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Mandatory disclosure of CEO compensation peers signals potential outside opportunities for the cited CEOs by revealing which companies view them as viable executive candidates. CEOs cited often as compensation peers (especially by larger firms, which represent attractive employment opportunities) are more likely to leave for better positions or receive compensation increases. Equity-based awards following cites by larger firms have shorter vesting periods, suggesting these CEOs gain negotiating power relative to their boards. The disclosure requirement enhanced labor market transparency and led to higher compensation for highly cited CEOs without penalizing less cited CEOs, putting upward pressure on CEO compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic experiences are associated with increased experiences of positive schizotypy. This may be especially important for People of Color, who experience higher rates of trauma and racial discrimination. No study to date has examined how racial disparities in traumatic experiences may impact schizotypy. Furthermore, of the studies that have examined the relationship between trauma and schizotypy, none have examined racial discrimination as a potential moderator. The present study examined if racial discrimination moderates the relationship between trauma and multidimensional (positive, negative, and disorganized) schizotypy. In a sample of 770 college students, we conducted chi-squared analyses, analyses of variance, and stepwise regressions. We found that Black students experienced significantly higher racial discrimination and trauma than Latinx and Asian students. Furthermore, Black and Latinx students experienced significantly more multidimensional schizotypy items than Asian students. Trauma and racial discrimination explained 8 to 23% of the variance in each dimension of schizotypy. Racial discrimination did not moderate the relationships between trauma and multidimensional schizotypy. Our findings suggest that we need to examine risk factors that may prevent recovery from psychotic disorders. Additionally, disorganized schizotypy showed the most robust associations and may be a critical site of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence and aggression continue to be both public health and economic concerns. In an effort to better understand, predict, and prevent violence and aggression, a number of models have been proposed that include both static and dynamic risk factors and indicators. Despite research demonstrating links between cognitive and social-cognitive factors with violence and aggression, their role in understanding violence is still unclear. The current study developed a multi-faceted model of aggression including social-cognitive, cognitive, personality, and psychiatric factors. A community, male sample (N = 1,192) collected through Amazon’s Mturk responded to a series of self-report measures and a cognitive task. Utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM), we created a latent variable path analysis model predicting aggression. Several important paths were significant including from entity theory to aggression, mediated by hostile attribution bias, schizotypy to aggression, mediated by both hostile attribution bias and disinhibition, substance use to aggression mediated by disinhibition, and psychopathy to aggression directly. This model provides a framework for future research that focuses on process factors of violence and aggression, including social-cognitive and cognitive, that may eventually prove valuable for risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) is a useful tool to measure salience abnormalities among the general population. There is strong clinical and scientific evidence that salience alteration is linked to psychosis. To the present day, no meta‐analysis evaluating ASI's psychometric properties and screening potential has been published. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase were searched using terms including "psychosis," "schizophrenia," and "Aberrant Salience Inventory." Observational and experimental studies employing ASI on populations of non‐psychotic controls and patients with psychosis were included. ASI scores and other demographic measures (age, gender, ethnicity) were extracted as outcomes. Individual patients' data (IPD) were collected. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the IPD. Results: Eight articles were finally included in the meta‐analysis. ASI scores differ significantly between psychotic and non‐psychotic populations; a novel three‐factor model is proposed regarding subscales structure. Theoretical positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) were calculated and presented together with different cutoff points depending on preselected specific populations of interest. Discussion: PPV and NPV values reached levels adequate for ASI to be considered a viable screening tool for psychosis. The factor analysis highlights the presence of a novel subscale that was named "Unveiling experiences." Implications regarding the meaning of the new factor structure are discussed, as well as ASI's potential as a screening tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publicly listed firms respond to capital supply conditions shaped by local investing preferences. Public firms headquartered in areas with higher proportions of senior citizens and women use more debt financing. These demographics are associated with conservative investing, leading to a higher and more stable local supply of debt capital. The demographics–leverage relation is more pronounced for firms that cannot easily tap public bond markets, which is the majority of public firms. Changes in firms' financing activities around exogenous shocks to credit supplies, including interstate banking deregulation and the 2008–2009 financial crisis, support the local capital supply hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aberrant salience is the unusual or incorrect assignment of salience, significance, or importance to otherwise innocuous stimuli and has been hypothesized to be important for psychosis and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Despite the importance of this concept in psychosis research, no questionnaire measures are available to assess aberrant salience. The current research describes 4 studies designed to develop and validate the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) as a measure of aberrant salience. In Study 1, an overinclusive item pool was subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, and items were kept or discarded based on factor loadings. In Study 2, the 5-factor structure of the ASI was confirmed with a confirmatory factor analysis, and a 2nd-order factor analysis found evidence consistent with a single higher order factor. Study 2 also provided support for the scale score's convergent validity as the ASI was strongly associated with psychosis-proneness measures and dissociation measures and moderately correlated with measures associated with levels of dopamine. This study also provided support for its discriminant validity as the ASI was only weakly associated with social anhedonia. Study 3 found that participants with elevated psychosis proneness had increased ASI scores, but in contrast, participants with elevated social anhedonia had similar scores to comparison participants. Finally, Study 4 found that participants with a history of psychosis had elevated ASI scores compared to a psychiatric comparison group. Overall, the ASI demonstrated sound psychometric properties and may be useful for measuring aberrant salience and psychosis proneness in clinical and nonclinical samples. (Contains 3 tables.)

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00649.x Byline: David C. Cicero (1), John G. Kerns (1) Abstract: ABSTRACT Schizotypy is thought to reflect liability for schizophrenia and involves at least 3 facets: disorganized, positive, and negative. However, it is unclear whether disorganized and positive facets can be discriminated from dissociation. In the current study with college students (N=325), the best-fitting confirmatory factor model included 3 factors: (a) disorganization, (b) positive-dissociation, and (c) negative. In addition, the pattern of associations with the disorganization and the positive-dissociation factors with individual difference variables was very different. Disorganization was associated with (a) poor cognitive estimation and increased ADHD symptoms, (b) increased emotional confusion, and (c) increased neuroticism and decreased conscientiousness. In contrast, the positive-dissociation factor was associated with (a) an increased influence of emotion on thinking, (b) self-reported childhood abuse, and (c) increased openness to experience. Overall, these results suggest that disorganized schizotypy can be discriminated from dissociation but that positive schizotypy may not be easily discriminated from dissociation. Author Affiliation: (1)University of Missouri Article note: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to John G. Kerns, Department of Psychological Sciences, 214 McAlester Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Email: kernsj@missouri.edu.

Subjective rationality, or the feeling of meaning, was identified by William James (1893) as a central aspect of the non-sensory fringe of consciousness. Three studies examined the interaction of positive affect (PA) and individual differences in intuitive information processing in predicting feelings of meaning for various stimuli and life events. In Study 1 (N = 352), PA and intuition interacted to predict understanding for ambiguous quotes and abstract artwork. In Study 2 (N = 211), similar interactions were found for feelings of meaning for fans after their football team lost a conference championship game and for individuals not directly affected by Hurricane Katrina in events surrounding the hurricane. In Study 3 (N = 41), induced PA interacted with individual differences in intuition in predicting accuracy for coherence judgments for loosely related linguistic triads. Intuitive individuals in the positive mood condition recognized coherent triads more accurately than did other participants. Results axe discussed in terms of the role of individual differences in intuitive information processing in the relationship of PA to cognition. Keywords: intuition, consciousness, positive affect, feelings of meaning DOI: 10.1037/a0019377

Bipolar spectrum disorders have traditionally been thought to be chronic in course. However, recent epidemiologic research suggests that there may be developmentally limited forms of bipolar disorder. Two large, nationally representative studies reveal a strikingly high prevalence of bipolar disorders in emerging adulthood (5.5%-6.2% among 18-24-year-olds) that appear to resolve substantially during the latter half of the 3rd decade of life (3.1%-3.4% among 25-29-year-olds). Although ascertainment bias due to early mortality, institutionalization, incarceration, and homelessness may account for some of this reduction, the prevalence distribution suggests a high incidence in late adolescence and emerging adulthood that appears to resolve spontaneously in most cases. There were very few differences across age groups in symptom endorsement and comorbid diagnoses, suggesting that 18-24-year-olds that meet criteria for bipolar diagnoses experience clinically significant impairment and associated consequences of the disorder. More fine-grained longitudinal research is needed to determine whether developmentally limited forms of bipolar disorder exist and, if so, what markers might distinguish these forms of the disorder from more chronic courses. Keywords: bipolar disorder, developmental psychopathology, epidemiology

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) has emerged out of the quantitative approach to psychiatric nosology. This approach identifies psychopathology constructs based on patterns of co-variation among signs and symptoms. The initial HiTOP model, which was published in 2017, is based on a large literature that spans decades of research. HiTOP is a living model that undergoes revision as new data become available. Here we discuss advantages and practical considerations of using this system in psychiatric practice and research. We especially highlight limitations of HiTOP and ongoing efforts to address them. We describe differences and similarities between HiTOP and existing diagnostic systems. Next, we review the types of evidence that informed development of HiTOP, including populations in which it has been studied and data on its validity. The paper also describes how HiTOP can facilitate research on genetic and environmental causes of psychopathology as well as the search for neurobiologic mechanisms and novel treatments. Furthermore, we consider implications for public health programs and prevention of mental disorders. We also review data on clinical utility and illustrate clinical application of HiTOP. Importantly, the model is based on measures and practices that are already used widely in clinical settings. HiTOP offers a way to organize and formalize these techniques. This model already can contribute to progress in psychiatry and complement traditional nosologies. Moreover, HiTOP seeks to facilitate research on linkages between phenotypes and biological processes, which may enable construction of a system that encompasses both biomarkers and precise clinical description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIPOLAR disorder is increasingly diagnosed in children and adolescents. Given that antidepressants may precipitate mania, and with increased use of antidepressants in youths, it is reasonable to ask whether antidepressant administration might play a role in inducing earlier manic episodes. We reviewed all consecutive admissions with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder to a university-affiliated children's hospital, and collected information regarding previous exposure to antidepressants and stimulants. The mean age of diagnosis of bipolar disorder in our cohort was 12 [+ or -] SD 3.47 years. Children who received prior antidepressant and/or stimulant treatments had an earlier bipolar diagnosis (10.7 [+ or -] 3.05 years) than children never exposed to these medications (12.7 [+ or -] 4.3 years; one-tailed t = -1.33, df = 22, p = .099, power = .93). Stimulants appeared to be tolerated for a longer duration than antidepressants (55.5 [+ or -] 20.42 months vs. 6.7 [+ or -] 8.22 months, t = 6.6, df =12, p = .0001). Despite methodological imperfections, results indicate that children exposed to antidepressants appear to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder earlier than those never exposed to these medications. Although far from conclusive, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that antidepressant treatment is associated with a manic episode earlier than might occur spontaneously.