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Simple Summary: Tumour-homing bacteria present as an ideal chassis for cancer treatment and detection. A decade of pre-clinical and clinical research with the tumour-homing bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has demonstrated that genetic modification for payload delivery can lead to significant tumour regression and, more recently, tumour detection. Currently unknown in the field is a deep mechanistic understanding of why bacteria home to and colonise tumours. This review summarises existing literature to provide insight into the tumour-homing and colonising ability of EcN, in addition to exploring other tumour-homing strains and pathogenic bacteria for a more in-depth view. A mechanistic understanding of this capability could prove invaluable in the development of the next-generation EcN chassis for tumour detection and treatment, as well as address biosafety and containment concerns necessary for clinical translation. The last decade has seen a rapid increase in studies utilising a genetically modified probiotic, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), as a chassis for cancer treatment and detection. This approach relies on the ability of EcN to home to and selectively colonise tumours over normal tissue, a characteristic common to some bacteria that is thought to result from the low-oxygen, nutrient-rich and immune-privileged niche the tumour provides. Pre-clinical studies have used genetically modified EcN to deliver therapeutic payloads that show efficacy in reducing tumour burden as a result of high-tumour and low off-target colonisation. Most recently, the EcN chassis has been expanded into an effective tumour-detection tool. These advances provide strong justification for the movement of genetically modified EcN into clinical oncology trials. What is currently unknown in the field is a deep mechanistic understanding of how EcN distributes to and localises within tumours. This review summarises the existing EcN literature, with the inclusion of research undertaken with other tumour-homing and pathogenic bacteria, to provide insights into possible mechanisms of EcN tumour homing for future validation. Understanding exactly how and why EcN colonises neoplastic tissue will inform the design and testing of the next generation of EcN chassis strains to address biosafety and containment concerns and optimise the detection and treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Campylobacter jejuni remains a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated poultry meat being a major transmission vector to humans. Effective control of C. jejuni colonisation in poultry is crucial for reducing public health risks. Among various intervention strategies, vaccination has emerged as a promising avenue. However, the journey towards a universally effective vaccine has not been met due variability in vaccine performance, and more research is still onging across the different species. Our comprehensive review critically examines the progress and problems in developing vaccines against C. jejuni. We concluded that regardless of the approaches used to develop vaccines, previously developed vaccines have effectively induced immunity but there were inconsistency among the results for the reduction in colonisation. Overall, partial success has been achieved in developing C. jejuni vaccine against poultry. This discrepancy highlights the complexity of vaccine development, which must deal with C. jejuni's antigenic diversity and the multifaceted nature of host–pathogen interactions. Additionally, the limited knowledge of immune system of chicken has hindered a full understanding of vaccine effectiveness against diverse C. jejuni. Our review highlights the need for further research on the genetic and phenotypic diversity of C. jejuni and the explorate the novel vaccine technology for development of successful C. jejuni vaccine. Additionally, the advances in understanding of C. jejuni pathogenesis and immune responses offer optimism for future vaccine development, ultimately aiming to reduce Campylobacter-related illness and enhance food safety in poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT There is an apparent contradiction between the sedentary lifestyle and direct development of meiofaunal organisms and their widely observed distribution. This study is situated within the theoretical framework of ecological connectivity, metacommunities, and the impact of substrate type, particularly in the unique context of oceanic islands, offering a crucial perspective to unravel the complexities of meiofaunal dispersal and connectivity. We here studied the spatial distribution of meiofauna on natural and artificial beaches of an oceanic island, that is, Gran Canaria (Canary Is., NE Atlantic Ocean). The results revealed higher abundance and richness of meiofauna on artificial substrates compared to natural ones, with nematodes, copepods, and annelids being the dominant groups. The meiofaunal community composition differed significantly between natural and artificial beaches, suggesting colonisation of artificial beaches by natural beach communities. Notably, certain species were exclusively found on artificial beaches. The study highlighted the importance of substrate type in influencing meiofaunal composition, with artificial beaches providing new ecological niches and resources for meiofauna. The dissimilarity between beaches was attributed to morphospecies exclusive to either artificial or natural substrates, emphasising the role of dispersal mechanisms. These findings contribute to understanding the metacommunity dynamics of meiofauna in oceanic islands and call for further research on dispersal potential and biogeography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores a case study in the history of writing about violence and destruction by examining early seventeenth century English reports concerning colonization in the Algonquian territories of the Chesapeake Bay region. An analysis of archival and printed documents from the Virginia Company of London shows that moral insecurity plagued the company members as they tried to use natural law and Roman law to justify colonization. These documents also reveal that the actions of the Powhatans and other Algonquian nations shaped this atmosphere of insecurity, doubt, and ambiguity. This article argues that from the first Anglo-Powhatan meetings in 1607 to the dissolution of the company in 1624, the company approached colonial governance and its relations with Algonquian-speaking peoples in the context of Roman law and natural law based on the principles of conquest, commerce, and occupation. These three concepts both reinforced and caused profound uncertainty for English expansionism in Algonquian territories, contributing to a tradition of scepticism toward imperial violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first to investigate the presence and movement of the novel Liberibacter species 'Candidatus Liberibacter brunswickensis' (CLbr) in eggplant, Solanum melongena. The psyllid, Acizzia solanicola can transmit CLbr to eggplant and CLbr can be acquired by CLbr-negative A. solanicola individuals from CLbr-positive eggplants. In planta, CLbr can replicate, move and persist. Investigation into the early development of eggplants showed that CLbr titres had increased at the inoculation site at 14 days post inoculation access period (DPIAP). CLbr had become systemic in the majority of plants tested by 28 DPIAP. The highest bacterial titres were recorded at 35 DPIAP in all samples of the inoculated leaf, the roots, stems and the midrib and petiole samples of the newest leaf (the top leaf). This finding strongly suggests that CLbr movement in planta follows the source to sink relationship as previously described for 'Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) and 'Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum' (CLso). No symptoms consistent with Liberibacter-associated diseases were noted for plants colonised by CLbr during this study, consistent with the hypothesis that CLbr does not cause disease of eggplant during the early stages of host colonisation. In addition, no significant differences in biomass were found between eggplant colonised with CLbr, compared to those that were exposed to CLbr-negative A. solanicola, and to control plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Candida spp. is an opportunistic pathogen that causes superficial and invasive infections with nosocomial outbreaks without strict hygiene protocols. Herein, we assessed oral colonisation by Candida spp. in 209 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients between July 2021 and April 2022, conducting clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological characterisation of those developing oral or invasive candidiasis. Methods: Initial oral swabs were collected within 24 h of admission in the ICU, followed by collections on Days 2, 4, 6 and 8. Swabs from denture‐wearing patients, abiotic surfaces, healthcare professionals' hands, and retroauricular regions were also obtained. Recovered yeasts and filamentous fungi were identified using MALDI‐TOF MS and morphological characteristics, respectively. Genetic similarity of Candida spp. isolates was evaluated using Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and the antifungal susceptibility profile was determined by broth microdilution. Results: In the study, 64.11% of patients were orally colonised by Candida spp. Of these, 80.59% were colonised within the first 24 h. Oral colonisation also occurred on subsequent days: 50%/Day 2, 26.92%/Day 4, and 11.53%/Days 6 and 8. Of the patients, 8.61% had oral candidiasis, mainly pseudomembranous. Among orally colonised patients, 2.23% developed invasive candidiasis. Besides, 89.47% of healthcare professionals evaluated were colonised. MALDI‐TOF MS identified different yeast species, and C. albicans (45.34%), C. tropicalis (15.7%), and C. parapsilosis sensu stricto (9.88%) were the most prevalent. AFLP analysis indicated a high genetic correlation (≥97%) between C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates from patients and professionals. Three resistant C. albicans isolates were also found. Conclusion: This study reported a diversity of yeast and filamentous fungi species in ICU patients and highlighted early Candida spp. colonisation risks for invasive candidiasis, as well as the potential horizontal transmission in the nosocomial setting, emphasising the need for effective infection control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori in adenotonsillar tissue and to assess the association between the presence of H pylori with Chronic Tonsillitis or Adenotonsillitis. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 60 patients diagnosed with chronic tonsillitis and adeno tonsillitis undergoing tonsillectomy or adeno tonsillectomy meeting the paradise criteria in a tertiary care hospital, Pondicherry. Rapid urease test was done in the intraoperative period immediately after the specimens were taken.The rapid urease test kit was observed for color change from yellow to pink within 4 h. The tissue was sent for histopathological examination for staining with H&E and Giemsa stain to detect the presence of helicobacter pylori. The mean age of the study participants was 15.75 ± 8.46 and majority of the study participants were females. (61.7%). 66.7% and 33.3% of the study participants had chronic tonsillitis and adeno tonsillitis respectively. Oral swab showed normal flora, yeast and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 96.6%, 1.7% and 1.7% respectively. 1.7% (1),13.3% (8) and 20% (12) of the study participants showed positive in card test immediate, at 15 min and 1 h respectively. Giemsa stain showed that 11.7% was positive for H.pylori. Out of the 7 patients with positive Giemsa stain, 4 had chronic tonsillitis and 3 had adenotonsillitis. Colonisation of adenoids and tonsils by H. pylori is a novel forefront with contradictory results dependent on the precision of the detective techniques used and population studied. Further research may be warranted to establish the varied colonisation depending on the geographical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive alien species are one main driver of biodiversity loss and can cause severe economic costs. Effective management of such species requires early detection of colonising individuals, but this is often hampered by biological or economic constraints.Trachymela sloanei (Blackburn, 1896), an Australian Eucalyptus defoliator beetle, is an invasive alien species that has spread to the Americas, Asia and most recently Europe.We analyse the expansion of T. sloanei in the Iberian Peninsula both at regional and local scales, study its phenology and relative abundance, and explore the use of nest boxes for early detection.The species is spreading steadily, and the area potentially affected has increased dramatically in a few years. Both adults and larvae were observed between June and November, suggesting the occurrence of several overlapping generations. More than 300 individuals were found aggregated behind single nest boxes.We conclude that the installation and monitoring of nest boxes or similar structures (e.g., cork boards) can facilitate early detection of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacilli, the most common group of bacteria found in a healthy vaginal microbiota, have been demonstrated to act as a defence against colonisation and overgrowth of vaginal pathogens. These groups of bacteria have sparked interests in incorporating them as probiotics aimed at re-establishing balance within the urogenital ecosystem. In this study, the safety characteristics of Limosilactobacillus reuteri 29B (L29B) strain were evaluated through whole genome sequencing (WGS) and animal study. Cell culture assay and 16S rDNA analysis were done to evaluate the ability of the strain to colonise and adhere to the mouse vaginal tract, and RAST analysis was performed to screen for potential genes associated with probiotic trait. The histological study on the mice organs and blood analysis of the mice showed there was no incidence of inflammation. We also found no evidence of bacterial translocation. The cell culture assay on HeLa cells showed 85% of adhesion, and there was a significant reduction of Candida strain viability in displacement assay. As for the 16S rDNA analysis, there was a significant amount of L29B colonisation of the vaginal microflora. Taken together, the intravaginal administration of L29B significantly reduced the number Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae that were present in mouse vaginal tract. It also improved and promoted a balanced vaginal microflora environment without causing any harm or irritation to mice. Limosilactobacillus 29B (L29B) is safe to be administered intravaginally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Pacific distribution of coastal aleocharines has been explained as the result of either dispersal or vicariance. The rove beetle genus Psammostiba is a marine littoral group that occurs on the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere. We performed phylogenetic analysis of Psammostiba using molecular characters (4685 bp) to investigate their biogeographic patterns. The data were analysed using parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Model‐based analyses showed the same pattern of Psammostiba species relationships, but parsimony analysis yielded different species relationships for the unresolved clade of Psammostiba. According to the reconstruction of the ancestral areas, both vicariance (two events) and dispersal (one event) have played roles in shaping its current distribution. Biogeographical analyses suggest that the common ancestor of Psammostiba occurred widely along the Pacific coasts of the Northern Hemisphere and underwent vicariance events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia Day continues to be a divisive event in Australia. The contentious public holiday currently falls on January 26, a date which marks the beginning of colonisation in Australia and the subsequent persecution of Australian First Nations peoples. Despite the date's controversial historical ties, some Australians remain in support of 'saving the date'. The current study aimed to deepen understanding of Australians' thoughts and opinions regarding Australia Day, including their reasons in support of changing or saving the January 26 date. Responses from 208 Australian citizens, collected via a national survey, were thematically examined. While analysis confirmed a division in attitudes towards Australia Day, greater support for date change was found among younger Australians. The current study applies and extends Social Identity Theory, identifying key themes which were linked to support for date change and improved intergroup relations within the Australia Day context. Themes included acknowledgement of colonisation and the damage done to First Nations peoples, participants' political views, and educational awareness. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications which may assist with breaking down the social barriers that support date‐change resistance, helping Australians move towards a more inclusive future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the decolonisation of (theological) education in Africa, with special emphasis on South Africa. Colonialism is a complex power system that subjugated space, human beings and the minds of the colonised. Decolonisation has a responsibility to remove colonial governance, liberate the colonised being and decentre the colonial knowledge and recentre the indigenous knowledge of the native people. Furthermore, the most difficult form of decolonisation is the decolonisation of the mind because colonialism in this context tends to manifest itself into other forms of social structure. This study suggests that there is a need to relearn the meaning of decolonisation and its implications, as there are some students and academics who still do not know much about decolonisation, and this hinders the process. Furthermore, theological education needs to use engaged scholarship and community-based practical research (CBPR) methods as tools to facilitate decolonisation of theological education, as present studies indicate that the Christian religion is failing to make an impact in many African communities. Lastly, this article highlights markers of decolonised (theological) education in Africa. This article has two objectives. The first objective is to highlight markers of decolonised theological education. The second objective is to give special emphasis to the role of engaged scholarship and CBPR in the decolonisation of theological education. This article will use a literature review approach and highlight examples of the decolonisation of (theological) education. The decolonisation theory will underpin this literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study is the first to investigate the presence and movement of the novel Liberibacter species ‘Candidatus Liberibacter brunswickensis’ (CLbr) in eggplant, Solanum melongena. The psyllid, Acizzia solanicola can transmit CLbr to eggplant and CLbr can be acquired by CLbr-negative A. solanicola individuals from CLbr-positive eggplants. In planta, CLbr can replicate, move and persist. Investigation into the early development of eggplants showed that CLbr titres had increased at the inoculation site at 14 days post inoculation access period (DPIAP). CLbr had become systemic in the majority of plants tested by 28 DPIAP. The highest bacterial titres were recorded at 35 DPIAP in all samples of the inoculated leaf, the roots, stems and the midrib and petiole samples of the newest leaf (the top leaf). This finding strongly suggests that CLbr movement in planta follows the source to sink relationship as previously described for ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) and ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso). No symptoms consistent with Liberibacter-associated diseases were noted for plants colonised by CLbr during this study, consistent with the hypothesis that CLbr does not cause disease of eggplant during the early stages of host colonisation. In addition, no significant differences in biomass were found between eggplant colonised with CLbr, compared to those that were exposed to CLbr-negative A. solanicola, and to control plants.

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to reinvigorate disaster scholarship, given the disastrous times we find ourselves in. In order to do so, we extend the spatial and temporal horizons of disasters, and consider them as normal processes as well as aberrant events. Knowledge need not exclusively emanate from the metropolitan centres of the Global North. We begin by examining the field’s ‘threshold concepts’, subjecting them to an urgent Indigenous evaluation. Second, as cities are the Anthropocene’s primary terrain, we illustrate the numerous ways in which the recovery from the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence offers global lessons. Third, leveraging understandings from the preceding sections, we orient towards a more hopeful intellectual frontier – a decolonised disaster studies as seen from the perspective of Aotearoa New Zealand. Since much disaster scholarship emphasises failure and loss, here we consider what will be gained through a fuller appreciation of mātauranga Māori.

The ideal wife, according to Proverb 31, is far more indispensable in any given society and plays a far less walk-over role in her marriage. Conversely, the highly recognised African term makoti, which originates from abroad (Dutch culture), reduces a newlywed to slave status, at least when understood from its linguistic context. This is because, according to the literature that is currently available, the term makoti originates from either the “Dutch/Afrikaans” phrase Maak ons tee, which roughly translates to “make us tea.” Consequently, when considered in light of Proverb 31 woman, the term makoti, as used in most African cultures, becomes problematic. This paper aimed to refute colonialist notions of African makoti by first describing the African daughter-in-law or recently married woman in the context of Proverb 31. Methodologically, through the employment of the decolonial theory and literature review, it confirmed that the esteemed African term makoti originates in Dutch culture rather than the African patriarchal corpus. The primary finding of this study was that, contrary to the stereotype of makoti that has been fortified by colonial context, the real African daughter-in-law is more akin to a Proverb 31 woman. The study concluded that correcting falsehoods like these contributes to the restoration of African culture’s dignity and the veracity of African history, while also challenging the continued colonial narratives that marginalize African women. This study enhances and contributes towards the decolonial agenda by dispelling stereotypes that misplace makoti as an invention of African culture.

Over the past decade, Africa’s trading relationship with China has been growing exponentially. Most African countries have welcomed the trading policies and opportunities offered by China over other Western superpowers. With the emergence of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) bloc, and South Africa leading other African countries to join this grouping, Africa’s trading relationship will be greatly influenced by China and BRICS. Consequently, the key issue now is whether China and BRICS are re-scrambling for Africa’s untapped resources or whether the relationship will create mutual benefits for both sides. Using a qualitative research approach, this article examined China’s interest in Africa and engages the critical question of whether such a relationship will benefit the people of Africa, or it is just another form of neo-colonisation. The study used a desk research approach with data collected from secondary sources such as articles, literature surveys, the internet and other electronic sources dealing with Africa’s trade relations with China. The article concludes that the future of African trade will be dominated by China and BRICS given their continuously growing influence and participation in development projects in the continent, despite accusations of exploitation and abuse by Chinese companies in some parts of Africa. This paper adds to existing literature on enhancing Africa’s trading relationship with China and BRICS.

The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and serves as a protective barrier against external pathogens and environmental factors. It is colonised by a diverse community of microorganisms, collectively known as the skin microbiome. From birth to death, the skin undergoes dynamic changes in microbial composition influenced by endogenous physiological host factors, environmental exposure and various diseases. These microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining the health and functionality of the skin. They contribute to the education and moderation of the immune system, protect against pathogenic invaders and regulate various physiological processes, such as maintaining a healthy barrier. Dysbiosis, characterised by microbial imbalance, is associated with various skin disorders, among others atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris. In recent years, interest has been growing in understanding the role of the skin microbiome in health and disease. Understanding these complex interactions has led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches that target the skin microbiome, including prebiotic and probiotic therapy. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge of the skin microbiome and its impact on human health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northern hemisphere, many species' ranges are shifting northwards with climate change. Here I present evidence, from the first large‐scale citizen science study of the Hippoboscidae in the United Kingdom, for the colonisation of the United Kingdom by three species of Diptera in the family Hippoboscidae, which are obligate ectoparasites of birds. The Swallow Louse Fly, Ornithomya biloba; the Nightjar Louse Fly, Pseudolynchia garzettae and the Pigeon Louse Fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis were previously considered to be vagrants from more southerly latitudes but the presence of a pair taken possibly in the act of copulation, gravid females and the increase in numbers of the various species provides good evidence of local breeding activity. I discuss the potential for further northwards range shift and whether the presence of three new species of parasite may have implications for the spread of avian disease within the region. I also include a concise key to the genus Pseudolynchia and images of P. canariensis, P. garzettae and O. biloba to aid further identification of these species in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This field study records that the Tortonian phosphatic hardground at S'Algar, Menorca has a diverse fossil macrobenthic fauna dominated by bivalves. These faunal elements occur in four preservational forms (A–D). Each taphonomic form within the hardground is characterised by different concentrations of Entobia isp. (clionaid sponge boring) and encrustation. The preservational forms have specific fossil macrofaunas associated with them, and the hardground represents a melange of bioclasts derived from different environments on the Menorcan Miocene shelf. These habitats are influenced by the upwelling event that provides the conditions for hardground mineralisation. A Glycymeris - Crassatella - Clypeaster association (A) records part of a fauna that lived on the upper ramp slope that was periodically affected by high energy and low oxygen conditions due to upwelling waters. The smaller sized fauna (B), characterised by an arcid-carditid-venerid association is derived from the middle ramp that was affected by storms and a more persistent westward flowing current that intermittently drove upwelling. The fragmentary and disarticulated nature of both faunas indicates that they were mixed within the hardground via reworking processes driven by these seafloor energy regimes. Some of the large gastropod taxa, dentition-up Glycymeris and Gastrochaena suggest that the hardground had its own fauna. Preservation A fauna and other opportunistic taxa inhabited an environment where the hardground was exposed on the Miocene seafloor as 'islands' surrounded by thin layers of looser sediment. Phosphatic bioclasts in the underlying limestone indicate that similar mineralised beds were formed elsewhere on the shelf prior to the formation of the studied outcrop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the inadequate recognition and integration of the strengths of Indigenous1 people in direct practice, policy development, and research. To address this concern, I present an Indigenous strengths-based theoretical framework designed to recognise and illuminate the diverse strengths inherent in Indigenous people and communities. The ongoing structure of colonisation often presents challenges for practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and others collaborating with Indigenous people to adopt a strengths-based approach. Unfortunately, well-intentioned collaborators, especially non-Indigenous allies, often succumb to deficit-based thinking and simplistic binary comparative analysis. This article draws inspiration from Dennis Saleebey's (2023) six-step, strengths-based approach, integrating it with a micro, meso, and macro framework and Indigenous Standpoint Theory. The result is an Indigenous strengths-based theoretical framework that embraces a strengths-based approach within the context of Indigenous cultures and world views. This framework fosters the identification and development of Indigenous strengths in a respectful and culturally safe manner.IMPLICATIONSA strengths-based approach must supersede the deficit discourse that continues to be a defining feature of how social workers, allied health professionals, researchers, and policymakers interact with Indigenous Australians.This article draws inspiration from Saleebey’s (2023. The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. In Social work (pp. 230–235). Routledge) six-step approach to a strengths perspective, combined with a systems theory framework and an Indigenous standpoint, and can assist in (re)defining Indigenous strength-based practice.A strengths-based approach must supersede the deficit discourse that continues to be a defining feature of how social workers, allied health professionals, researchers, and policymakers interact with Indigenous Australians.This article draws inspiration from Saleebey’s (2023. The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. In Social work (pp. 230–235). Routledge) six-step approach to a strengths perspective, combined with a systems theory framework and an Indigenous standpoint, and can assist in (re)defining Indigenous strength-based practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of taxonomically cryptic species is essential for the effective conservation of biodiversity. Freshwater‐limited organisms tend to be genetically isolated by drainage boundaries, and thus may be expected to show substantial cryptic phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity. By comparison, populations of diadromous taxa, that migrate between freshwater and marine environments, are expected to show less genetic differentiation. Here we test for cryptic diversity in Australasian populations (both diadromous and non‐diadromous) of two widespread Southern Hemisphere fish species, Galaxias brevipinnis and Galaxias maculatus. Both mtDNA and nuclear markers reveal putative cryptic species within these taxa. The substantial diversity detected within G. brevipinnis may be explained by its strong climbing ability which allows it to form isolated inland populations. In island populations, G. brevipinnis similarly show deeper genetic divergence than those of G. maculatus, which may be explained by the greater abundance of G. maculatus larvae in the sea allowing more ongoing dispersal. Our study highlights that even widespread, 'high‐dispersal' species can harbour substantial cryptic diversity and therefore warrant increased taxonomic and conservation attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonisation and apartheid in South Africa have left deep-rooted trauma in people, especially the black youth. Writer Sindiwe Magona explores the aftermath of apartheid in her novel Mother to Mother (1998), tracing familial and generational tragedies. This article, while exploring the consequences of apartheid, focuses on the role of the absent father and the abusive government in the context of the text. Set around the event of the murder of anti-apartheid activist Amy Biehl in 1993 in Gugulethu, this article investigates the politically volatile environment which impacted black youth psychologically and gives particular attention to the effects of abandonment by a father in the formative years of a child. Therefore, this article explores the nuances of apartheid which impacted the young people to perpetrate further violence, incited by the unjust and racially biased government and the abandonment of fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are a type of spatial population simulation. They are arguably well‐suited to guide conservation in human‐altered landscapes, but their appropriateness for a wide range of species and landscape types has often been questioned. Here, we provide an overview of how SPOM research has expanded over the last three decades and discuss the untapped potential for these models to inform current conservation strategies. Location: Worldwide. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of studies that have fitted SPOMs to real species and landscapes. We assessed temporal trends in SPOMs' use in conservation and management studies, their taxonomic and geographic coverage, and the attributes of studied landscapes. We quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated whether the authors' modelling choices reflected the perceived advantages and disadvantages of SPOMs. Results: The proportion of SPOMs used to answer conservation questions has increased over time. Questions of where, when and how to conserve have all been addressed, sometimes considering additional aspects such as cost‐effectiveness and climate change. Taxonomic diversity coverage has increased over time, and SPOMs have been used in landscapes with a higher proportion of suitable habitat. They have, however, been predominantly applied in temperate biomes. Few studies have explored parameter extrapolation in taxonomically and ecologically related species with mixed results. Main Conclusions: Over the past three decades, authors have exploited the simplicity and flexibility of SPOMs to answer a broad range of questions with practical implications. The use of SPOMs in less fragmented landscapes, and for an increasing range of taxa, suggests that the strictest definitions of their applicability can be challenged. Stochastic patch occupancy models have untapped potential for informing conservation under climate change. Given the urgent need to plan for large numbers of species with limited data for fitting, SPOMs could better fulfil their potential to guide conservation if parameters could be extrapolated to data‐deficient landscapes and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) carriage among parturient women and neonates, and the relative risk of vertical transmission, the relative risk of early and late‐onset GBS and the pooled incidence of early‐late‐onset GBS infection. Methods: A systematic search of relevant cohort studies from three electronic databases to identify all relevant studies published up to 7 November 2022. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Estimates were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analyses. Results: A total of 54 articles with 355 787 matched pairs of parturient women and neonates from 30 countries were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of GBS colonisation was 17.1% among the pregnant women and 1.0% among neonates. The pooled prevalence of vertical transmission of GBS was 4.5% and the pooled relative risk of GBS colonisation of neonates born to mothers with GBS was 9.9. Conclusion: We support the implementation of targeted intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for all women who are positive for GBS as well as women with risks factors for early onset GBS in their infants regardless of their GBS colonisation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We explore the theoretical and methodological aspects of decolonising speech and language therapy (SLT) higher education in the United Kingdom. We begin by providing the background of the Rhodes Must Fall decolonisation movement and the engagement of South African SLTs in the decoloniality agenda. We then discuss the evolution of decoloniality in SLT, highlighting its focus on reimagining the relationships between participants, students, patients and the broader world. Objective: The primary objective of this discussion is to fill a gap in professional literature regarding decoloniality in SLT education. While there is limited research in professional journals, social media platforms have witnessed discussions on decolonisation in SLT. This discussion aims to critically examine issues such as institutional racism, lack of belonging, inequitable services and limited diversity that currently affect the SLT profession, not just in the United Kingdom but globally. Methods: The methods employed in this research involve the engagement of SLT academics in Critical conversations on decolonisation. These conversations draw on reflexivity and reflexive interpretation, allowing for a deeper understanding of the relationship between truth, reality, and the participants in SLT practice and education. The nature of these critical conversations is characterised by their chaotic, unscripted and fluid nature, which encourages the open discussion of sensitive topics related to race, gender, class and sexuality. Discussion points: We present our reflections as academics who participated in the critical conversations. We explore the discomfort experienced by an academic when engaging with decolonisation, acknowledging white privilege, and the need to address fear and an imposter syndrome. The second reflection focuses on the experiences of white academics in grappling with their complicity in a system that perpetuates racism and inequality. It highlights the need for self‐reflection, acknowledging white privilege and working collaboratively with colleagues and students toward constructing a decolonised curriculum. Finally, we emphasise that while action is crucial, this should not undermine the potential of dialogue to change attitudes and pave the way for practical implementation. The paper concludes by emphasising the importance of combining dialogue with action and the need for a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in decolonising SLT education. Conclusion: Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the background, objectives, methods and key reflections related to the decolonisation of SLT higher education in the United Kingdom. It highlights the challenges, discomfort and responsibilities faced by academics in addressing decoloniality and emphasizes the importance of ongoing critical conversations and collective action in effecting meaningful change. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: Prior to this paper, it was known that the decolonial turn in speech and language therapy (SLT) was a recent focus, building on a history of professional transformation in South Africa. However, there was limited literature on decoloniality in professional journals, with most discussions happening on social media platforms. This paper aims to contribute to the literature and provide a critical conversation on decolonising SLT education, via the United Kingdom. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This paper adds a critical conversation on decolonising SLT higher education. It explores theoretical and methodological aspects of decoloniality in the profession, addressing issues such as institutional racism, lack of sense of belonging, inequitable services and limited diversity. The paper highlights the discomfort experienced by academics in engaging with decolonisation and emphasizes the importance of reflection, collaboration and open dialogue for meaningful change. Notably we foreground deimperialisation (vs. decolonisation) as necessary for academics oriented in/with the Global North so that both processes enable each other. Deimperialisation is work that focuses the undoing of privilege exercised by academics in/with the Global North not only for localising their research and education agenda but checking their rite of passage into the lives of those in the Majority World. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: The paper highlights the need for SLT practitioners and educators to critically examine their practices and curricula to ensure they are inclusive, decolonised and responsive to the diverse needs of communities. The discussions emphasise the importance of addressing institutional racism and promoting a sense of belonging for research participants, SLT students and patients. This paper offers insights and recommendations that can inform the development of more equitable and culturally responsive SLT services and education programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumococcal carriage is the primary reservoir for transmission and a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 (PCV13) showed a 62% efficacy in protection against experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B (Spn6B) carriage in a controlled human infection model (CHIM) of healthy Malawian adults. We, therefore, measured humoral responses to experimental challenge and PCV-13 vaccination and determined the association with protection against pneumococcal carriage. We vaccinated 204 young, healthy Malawian adults with PCV13 or placebo and nasally inoculated them with Spn6B at least four weeks post-vaccination to establish carriage. We collected peripheral blood and nasal lining fluid at baseline, 4 weeks post-vaccination (7 days pre-inoculation), 2, 7, 14 and > 1 year post-inoculation. We measured the concentration of anti-serotype 6B Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in serum and nasal lining fluid using the World Health Organization (WHO) standardised enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PCV13-vaccinated adults had higher serum IgG and nasal IgG/IgA anti-Spn6B CPS-specific binding antibodies than placebo recipients 4 to 6 weeks post-vaccination, which persisted for at least a year after vaccination. Nasal challenge with Spn6B did not significantly alter serum or nasal anti-CPS IgG binding antibody titers with or without experimental pneumococcal carriage. Pre-challenge titers of PCV13-induced serum IgG and nasal IgG/IgA anti-Spn6B CPS binding antibodies did not significantly differ between those that got experimentally colonised by Spn6B compared to those that did not. This study demonstrates that despite high PCV13 efficacy against experimental Spn6B carriage in young, healthy Malawian adults, robust vaccine-induced systemic and mucosal anti-Spn6B CPS binding antibodies did not directly relate to protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Meningococcus colonisation rate was investigated for the first time in Hungary. • High meningococcus carriage rate (34.8 %) was found, with a peak at 17–19 years. • Carriage rate was significantly higher among high school students and among males. • Most carried meningococci were non-typable. • From capsulated meningococci, MenB was the most prevalent, followed by MenC and MenY. Neisseria meningitidis causes life-threatening invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) with high mortality worldwide. Asymptomatic pharyngeal meningococcus colonisation is an important reservoir for the spread of the bacterium. The aim of this study was to determine N. meningitidis colonisation rates in asymptomatic high school and university students and to identify risk factors for carriage. Oropharyngeal swab samples and data from a self-reported questionnaire were obtained from overall 610 students, among them 303 university students and 307 high school students, aged between 15 and 31 years in Budapest, Hungary, between November 2017 and December 2018. Meningococcal carriage and serogroup of N. meningitidis were determined by RT-PCR from DNA extracted directly from the specimen. N. meningitidis was identified in 212 (34.8 %) of the participants. Significantly higher carriage rate was found among high school students (48.9 %) compared to university students (20.5 %). Peak of colonisation rate was among 17–19-year-old students (48.7 %). Most carriage isolates were non-typable (87.3 %). From the 212 meningococcus carriers, 19 were colonised by serogroup B (9 %), 5 by serogroup C (2.4 %), and 1 had serogroup Y (0.5 %). Significantly higher colonisation rate was found among males (42.4 %) than in females (33.1 %). Antibiotic use in the past 2 months has decreased the rate of meningococcal colonisation. Recent respiratory infection, active or passive smoking and attending parties have not influenced meningococcal colonisation rate significantly. In conclusion, we have found high asymptomatic meningococcus carriage rate among high school students and young adults, however, the majority of the colonizing meningococci were non-typable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Starz time-travel drama Outlander, World War II nurse Claire Randall is transported back to 1743 while visiting Scotland. While Claire initially tries to travel back to her husband Frank, she soon becomes caught up in rebellion and marries Scottish Jamie Fraser. Claire, an Englishwoman, is forced to acknowledge the harsh realities of British colonial rule in Scotland. Frank's ancestor, British Captain "Black Jack" Randall, serves as a terrifying synecdoche for the colonization of Scotland. In this article, the author argues that Black Jack's obsession with and eventual capture, torture, and rape of Jamie force both Claire and the viewer to bear witness not only to Jamie's own suffering but also to the devastating colonization of Scotland. Outlander constructs Jamie as a wild, romantic hero—paralleling Claire's romanticization of Scotland—and then deconstructs this narrative as it forces its heroine to confront the devastation wrought by her own empire throughout history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideal wife, according to Proverb 31, is far more indispensable in any given society and plays a far less walk-over role in her marriage. Conversely, the highly recognised African term makoti, which originates from abroad (Dutch culture), reduces a newlywed to slave status, at least when understood from its linguistic context. This is because, according to the literature that is currently available, the term makoti originates from either the "Dutch/Afrikaans" phrase Maak ons tee, which roughly translates to "make us tea." Consequently, when considered in light of Proverb 31 woman, the term makoti, as used in most African cultures, becomes problematic. This paper aimed to refute colonialist notions of African makoti by first describing the African daughter-inlaw or recently married woman in the context of Proverb 31. Methodologically, through the employment of the decolonial theory and literature review, it confirmed that the esteemed African term makoti originates in Dutch culture rather than the African patriarchal corpus. The primary finding of this study was that, contrary to the stereotype of makoti that has been fortified by colonial context, the real African daughter-in-law is more akin to a Proverb 31 woman. The study concluded that correcting falsehoods like these contributes to the restoration of African culture's dignity and the veracity of African history, while also challenging the continued colonial narratives that marginalize African women. This study enhances and contributes towards the decolonial agenda by dispelling stereotypes that misplace makoti as an invention of African culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African ecclesiology and development have been highly influenced by the way White Missionaries Christianised Africa. Since Africa regained its independence, progressive scholarly attention was given to the decolonisation discourse, but ecclesial mission continues to bear retrogressive marks of colonial missiology. As Christianity has grown massively in Africa, while declining in Europe and the West, missionary trajectories have changed and a need for the African Church to contribute to integral mission, especially in relation to sustainable development in underdeveloped and developing Africa, has arisen. Therefore, the African Church ought to be interdependent, self-sustaining, self-governing and self-determining, while it appreciates and relates to Western churches as equal partners of the global Church. Problematically, countless African churches are still dependent on their Western mother churches, partners and donors to facilitate local ecclesiastic, leadership and followership development programmes, to the extent that some Africans provokingly infer that the God of the Church in Africa is White. As the gospel is inclusive, having White Westerners ministering to Black African ecclesial work is inclusionary and complementary. However, the failure of Africans to balance foreign support with contextualization hinders their integral mission and contribution to African sustainable development. The Church can only be transformative and relevant if it is well contextualised. Theoretically framed under decoloniality and based on a literature review, this study finds that the Church has not contributed much towards the African socio-economic and political development. It recommends the Church decolonises its sustainability, theological education, leadership development and mission to be contextually transformative.

Missionary encounters were often characterised by shifting and multilinear intents within the broader global spaces. In Africa, the 19th-century missionary encounter happened concomitantly within the nexus of Christianisation, colonisation, and civilisation agendas. Succinctly put, missionaries sent by the London Missionary Society who came to South Africa and had encounters with the Batswana people were equally agents of cultural transfer and imperialism that were linked to Christianisation, colonisation, and civilisation processes. Thus, the missionary mandate was entrenched in evangelisation that constructed and portrayed to Africans the imagery of a monotheistic and monopolistic God, and in the deformation and classification of African cultural practices and religions as heathen, barbaric, and uncivilised. Consequently, the dividing line between Christianisation, colonisation, and civilisation was blurred. This study used desk research to examine the nexus of missionary encounters among the Batswana in South Africa. The findings were that the understanding of Christianity and the imagery of God depicted by the missionaries still has a grip on contemporary Africa. Therefore, there is a dire need to problematise the narrative because it has continued the colonial aspirations of the past. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The study used intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches by engaging the intersectional and decolonial theories together with insights from theology and missiology. This was done to delineate the problem and to argue for the need to decolonise the current narrative. This can, perhaps, transform the status quo and provide opportunities for Africans to define their beings and understanding of God in their terms.

Background: While most infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) affect colonised people, there is limited evidence on MDRO colonisation in South African dialysis patients. Objectives: This study evaluated the prevalence of MDRO colonisation among dialysis patients, the resistance patterns of each MDRO and the risk factors for colonisation. Method: Rectal and nasal swabs were collected from dialysis patients who consented to participate in a 5-month study to identify selected MDROs (April 2021 – August 2021). Specimens were cultured on selected chromogenic media. Data collected included demographics, clinical information from medical records and laboratory results. Results: Multidrug-resistant organisms were isolated from 17 (23.9%) of the 71 enrolled participants. Of the 23 MDRO strains from rectal swabs (n = 71), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales accounted for 21.1% (15/71), vancomycin-resistant enterococci 2.8% (n = 2/71) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales 4.2% (n = 3/71). Klebsiella pneumoniae (65.2%, n = 15/23) was the most prevalent MDRO. More than 80% resistance to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxine, and ciprofloxacin was noted. Significant risk factors included previous hospitalisation, proton pump inhibitor use and antibiotic exposure in the past 6 months. Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant organisms’ carriage was high in our dialysis population. The infection prevention and control measures need to be revised and strengthened. Contribution: This study falls within the scope of the SAJID journal as it is the first within sub-Sahara Africa to report that approximately one-fifth of dialysis patients were colonised with MDRO, which is a significant risk for MDRO infections.

Management research in India has been strongly impacted by paradigms from the natural sciences. Further, most research in India is dominated by US-based theories that discourage indigenous research. This is an outcome of British impact on knowledge in India during the colonial era and US-driven neo-colonial influences on management knowledge in the post-colonial era. This is dysfunctional as managerial interventions are likely to be based on knowledge that is unsuitable for the context. There is an urgency to correct the situation as AI based tools are changing the way knowledge is created, disseminated, and learnt, hurting indigenous knowledge.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease in children, and its aetiological and clinical diagnosis are challenging for physicians in both private practice and hospitals. Over the past three decades, conjugate vaccines have successfully reduced the burden of the former main causes of CAP, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Today, viruses are by far the most commonly detected pathogens in children with CAP. Conclusion: New insights into the aetiology and treatment of CAP in children in recent years have influenced management and are the focus of this review. In addition to reducing diagnostic uncertainty, there is an urgent need to reduce antibiotic overuse and antimicrobial resistance in children with CAP. What is Known: • Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b have shifted the epidemiology of childhood CAP to predominantly viral pathogens and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. • Clinical, laboratory, and radiological criteria cannot reliably distinguish between bacterial and viral aetiology in children with CAP. What is New: • Test results and epidemiological data must be carefully interpreted, as no single diagnostic method applied to non-pulmonary specimens has both high sensitivity and high specificity for determining pneumonia aetiology in childhood CAP. • This review provides a simple and pragmatic management algorithm for children with CAP to aid physicians in providing optimal and safe care and reducing antibiotic prescribing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are facing growing levels of scrutiny to prove their identity to access Indigenous-specific government services designed to mitigate the impacts of past government policies. Yet, it is those who have been most severely impacted by past government policies of forcible removal from Country and separation of families who often face challenges obtaining evidence to prove their Indigeneity. Employing narrative inquiry and collaborative autoethnography, this article draws on the personal reflections and experiences of the Aboriginal authors to explore the health and wellbeing impacts of deficit discourses, perceptions, and judgements about Indigeneity in Australia. Our personal stories are shared to enliven discussion on how proof of Indigeneity requirements may systemically compound ongoing intergenerational trauma. These stories and perspectives are shared to stimulate review of proof of Indigeneity policies and procedures by government agencies and education institutions across Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study implemented Indigenous research methods, including yarning, to understand First Nations youth's perspectives of social and emotional well-being and how e-health can support their well-being. Six First Nations youth (aged 18–25 years, M = 21.33) based in Victoria, Australia, yarned with the First Nations researcher between April and July 2022. Yarns emphasised the importance of connection to family, Community, Mob, Country, and Spirit in maintaining and strengthening well-being. These findings were extended to yarns about e-health, where it was recommended that trust and cultural safety be considered in their design and implementation. These considerations should be explored in light of the ongoing impacts of colonisation, which contribute to fear and mistrust of governments experienced by First Nations youth. The findings provide meaningful contributions to the growing field of e-health and amplify First Nations voices to guide the development of culturally safe and effective e-health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental epigenetics is increasingly employed to understand the health outcomes of communities who have experienced historical trauma and structural violence. Epigenetics provides a way to think about traumatic events and sustained deprivation as biological "exposures" that contribute to ill-health across generations. In Australia, some Indigenous researchers and clinicians are embracing epigenetic science as a framework for theorising the slow violence of colonialism as it plays out in intergenerational legacies of trauma and illness. However, there is dispute, contention, and caution as well as enthusiasm among these research communities. In this article, we trace strategies of "refusal" (Simpson, 2014) in response to epigenetics in Indigenous contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Australia with researchers and clinicians in Indigenous health, we explore how some construct epigenetics as useless knowledge and a distraction from implementing anti-colonial change, rather than a tool with which to enact change. Secondly, we explore how epigenetics narrows definitions of colonial harm through the optic of molecular trauma, reproducing conditions in which Indigenous people are made intelligible through a lens of "damaged" bodies. Faced with these two concerns, many turn away from epigenetics altogether, refusing its novelty and supposed benefit for Indigenous health equity and resisting the pull of postgenomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of the Asia Pacific Economic History Review explores the impact of colonisation on Indigenous populations across the Pacific and American West from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Three of the contributing articles examine ways of modelling Indigeous populations at point of contact and the scale and pace of subsequent declines. A further two explore the problematics of counting violent deaths on the frontier and reconstructing the factors motivating settler aggression. The last article examines the impact of colonisation on sex ratios and the implications of this for marriage rates between and within different ethnicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there have been many attempts to calculate pre‐contact Aboriginal population sizes for Tasmania, estimates have varied from as little as 800 to as many as 20,000. We adapt a technique employed by Noel Butlin to model Australian continental populations in 1788 to the peculiar circumstances of Tasmania. We conclude that higher, rather than lower, pre‐contact populations are likely. While the direct and indirect consequences of conflict were a serious contributor to the collapse in population, introduced disease played a significant role. This included sexually transmitted disease (a cause of declining fertility), as well as pulmonary disorders and crusted scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMFs) that are involved in phosphorus mobilisation and turnover have limited ability to mineralise phytate alone. The endofungal bacteria in the ectomycorrhizal fruiting body may contribute to achieving this ecological function of ECMFs. We investigated the synergistic effect and mechanisms of endofungal bacteria and ECMF Suillus grevillea on phytate mineralisation. The results showed that soluble phosphorus content in the combined system of endofungal bacterium Cedecea lapagei and S. grevillea was 1.8 times higher than the sum of C. lapagei and S. grevillea alone treatment under the phytate mineralisation experiment. The S. grevillea could first chemotactically assist C. lapagei in adhering to the surface of S. grevillea. Then, the mineralisation of phytate was synergistically promoted by increasing the biomass of C. lapagei and the phosphatase and phytase activities of S. grevillea. The expression of genes related to chemotaxis, colonisation, and proliferation of C. lapagei and genes related to phosphatase and phytase activity of S. grevillea was also significantly upregulated. Furthermore, in the pot experiment, we verified that there might exist a ternary symbiotic system in the natural forest in which endofungal bacteria and ECMFs could synergistically promote phytate uptake in the plant Pinus massoniana via the ectomycorrhizal system. Summary Statement: ECMF could recruit endofungal bacteria to synergistically promote phytate mineralisation by regulating gene expression related to Po mineralisation in the combined system, which takes advantage of the absorption of Po by P. massoniana through its ectomycorrhizal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus fumigatus can cause different clinical manifestations/phenotypes in lung transplant (LTx) recipients and patients with chronic respiratory diseases. It can also precipitate chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in LTx recipients. Many host factors have been linked with the severity of A. fumigatus infection, but little is known about the contribution of different A. fumigatus strains to the development of different phenotypes and CLAD. We used multi-locus microsatellite typing (MLMT) to determine if there is a relationship between strain (i.e., genotype) and phenotype in 60 patients post LTx or with chronic respiratory disease across two time periods (1 November 2006–31 March 2009 and 1 November 2015–30 June 2017). The MLMT (STRAf) assay was highly discriminatory (Simpson's diversity index of 0.9819–0.9942) with no dominant strain detected. No specific genotype–phenotype link was detected, but several clusters and related strains were associated with invasive aspergillosis (IA) and colonisation in the absence of CLAD. Host factors were linked to clinical phenotypes, with prior lymphopenia significantly more common in IA cases as compared with A. fumigatus-colonised patients (12/16 [75%] vs. 13/36 [36.1%]; p = 0.01), and prior Staphylococcus aureus infection was a significant risk factor for the development of IA (odds ratio 13.8; 95% confidence interval [2.01–279.23]). A trend toward a greater incidence of CMV reactivation post-A. fumigatus isolation was observed (0 vs. 5; p = 0.06) in LTx recipients. Further research is required to determine the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of specific A. fumigatus strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I evaluate the argument advanced in politics and Christian ethics that I term 'decolonial homophobia': that decolonisation and LGBT+ affirmation are contradictory because LGBT+ rights are a global Northern phenomenon that is imperialistically imposed on the global South. I suggest one premise of the argument is valid—neo-colonial imposition of LGBT+ rights does happen and should be opposed. However, the overall argument fails because it erases or distorts diverse views and complexities of pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial history, and it tacitly supports 'homophobic nationalism' that is oppressive even when advanced in ostensibly decolonial causes. I grant that there are tensions within many current expressions of decolonisation and LGBT+ rights, but argue that Christians should support both decolonisation and LGBT+ rights as intersecting justice issues. I close by suggesting we listen to global Southern LGBT+ activists like Uganda's kuchus on how to navigate this tension and pursue intersectional justice in all societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary reflects upon the constitutional and legal foundations of management of natural resources in Australia. It is a revised version of the 2022 Annual Lecture of the Centre for Resources, Energy and Environmental Law delivered at Melbourne Law School on 3 November 2022. Natural resources have shaped Australia’s history, economy, society and environment for almost 200 years, and continue to do so. The exploitation of these resources involves governments as both proprietors and regulators, together with private enterprise as explorers and developers. The complex relationship between governments and private enterprise provides the central theme of this paper. Australia’s federal system of government adds complexity to that relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastropoda are an exceptionally successful group with a rich and diverse fossil record. They have conquered land and freshwater habitats multiple times independently and have dispersed across the entire globe. Since they are important constituents of fossil assemblages, they are often used for palaeoecological reconstruction, biostratigraphic correlations, and as model groups to study morphological and taxonomic evolution. While marine faunas and their evolution have been a common subject of study, the freshwater component of the fossil record has attracted much less attention, and a global overview is lacking. Here, I review the fossil record of freshwater gastropods on a global scale, ranging from their origins in the late Palaeozoic to the Pleistocene. As compiled here, the global fossil record of freshwater Gastropoda includes 5182 species in 490 genera, 44 families, and 12 superfamilies over a total of ~340 million years. Following a slow and poorly known start in the late Palaeozoic, diversity slowly increased during the Mesozoic. Diversity culminated in an all‐time high in the Neogene, relating to diversification in numerous long‐lived (ancient) lakes in Europe. I summarise well‐documented and hypothesised freshwater colonisation events and compare the patterns found in freshwater gastropods to those in land snails. Furthermore, I discuss potential preservation and sampling biases, as well as the main drivers underlying species diversification in fresh water on a larger scale. In that context, I particularly highlight the importance of long‐lived lakes as islands and archives of evolution and expand a well‐known concept in ecology and evolution to a broader spectrum: scale‐independent ecological opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colonisation by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a global health issue. The identification of patients with a higher risk of colonisation is essential. Patients admitted to internal medicine services might represent a vulnerable population with a high risk of colonisation. This study was the first to assess social and clinical variables associated with a higher risk of perianal colonisation by MDR bacteria in a Spanish cohort of patients admitted to internal medicine service. Methods: Patients admitted to an internal medicine service during 12 months of recruitment (1 March 2022 to 1 March 2023) were included in the study. Perianal swabs were performed at admission to identify the presence of MDR bacteria. Social and clinical variables were collected following a directed acyclic graph. A cluster analysis was performed to identify clinical profiles of higher risk. Bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify potential predictors of MDR bacteria colonisation. Results: A total of 245 patients, according to the required sample size, were included. Of them, 46 (18.8%) were colonised by MDR bacteria in perianal swabs. Female sex, age > 80 years, dependency on activities of daily living, cognitive deterioration and living in long-term care facilities constituted the highest risk clinical profile. After adjustments, living in long-term care facilities and malnutrition remained the main risk factors identified. Conclusion: Patients admitted to internal medicine services presented a high frequency of perianal colonisation by MDR bacteria. Social and clinical variables associated with bio-psycho-social susceptibility were associated with colonisation. Special surveillance is needed in internal medicine services to control the transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supplementation of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been banned in many countries because of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in poultry products and the environment. Probiotics have been broadly studied and demonstrated as a promising AGP substitute. Our study is centred on the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus-based probiotic product on broiler production performance and gut microbial profile in a dexamethasone-induced leaky gut challenge. Two hundred and fifty-six broiler chicks were hatched and randomly assigned into four groups (wheat-soybean meal basal diet (BD) = non-supplemented control (C), BD supplemented with dexamethasone in week 4 (CD), BD containing a probiotic from day one (P), and BD containing a probiotic from day one and supplemented with dexamethasone during challenge week 4 (PD)). The production performance and caecal, gizzard, jejunal lumen and jejunal mucosa swab microbiota were studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Bacillus probiotic product significantly improved production performance and altered caecal gut microbiota (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant impact on microbiota was observed in other gut sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is increasingly diagnosed with highly sensitive PCR diagnostics in immunocompromised, HIV-negative individuals. We assessed the performance of our in-house quantitative PCR with the aim to optimise interpretation. Methods: Retrospective audit of all positive P. jirovecii qPCRs on induced sputum or BAL fluid at a single centre from 2012 to 2023. Medical and laboratory records were analysed and people with HIV were excluded. Cases were categorised as colonisation, high-probability PCP or uncertain PCP infection against a clinical gold standard incorporating clinico-radiological data. Quantitative PCR assay targeting the 5s gene was utilised throughout the time period. Results: Of the 82 positive qPCRs, 28 were categorised as high-probability PCP infection, 30 as uncertain PCP and 24 as colonisation. There was a significant difference in qPCR values stratified by clinical category but not respiratory sample type. Current assay performance with a cutoff of 2.5 × 105 copies/mL had a sensitivity of 50% (95% CI, 30.65–69.35%) and specificity of 83.33% (95% CI, 62.62–95.26%). Youden Index calculated at 6.5 × 104 copies/mL had a sensitivity of 75% (56.64–87.32%, 95% CI) and specificity of 66.67% (46.71–82.03%, 95% CI). High and low cutoffs were explored. Significant variables associated with infection were age > 70 years old, the presence of fever, hypoxia or ground glass changes. Conclusions: A single qPCR cutoff cannot reliably determine P. jirovecii infection from colonisation. Low and high cutoffs are useful, however, a large "possible infection" cohort will remain where interpretation of clinic-radiological factors remains essential. Standardisation of assays with prospective validation in specific immunocompromised groups will allow greater generalisability and allow large-scale prospective assay validation to be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]