions about temperature evolution and assimilation of the injected argon in the plasma. The assumptions and results are similar for the modelled discharges in ASDEX Upgrade and JET. For the modelled discharges in ASDEX Upgrade, where the initial temperature was comparatively high, we had to assume that a large fraction of the hot-tail runaway electrons were lost in order to reproduce the measured current evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Assessment of filtered cameras for quantitative 2D analysis of divertor conditions during detachment in JET L-mode plasmas.
- Author
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Karhunen, J, Lomanowski, B, Solokha, V, Aleiferis, S, Carvalho, P, Groth, M, Lawson, K D, Meigs, A G, Shaw, A, and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
PLASMA jets ,ELECTRON temperature ,ELECTRON distribution ,ELECTRON density ,QUANTITATIVE research ,FUSION reactor divertors ,DEUTERIUM - Abstract
Estimates for 2D distributions of electron temperature, , electron density, , and atomic deuterium density, , in the JET divertor volume have been inferred from deuterium Balmer line intensity ratios obtained from tomographic reconstructions of divertor camera measurements. This enables also investigation of ionization, , and recombination, , rates. The analysis shows a decrease of to 0.5–1.0 throughout the outer divertor during detachment in low-confinement (L-mode) plasmas. Simultaneously, the high- region and the distribution in the outer divertor are observed to elongate and shift from the outer strike point towards the X-point. The observations are in qualitative agreement and follow the same sequence with modelling predictions of EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations of a density scan. While the method was found to provide good representation of the evolution of volumetric recombination during detachment, in agreement with the simulations, the movement of the ionization front upstream could not be followed due to lack of spatial overlap between the ionization region and the necessary emission distributions. Consequently, the representation of the ionization conditions and the particle balance in the detached outer divertor are compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis.
- Author
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Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K., Team, the ASDEX Upgrade, Team, the EUROfusion MST1, and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
SPARSELY populated areas ,H-mode plasma confinement ,ATOMIC mass ,TOKAMAKS ,PLASMA density ,EXTRAPOLATION ,PLASMA confinement ,POWER law (Mathematics) - Abstract
The multi-machine International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) Global H-mode Confinement Database has been upgraded with new data from JET with the ITER-like wall and ASDEX Upgrade with the full tungsten wall. This paper describes the new database and presents results of regression analysis to estimate the global energy confinement scaling in H-mode plasmas using a standard power law. Various subsets of the database are considered, focusing on type of wall and divertor materials, confinement regime (all H-modes, ELMy H or ELM-free) and ITER-like constraints. Apart from ordinary least squares (OLS), two other, robust regression techniques are applied, which take into account uncertainty on all variables. Regression on data from individual devices shows that, generally, the confinement dependence on density and the power degradation are weakest in the fully metallic devices. Using the multi-machine scalings, predictions are made of the confinement time in a standard ELMy H-mode scenario in ITER. The uncertainty on the scaling parameters is discussed with a view to practically useful error bars on the parameters and predictions. One of the derived scalings for ELMy H-modes on an ITER-like subset is studied in particular and compared to the IPB98(y, 2) confinement scaling in engineering and dimensionless form. Transformation of this new scaling from engineering variables to dimensionless quantities is shown to result in large error bars on the dimensionless scaling. Regression analysis in the space of dimensionless variables is therefore proposed as an alternative, yielding acceptable estimates for the dimensionless scaling. The new scaling, which is dimensionally correct within the uncertainties, suggests that some dependencies of confinement in the multi-machine database can be reconciled with parameter scans in individual devices. This includes vanishingly small dependence of confinement on line-averaged density and normalized plasma pressure (β), as well as a noticeable, positive dependence on effective atomic mass and plasma triangularity. Extrapolation of this scaling to ITER yields a somewhat lower confinement time compared to the IPB98(y, 2) prediction, possibly related to the considerably weaker dependence on major radius in the new scaling (slightly above linear). Further studies are needed to compare more flexible regression models with the power law used here. In addition, data from more devices concerning possible 'hidden variables' could help to determine their influence on confinement, while adding data in sparsely populated areas of the parameter space may contribute to further disentangling some of the global confinement dependencies in tokamak plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Impurity behaviour in JET-ILW plasmas fuelled with gas and/or with pellets: a comparative study with the transport code COREDIV.
- Author
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Telesca, G., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Thun, Ch. Perez von, Aleiferis, S., Brezinsek, S., Chomiczewska, A., Huber, A., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Pawelec, E., Sertoli, M., Zagórski, R., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
WOOD pellets ,PLASMA gases ,GAS as fuel ,FUSION reactor divertors ,ELECTRON density ,PLASMA density ,PLASMA currents - Abstract
This study deals with the comparison of impurity behaviour in pellet and gas fuelled JET-ITER like wall pulses with the aim of finding the mechanisms leading to the generally observed higher concentration of tungsten in pellet fuelled plasmas. In fact, tungsten is the main high-Z impurity in the JET-ILW plasmas and is responsible for most of the radiative losses in the plasma core. Analysis of the experimental data pertaining to pulses at different plasma currents, different input power and different electron densities is integrated by numerical modelling with the self-consistent fluid transport code COREDIV. Experimentally, and numerically, the ratio between the radiated power in the divertor and the total one—which results to be an increasing function of the ratio of the electron density at the strike point to the volume average one—is found to be a critical parameter determining impurity accumulation. The higher this value the lower the impurity density in the plasma core. Together with a little higher core impurity residence time, the numerical modelling indicates that the modest divertor screening for the pellet fuelled pulses at low electron flow—characterized by low electron density at the strike point and low perpendicular transport in the SOL—leads to divertor impurity leakage and higher impurity fluxes through the separatrix, in agreement with theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Validation of quasi-linear turbulent transport models against plasmas with dominant electron heating for the prediction of ITER PFPO-1 plasmas.
- Author
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Kiefer, C.K., Angioni, C., Tardini, G., Bonanomi, N., Geiger, B., Mantica, P., Pütterich, T., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Team, ASDEX Upgrade, Team, EUROfusion MST1, and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
ELECTRON plasma ,ION temperature ,HEAT flux ,FORECASTING ,ELECTRONS - Abstract
Kinetic profile predictions of ITER PFPO-1 plasmas require high accuracy in the central electron temperatures to be applied to the calculation of third harmonic electron cyclotron absorption. Correctly predicting the transition from L-mode to H-mode further requires precise estimates of the ion heat flux in the periphery of the plasma. Recent versions of the quasi-linear transport models TGLF and QuaLiKiz were tested against an extensive set of experimental results from ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and JET-ILW, where the focus was put on AUG plasmas heated by ECRH. Spectra obtained from TGLF are compared to a set of linear gyrokinetic simulations performed with GKW. Electron and ion temperature profiles obtained with TGLF-SAT1geo show good agreement with the experimental profiles, but there is a slight tendency to underpredict central T
e and Ti at high ratios Te /Ti . QuaLiKiz yields reasonable results for Te and Ti profiles in plasmas where the ion temperature gradient mode is dominant, but predicts a significantly too weak transport in the presence of dominant trapped electron modes in conditions of strong central electron heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The role of edge plasma parameters in H-mode density limit on the JET-ILW.
- Author
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Sun, H.J., Goldston, R.J., Huber, A., Xu, X.Q., Flanagan, J., McDonald, D.C., de la Luna, E., Maslov, M., Harrison, J.R., Militello, F., Fessey, J., Cramp, S., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
PLASMA boundary layers ,PLASMA jets ,PLASMA confinement ,PLASMA devices ,DENSITY ,COLLOIDS - Abstract
A study of a dataset of JET H-mode plasma with the Be/W ITER-like wall (JET-ILW) shows that reaching the edge MHD ballooning limit leads to confinement degradation. However, unlike JET plasmas with a carbon wall (JET-C), the JET-ILW plasmas stay in a marginal dithering phase for a relatively long period, associated with a higher (≈20%) H-mode density limit (HDL) than JET-C equivalents. This suggests that ITER could be operated in H-mode with higher density than the scaling based on carbon wall devices, but likely with a dithering phase plasma with lower confinement. A new, reliable estimator for JET E
r, min has been derived by combining HRTS measurements of pedestal gradient and edge-SOL decay lengths. JET radial Er ETB wells are observed in the range of −15 to −60 kV m−1 in high performance H-modes, consistent with previous CXRS results in ASDEX Upgrade. The results imply that a higher positive E × B shear in the near SOL plays a role in sustaining a marginal phase in JET-ILW which leads to a higher HDL than that in JET-C. The results of the JET-ILW dataset show agreement with the Goldston finite collisionality HD model for SOL broadening at high collisionality. A hypothesis for the dithering H-mode phase is proposed: as ne,SOL increases, ν∗,SOL increases, SOL broadens, Er shear decreases, triggers L-mode; ne drops, ν∗,SOL decreases, SOL becomes narrower, and Er shear increases, triggering H-mode, resulting in a cycle of H–L–H- oscillations. For burning plasma devices, such as ITER, operating just below the MHD limit for the dithering phase could be a promising regime for maximising core density, and fusion performance while minimising plasma-material interaction. The oscillatory signal during the dithering phase could be used as a precursor of undesirable plasma performance for control purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Generation and observation of fast deuterium ions and fusion-born alpha particles in JET D-3He plasmas with the 3-ion radio-frequency heating scenario
- Author
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Nocente, Massimo, O Kazakov, Yevgen, Garcia, Jeronimo, G Kiptily, Vasily, Ongena, Jozef, Dreval, Mykola, Fitzgerald, Michael, E Sharapov, Sergei, Stancar, Ziga, Weisen, Henri, Baranov, Yuriy, Bierwage, Andreas, Craciunescu, Teddy, Dal Molin, Andrea, de la Luna, Elena, Dumont, Remi, Dumortier, Pierre, Eriksson, Jacob, Giacomelli, Luca, Giroud, Carine, Goloborodko, Victor, Gorini, Giuseppe, Khilkevitch, Evgeniy, K Kirov, Krassimir, Iliasova, Margarita, Jacquet, Philippe, Lauber, Philipp, Lerche, E, Mantsinen, MJ, Mariani, Alberto, Mazzi, Samuele, Nabais, Fernando, Filomena Ferreira Nave, Maria, Oliver, J, Panontin, Enrico, Rigamonti, Davide, Sahlberg, Arne, Salewski, Mirko, Shevelev, A, Shinohara, Koji, Paula, Sirén, Sumida, Shuhei, Tardocchi, Marco, Van Eester, Dirk, Varje, Jari, Zohar, Andrej, Contributors, JET, Koji, Shinohara, and Shuhei, Sumida
- Abstract
Dedicated experiments to generate energetic D ions and D−3He fusion-born alpha particles were performed at the Joint European Torus (JET) with the ITER-like wall (ILW). Using the 3-ion D-(DNBI)-3He radio frequency (RF) heating scenario, deuterium ions from neutral beam injection (NBI) were accelerated in the core of mixed D−3He plasmas to higher energies with ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) waves, in turn leading to a core-localized source of alpha particles. The fast-ion distribution of RF-accelerated D-NBI ions was controlled by varying the ICRF and NBI power (P_{ICRF}≈4-6 MW, P_{NBI}≈3-20 MW), resulting in rather high D-D neutron (≈1×10^16/s) and D−3He alpha rates (≈2×10^16/s) at moderate input heating power. Theory and TRANSP analysis shows that large populations of co-passing MeV-range D ions were generated using the D−(DNBI)−3He 3-ion ICRF scenario. This important result is corroborated by several experimental observations, in particular gamma-ray measurements. The developed experimental scenario at JET provides unique conditions for probing several aspects of future burning plasmas, such as the contribution from MeV range ions to global confinement, but without introducing tritium. Dominant fast-ion core electron heating with T_i≈T_e and a rich variety of fast-ion driven Alfven eigenmodes (AEs) were observed in these D−3He plasmas. The observed AE activities do not have a detrimental effect on the thermal confinement and, in some cases, may be driven by the fusion born alpha particles. A strong continuous increase in neutron rate was observed during long-period sawteeth (>1 s), accompanied by the observation of reversed shear AEs, which implies that a non-monotonic q profile was systematically developed in these plasmas, sustained by the large fast-ion populations generated by the 3-ion ICRF scenario.
- Published
- 2020
39. Determination of retained tritium from ILW dust particles in JET
- Author
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N., Ashikawa (National Institute for Fusion Science, SOKENDAI), Y., Torikai (Ibaraki University), Asakura, Nobuyuki, T., Otsuka (Kindai University), A., Widdowson (CCFE, Culham Science Centre), M., Rubel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology), M., Hara (University of Toyama), Oyaizu, Makoto, Isobe, Kanetsugu, Y., Hatano (University of Toyama), K., Heinola (University of Helsinki), A., Baron-Wiechec (CCFE, Culham Science Centre), S., Jachmich (CCFE, Culham Science Centre), Hayashi, Takumi, Contributors, JET, Nobuyuki, Asakura, Makoto, Oyaizu, Kanetsugu, Isobe, and Takumi, Hayashi
- Abstract
Quantitative tritium inventory in dust particles from campaigns in the JET tokamak with the carbon wall (2007–2009) and the ITER-like wall (ILW 2011–2012) were determined by the liquid scintillation counter and the full combustion method. A feature of this full combustion method is that dust particles were covered by a tin (Sn) which reached 2100 K during combustion under oxygen flow. The specific tritium inventory for samples from JET with carbon and with metal walls was measured and found to be similar. However, the total tritium inventory in dust particles from the ILW experiment was significantly smaller in comparison to the carbon wall due to the lower amount of dust particles generated in the presence of metal walls.
- Published
- 2020
40. TAE stability calculations compared to TAE antenna results in JET
- Author
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Nabais, F., Aslanyan, V., Borba, D., Coelho, R., Dumont, R., Ferreira, Jonathan, Figueiredo, A., Fitzgerald, M., Lerche, E., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M., Rodrigues, P., Porkolab, M., Puglia, P., Sharapov, S. E., Contributors, Jet, EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Henry, Florence
- Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] - Abstract
International audience; The excitation of modes in the toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE) gap by an external antenna can be modelled by a driven damped harmonic oscillator. By performing a frequency scan it is possible to determine the damping rate of the mode through the quality factor. This method has been employed in recent Joint European Torus (JET) experiments dedicated to scenario development for the observation of alpha-driven instabilities in JET DT plasmas (i.e. plasmas composed by Deuterium and Tritium). However, the toroidal mode number n of the mode for which the measurements were performed could not be determined experimentally. The value of the damping obtained through experimental measurements for a selected time slice is then compared with those obtained from calculations performed by numerical codes for different modes with frequencies close to the experimental frequency of the antenna.
- Published
- 2018
41. Onset of tearing modes in plasma termination on JET: the role of temperature hollowing and edge cooling.
- Author
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Pucella, G., Buratti, P., Giovannozzi, E., Alessi, E., Auriemma, F., Brunetti, D., Ferreira, D.R., Baruzzo, M., Frigione, D., Garzotti, L., Joffrin, E., Lerche, E., Lomas, P.J., Nowak, S., Piron, L., Rimini, F., Sozzi, C., Van Eester, D., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
PLASMA instabilities ,PLASMA jets ,MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC instabilities ,ELECTRON temperature ,COOLING - Abstract
In this work the onset of tearing modes in the termination phase of plasma pulses on JET is investigated. It is shown that the broadening or the shrinking of the current density profile, as a consequence of a core hollowing or an edge cooling of the electron temperature profile, strongly increases the probability of destabilizing a 2/1 tearing mode also in absence of an external trigger (e.g. a sawtooth crash). Two parameters are defined to highlight changes in the shape of the temperature profile that can lead to MHD instabilities and an empirical stability diagram is introduced into the space of the two new parameters. A large data-set of pulses carried out in the high-current scenario at JET with ITER-like wall is analyzed and criteria for the development of disruption alerts based on the two risk indicators for MHD instabilities are discussed, taking into account the different dynamics of the observed phenomena leading to the onset of 2/1 tearing modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Analysis of the fusion performance, beam–target neutrons and synergistic effects of JET's high-performance pulses.
- Author
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Kirov, K.K., Belonohy, E., Challis, C.D., Eriksson, J., Frigione, D., Garzotti, L., Giacomelli, L., Hobirk, J., Kappatou, A., Keeling, D., King, D., Lerche, E., Lomas, P.J., Nocente, M., Reux, C., Rimini, F.G., Sips, A.C.C., Van Eester, D., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
NEUTRONS ,PLASMA beam injection heating ,NUCLEAR fusion ,FAST ions ,ELECTRON impact ionization ,NEUTRAL beams ,ION temperature - Abstract
Achieving high neutron yields in today's fusion research relies on high-power auxiliary heating in order to attain required core temperatures. This is usually achieved by means of high neutral beam (NB) and radio frequency (RF) power. Application of NB power is accompanied by production of fast beam ions and associated beam–target (BT) reactions. In standard JET operational conditions, deuterium (D) NBs are injected into D plasmas. The injected beams comprise D atoms at full, one-half and one-third injected energy. Typically, the full energy of the injected D beams is between 90 and 120 keV, providing 1.4–2.0 MW of heating, which is about half of the injected power. Half-energy D beams carry about one-third of the injected power and the rest of the power is carried by the third energy fraction of D beams. Under these conditions, thermal fusion reactions, i.e. those between plasma ions, and BT reactions are of the same order of magnitude. This study addresses important issues regarding the impact of density, central electron and ion temperatures and their ratio, T
i (0)/Te (0), on fusion performance, measured by the total neutron yield and BT neutron counts. NB/RF synergistic effects are discussed as well. It is demonstrated that thermal fusion gain increases linearly with normalised plasma pressure, βN , and confinement, Bt τ. The BT neutrons are, however, more difficult to predict and this task in general requires numerical treatment. In this study, BT neutrons in JET's best-performing baseline and hybrid pulses are analysed and the underlying dependencies discussed. Central fast ion densities are found to decrease with increased density and density peaking. This is attributed to poorer beam penetration at high density. The BT reactions however are unchanged and can even increase if operating at higher core temperatures. An increase in the central ion temperature and Ti (0)/Te (0) ratio leads to higher total and BT reaction rates whilst simultaneously the ratio of the BT to total neutron decreases significantly. NB/RF synergistic effects are found to have a negligible impact on total neutron rate. This can be explained by the reduced beam penetration in high-density conditions leading to lower central fast ion density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Ion cyclotron resonance heating with shifted separatrix.
- Author
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Kolesnichenko, Ya.I., Patten, H., Lutsenko, V.V., Graves, J.P., Rudenko, T.S., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
CYCLOTRON resonance ,FAST ions ,PLASMA jets ,NUCLEAR fusion ,PARTICLE acceleration ,NEUTRAL beams - Abstract
Ion cyclotron resonance heating, which we refer to as ICRH-SS, with the quasilinear (QL) separatrix (i.e., the separatrix in the space of QL routes of ion acceleration) located in the region of passing particles is studied. The aim of ICRH-SS is to minimize the fraction of trapped particles (particles with small longitudinal velocities) in the population of fast ions. The basic idea of ICRH-SS—shifting the separatrix to the region of passing particles—was advanced in the paper (Kolesnichenko et al 2017 Nuclear Fusion 57 066004). In this work, new features of ICRH-SS are revealed. The 3D QL routes of the particle acceleration and effects of Coulomb collisions are studied. A QL equation for distribution function of neutral beam injection (NBI) ions, which is convenient for analysis, is derived. Conditions for QL flux prevailing over collisional flux caused by pitch scattering are obtained. Numerical simulations using the SCENIC package are carried out for a JET plasma with NBI ions that are accelerated by RF field in the core region. A JET pulse designed as a demonstration of the so called 'three ions' scheme, which also complies with the criteria of ICRH-SS scheme, was selected. The numerical results show that in the considered example most accelerated ions have larger longitudinal velocities and fast particle orbits are passing during ICRH-SS, whereas, 'conventional' ICRH (defined as ICRH with the separatrix in the region of trapped particles) produces accelerated ions with banana orbits. Numerical results also show an increase in fast ion generation and core plasma heating performance for ICRH-SS as compared to the conventional ICRH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. First measurements of line-integrated electron density in an ITER-like configuration using the JET far infrared polarimeter diagnostic.
- Author
-
Rossi, Riccardo, Boboc, Alexandru, Orsitto, Francesco Paolo, Gelfusa, Michela, Gaudio, Pasquale, and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
ELECTRON density ,POLARISCOPE ,OPTICAL rotation ,FARADAY effect ,LASER interferometers ,LASER beams - Abstract
Polarimetry exploits the optical activity and birefringent properties of thermonuclear plasmas to calculate some important quantities for their control like the line-integrated electron density and magnetic field distribution. The Joint European Torus (JET) far infrared polarimeter shares the same probing laser beams of the interferometer, with eight channels, four vertical and four lateral. While the vertical channels were already optimised to provide accurate measurements of the Faraday rotation angle, Cotton–Mouton (CM) phase shift and ellipticity, the lateral channels had been only optimised for Faraday rotation angle alone. By setting the initial polarisation angle of the lateral channel at zero degrees the CM effect is minimised, the ellipticity is almost zero, and the CM phase shift angle is impossible to measure. During the recent JET experimental campaign (C38 in 2019–2020), the input polarisation for the lateral channels was altered for a class of pulses to analyse the possibility to measure the CM phase shift angle and the ellipticity, and, more important, to assess if it is possible to provide information of line-integrated electron density using the lateral channels of JET polarimetry in an ITER-like configuration. As a note, ITER will have only tangential channels with reflectors buried deep inside the first wall, so this setup was truly an ITER-like configuration. The results clearly show huge improvements, which can be achieved by just changing the input polarisation. Moreover, the analysis of the measurements shows that the polarimetric measurements have a systematic error, which is probably due to the effect of refraction and to the in-vessel mirrors, which was only partially taken into account during the calibration phase before the plasma. Thus, a new calibration method was developed and the results presented on a statistical basis. It has been demonstrated that, varying the input polarisation of the polarimeter and using the new calibration method, it is possible to measure the line-integrated electron density, using the CM phase shift (or the ellipticity) of the lateral channels, with good accuracy with respect to the electron density measured by the interferometer that was considered the reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Multiple-isotope pellet cycles captured by turbulent transport modelling in the JET tokamak.
- Author
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Marin, M., Citrin, J., Garzotti, L., Valovic, M., Bourdelle, C., Camenen, Y., Casson, F.J., Ho, A., Koechl, F., Maslov, M., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
WOOD pellets ,FUSION reactors ,JET transports ,HYDROGEN plasmas ,ENERGY consumption ,NUCLEAR fuels ,DEUTERIUM - Abstract
For the first time the pellet cycle of a multiple-isotope plasma is successfully reproduced with reduced turbulent transport modelling, within an integrated simulation framework. Future nuclear fusion reactors are likely to be fuelled by cryogenic pellet injection, due to higher penetration and faster response times. Accurate pellet cycle modelling is crucial to assess fuelling efficiency and burn control. In recent Joint European Torus tokamak experiments, deuterium pellets with reactor-relevant deposition characteristics were injected into a pure hydrogen plasma. Measurements of the isotope ratio profile inferred a deuterium penetration time comparable to the energy confinement time. The modelling successfully reproduces the plasma thermodynamic profiles and the fast deuterium penetration timescale. The predictions of the reduced turbulence model QuaLiKiz in the presence of a negative density gradient following pellet deposition are compared with GENE linear and nonlinear higher fidelity modelling. The results are encouraging with regard to reactor fuelling capability and burn control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Spatially resolved measurements of RF accelerated deuterons at JET.
- Author
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Sahlberg, A., Eriksson, J., Conroy, S., Ericsson, G., Nocente, M., Kazakov, Ye.O., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
LIQUID scintillators ,FAST ions ,DEUTERONS ,NEUTRON counters ,PLASMA sheaths ,GAUSSIAN distribution ,ENERGY density - Abstract
An understanding of fast (supra-thermal) ion behavior is of great importance in tokamak physics and is a subject studied from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. This paper investigates the spatial energy and density distributions of RF accelerated deuterons using the neutron camera at the tokamak JET. Using the 19 liquid scintillator detectors available in the neutron camera system, we obtain spatial information that cannot be accessed with a single sightline. We present a spectroscopic analysis method in which a spatially resolved model of the fast ion distribution is fitted to the pulse height spectra from all 19 detectors simultaneously. The fast ion distribution is parameterized in such a way that the density, energy, and pitch-angle parts are uncoupled. The energy part is composed of a Maxwellian distribution, characterized by an 'RF tail temperature,' and the spatial dependence is modeled as a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution on the poloidal plane of the tokamak. From this parameterized model, we can calculate the spectrum of fusion born neutrons originating from reactions involving RF accelerated deuterons, and by fitting this model to the measured neutron camera pulse height spectra, we obtain an estimate of the spatially resolved distribution of the fast deuterons. The method has been applied to three JET pulses using different RF heating schemes and is shown to identify several features of the fast ion distribution produced in the various scenarios. Hence, this method is able to provide quantitative information about the fast ion distribution resulting from different heating schemes, and can also be useful, e.g., to validate simulation results from RF modeling codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Microtearing modes as the source of magnetic fluctuations in the JET pedestal.
- Author
-
Hatch, D.R., Kotschenreuther, M., Mahajan, S.M., Pueschel, M.J., Michoski, C., Merlo, G., Hassan, E., Field, A.R., Frassinetti, L., Giroud, C., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Thun, C. Perez von, Roach, C.M., Saarelma, S., Jarema, D., Jenko, F., and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
PEDESTALS ,DISPERSION relations ,ELECTRON temperature ,TOROIDAL plasma - Abstract
We report on a detailed study of magnetic fluctuations in the JET pedestal, employing basic theoretical considerations, gyrokinetic simulations, and experimental fluctuation data to establish the physical basis for their origin, role, and distinctive characteristics. We demonstrate quantitative agreement between gyrokinetic simulations of microtearing modes (MTMs) and two magnetic frequency bands with corresponding toroidal mode numbers n = 4 and 8. Such disparate fluctuation scales, with substantial gaps between toroidal mode numbers, are commonly observed in pedestal fluctuations. Here we provide a clear explanation, namely the alignment of the relevant rational surfaces (and not others) with the peak in the ω
* profile, which is localized in the steep gradient region of the pedestal. We demonstrate that a global treatment is required to capture this effect. Nonlinear simulations suggest that the MTM fluctuations produce experimentally-relevant transport levels and saturate by relaxing the background electron temperature gradient, slightly downshifting the fluctuation frequencies from the linear predictions. Scans in collisionality are compared with a simple MTM dispersion relation. At the experimental points considered, MTM growth rates can either increase or decrease with collision frequency depending on the parameters thus defying any simple characterization of collisionality dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Turbulent transport driven by kinetic ballooning modes in the inner core of JET hybrid H-modes.
- Author
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Kumar, N., Camenen, Y., Benkadda, S., Bourdelle, C., Loarte, A., Polevoi, A.R., Widmer, F., and contributors, JET
- Subjects
PLASMA sheaths ,NUCLEAR fusion ,HEAT flux ,MAGNETIC flux ,PLASMA stability ,LINEAR statistical models ,FLUTTER (Aerodynamics) ,PLASMA turbulence - Abstract
Turbulent transport in the inner core of the high-β JET hybrid discharge 75225 is investigated extensively through linear and non-linear gyro-kinetic (GK) simulations using the GK code GKW in the local approximation limit. Compared to previous studies (Citrin et al 2015 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 57 014032; Garcia et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 053007), the analysis has been extended towards the magnetic axis, ρ < 0.3, where the turbulence characteristics remain an open question. Understanding turbulent transport in this region is crucial to predict core profile peaking that in turn will impact the fusion reactions and the tungsten neoclassical transport, in present devices as well as in ITER. At ρ = 0.15, a linear stability analysis indicates that kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) dominate, with an extended mode structure in ballooning space due to the low magnetic shear. The sensitivity of KBM stability to main plasma parameters is investigated. In the non-linear regime, the turbulence induced by these KBMs drives a significant ion and electron heat flux. Standard quasi-linear (QL) models are compared to the non-linear results. The standard reduced QL models work well for the E × B fluxes, but fail to capture magnetic flutter contribution to the electron heat flux induced by the non-linear excitation of low k
θ ρi micro-tearing modes that are linearly stable. An extension of the QL models is proposed allowing better capturing the magnetic flutter flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of runaway electron beam termination in JET.
- Author
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Bandaru, V, Hoelzl, M, Reux, C, Ficker, O, Silburn, S, Lehnen, M, Eidietis, N, Team, JOREK, and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
RELATIVISTIC electron beams ,ELECTRON beams ,MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC instabilities ,PLASMA density ,JETS (Nuclear physics) ,LOW temperature plasmas ,DENSITY currents - Abstract
A runaway electron (RE) fluid model is used to perform non-linear magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a relativistic electron beam termination event in JET. The case considered is that of a post-disruption low density cold plasma in the runaway plateau phase, wherein high-Z impurities have been largely flushed out via deuterium second injection (Shot:95135). Details of the experiment are found in separate publications. Our studies reveal that a combination of low plasma density and a hollow current profile which is confirmed by experimental studies causes fast growth of a double-tearing mode, which in turn leads to stochastization of the magnetic field and a prompt loss of REs. The phenomenology of events leading to the crash and the timescales of the dynamics are in excellent agreement with the experiment. Simulations also indicate significant toroidal variation in RE deposition but without localized hotspots. The strong stochastization setting in first from the edge leads to a poloidally broad deposition footprint that partly explains the benign nature of the termination event. This work further supports the potential possibility to engineer a benign RE beam termination scenario via deuterium second injection in ITER, as proposed by Reux et al 'Runaway electron beam suppression using impurity flushing and large magnetohydrodynamic instabilities' (submitted to Physical Review Letters). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. EDGE2D-EIRENE modeling of the impact of wall materials on core edge, scrape-off layer and divertor parameters.
- Author
-
Chankin, A V, Corrigan, G, and Contributors, JET
- Subjects
CORE materials ,BERYLLIUM ,PLASMA jets ,ATOMIC mass ,METAL cutting ,PLASMA density - Abstract
A series of EDGE2D-EIRENE cases was run in different wall materials of JET L-mode plasma with the input power close to the H-mode power threshold in ITER-like wall (ILW), with tungsten (W) covering the divertor, and beryllium (Be)—main chamber surfaces. Cases with all carbon (C) and all W walls were run at the same input power as in ILW cases. Contrary to expectations based on the idea that deeper penetration of neutrals re-emitted from surfaces with higher atomic mass into the plasma core raises core density, EDGE2D-EIRENE cases had the highest density in the C wall case. This is explained via the effect of the 'power deficit' in the divertor, as recycling neutrals deposit a fraction of their power into walls, thereby cooling the divertor plasma. This effect is stronger in C compared to W divertor surfaces. The plasma cooling in the divertor increases plasma density and neutral recycling, with more neutrals penetrating into the core. Metal wall (ILW and W wall) EDGE2D-EIRENE cases were found to have larger radial electric field (E
r ) both inside and outside of the separatrix, in line with the mechanism of the E × B shear turbulence suppression and experimental observations of lower H-mode power threshold in metal wall machines. The originally expected trend for higher core densities in metal wall machines, based on the effect of deeper penetration of neutrals re-emitted from higher atomic mass surfaces, was recovered in much lower density EDGE2D-EIRENE cases, where the effect of the power deficit in the divertor was less important. Subtle effects of interplay among mechanisms involving neutral circulation in the divertor and in the main chamber wall are considered to explain differences between ILW and W wall cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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