Author: "Christian Rödenbeck" / Language: english - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Christian Rödenbeck"' showing total 60 results

Start Over Author "Christian Rödenbeck" Language english

60 results on '"Christian Rödenbeck"'

1. The key role of forest disturbance in reconciling estimates of the northern carbon sink

Author: Michael O’Sullivan, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Wouter Peters, Thais M. Rosan, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Stefanie Falk, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Richard A. Houghton, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Jürgen Knauer, Matthew J. McGrath, Yosuke Niwa, Paul I. Palmer, Prabir K. Patra, Julia Pongratz, Benjamin Poulter, Christian Rödenbeck, Clemens Schwingshackl, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Anthony P. Walker, Dongxu Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Abstract Northern forests are an important carbon sink, but our understanding of the driving factors is limited due to discrepancies between dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) and atmospheric inversions. We show that DGVMs simulate a 50% lower sink (1.1 ± 0.5 PgC yr−1 over 2001–2021) across North America, Europe, Russia, and China compared to atmospheric inversions (2.2 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1). We explain why DGVMs underestimate the carbon sink by considering how they represent disturbance processes, specifically the overestimation of fire emissions, and the lack of robust forest demography resulting in lower forest regrowth rates than observed. We reconcile net sink estimates by using alternative disturbance-related fluxes. We estimate carbon uptake through forest regrowth by combining satellite-derived forest age and biomass maps. We calculate a regrowth flux of 1.1 ± 0.1 PgC yr−1, and combine this with satellite-derived estimates of fire emissions (0.4 ± 0.1 PgC yr−1), land-use change emissions from bookkeeping models (0.9 ± 0.2 PgC yr−1), and the DGVM-estimated sink from CO2 fertilisation, nitrogen deposition, and climate change (2.2 ± 0.9 PgC yr−1). The resulting ‘bottom-up’ net flux of 2.1 ± 0.9 PgC yr−1 agrees with atmospheric inversions. The reconciliation holds at regional scales, increasing confidence in our results.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Satellite-detected large CO2 release in southwestern North America during the 2020–2021 drought and associated wildfires

Author: Hui Chen, Wei He, Jinxiu Liu, Ngoc Tu Nguyen, Frédéric Chevallier, Hua Yang, Yiming Lv, Chengcheng Huang, Christian Rödenbeck, Scot M Miller, Fei Jiang, Junjie Liu, Matthew S Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Zhiqiang Liu, Ning Zeng, Sourish Basu, and David F Baker
Subjects: land carbon uptake, CO2 emission, atmospheric inversion, carbon observatory–2, CO2 column concentration, drought and wildfires, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Southwestern North America (SWNA) continuously experienced megadroughts and large wildfires in 2020 and 2021. Here, we quantified their impact on the terrestrial carbon budget using net biome production (NBP) estimates from an ensemble of atmospheric inversions assimilating in-situ CO _2 and Carbon Observatory – 2 (OCO-2) satellite XCO _2 retrievals (OCO-2 v10 MIP Extension), two satellite-based gross primary production (GPP) datasets, and two fire CO _2 emission datasets. We found that the 2020 – 2021 drought and associated wildfires in SWNA led to a large CO _2 loss, an ensemble mean of 95.07 TgC estimated by the satellite inversions using both nadir and glint XCO _2 retrievals (LNLG) within the OCO-2 v10 MIP, greater than 80% of SWNA’s annual total carbon sink. Moreover, the carbon loss in 2020 was mainly contributed by fire emissions while in 2021 mainly contributed by drought impacts on terrestrial carbon uptake. In addition, the satellite inversions indicated the huge carbon loss was mainly contributed by fire emissions from forests and grasslands along with carbon uptake reductions due to drought impacts on grasslands and shrublands. This study provides a process understanding of how some droughts and following wildfires affect the terrestrial carbon budget on a regional scale.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Regional and seasonal partitioning of water and temperature controls on global land carbon uptake variability

Author: Kai Wang, Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, Xuhui Wang, Christian Rödenbeck, Pierre Gentine, Frédéric Chevallier, Vincent W. Humphrey, Chris Huntingford, Michael O’Sullivan, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Stephen Sitch, and Shilong Piao
Subjects: Science
Abstract: The dominant driver of variations in global land carbon sink remains unclear. Here the authors show that the seasonal compensation of temperature effects on land carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere could induce a global water dominance.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Decadal variability in land carbon sink efficiency

Author: Lei Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Ana Bastos, Ashley P. Ballantyne, Frederic Chevallier, Thomas Gasser, Masayuki Kondo, Julia Pongratz, Christian Rödenbeck, and Wei Li
Subjects: Land carbon sink efficiency, Carbon neutrality, Trend reversal, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Abstract Background The climate mitigation target of limiting the temperature increase below 2 °C above the pre-industrial levels requires the efforts from all countries. Tracking the trajectory of the land carbon sink efficiency is thus crucial to evaluate the nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Here, we define the instantaneous land sink efficiency as the ratio of natural land carbon sinks to emissions from fossil fuel and land-use and land-cover change with a value of 1 indicating carbon neutrality to track its temporal dynamics in the past decades. Results Land sink efficiency has been decreasing during 1957–1990 because of the increased emissions from fossil fuel. After the effect of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption diminished (after 1994), the land sink efficiency firstly increased before 2009 and then began to decrease again after 2009. This reversal around 2009 is mostly attributed to changes in land sinks in tropical regions in response to climate variations. Conclusions The decreasing trend of land sink efficiency in recent years reveals greater challenges in climate change mitigation, and that climate impacts on land carbon sinks must be accurately quantified to assess the effectiveness of regional scale climate mitigation policies.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget

Author: Judith Hauck, Moritz Zeising, Corinne Le Quéré, Nicolas Gruber, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Özgür Gürses, Tatiana Ilyina, Peter Landschützer, Andrew Lenton, Laure Resplandy, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, and Roland Séférian
Subjects: ocean carbon uptake, anthropogenic CO2, ocean carbon cycle model evaluation, riverine carbon flux, variability of the ocean carbon sink, seasonal cycle, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Based on the 2019 assessment of the Global Carbon Project, the ocean took up on average, 2.5 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1 or 23 ± 5% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions over the decade 2009–2018. This sink estimate is based on simulation results from global ocean biogeochemical models (GOBMs) and is compared to data-products based on observations of surface ocean pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) accounting for the outgassing of river-derived CO2. Here we evaluate the GOBM simulations by comparing the simulated surface ocean pCO2 to observations. Based on this comparison, the simulations are well-suited for quantifying the global ocean carbon sink on the time-scale of the annual mean and its multi-decadal trend (RMSE
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Southern Annular Mode Influence on Wintertime Ventilation of the Southern Ocean Detected in Atmospheric O2 and CO2 Measurements

Author: Cynthia D. Nevison, David R. Munro, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Ralph F. Keeling, Manfredi Manizza, Eric J. Morgan, and Christian Rödenbeck
Subjects: atmospheric potential oxygen, carbon dioxide, air‐sea flux, Antarctic oscillation, Southern Annular Mode, seasonal cycles, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract: Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the dominant mode of climate variability in the Southern Ocean, but only a few observational studies have linked variability in SAM to changes in ocean circulation. Atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) combines atmospheric O2/N2 and CO2 data to mask the influence of terrestrial exchanges, yielding a tracer that is sensitive mainly to ocean circulation and biogeochemistry. We show that observed wintertime anomalies of APO are significantly correlated to SAM in 25‐ to 30‐year time series at three Southern Hemisphere sites, while CO2 anomalies are also weakly correlated. We find additional correlations between SAM and O2 air‐sea fluxes in austral winter inferred from both an atmospheric inversion of observed APO and a forced ocean biogeochemistry model simulation. The model results indicate that the correlation with SAM is mechanistically linked to stronger wind speeds and upwelling, which brings oxygen‐depleted deep waters to the surface.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Land use change and El Niño-Southern Oscillation drive decadal carbon balance shifts in Southeast Asia

Author: Masayuki Kondo, Kazuhito Ichii, Prabir K. Patra, Joseph G. Canadell, Benjamin Poulter, Stephen Sitch, Leonardo Calle, Yi Y. Liu, Albert I. J. M. van Dijk, Tazu Saeki, Nobuko Saigusa, Pierre Friedlingstein, Almut Arneth, Anna Harper, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, Charles Koven, Fang Li, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Sönke Zaehle, Andy Wiltshire, Frederic Chevallier, Takashi Maki, Takashi Nakamura, Yosuke Niwa, and Christian Rödenbeck
Subjects: Science
Abstract: The carbon balance in Southeast Asia is highly uncertain. Here, the authors show that land use changes and occurrence of strong El Niño control decadal shifts in the carbon balance of this region.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. European land CO2 sink influenced by NAO and East-Atlantic Pattern coupling

Author: Ana Bastos, Ivan A. Janssens, Célia M. Gouveia, Ricardo M. Trigo, Philippe Ciais, Frédéric Chevallier, Josep Peñuelas, Christian Rödenbeck, Shilong Piao, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Steven W. Running
Subjects: Science
Abstract: The relationship between terrestrial carbon sinks and atmospheric modes of variability remains uncertain. Here, the authors show that the coupling of the North Atlantic Oscillation and East-Atlantic patterns explains variations in the European CO2sink from 1982 to 2012.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Benchmarking carbon fluxes of the ISIMIP2a biome models

Author: Jinfeng Chang, Philippe Ciais, Xuhui Wang, Shilong Piao, Ghassem Asrar, Richard Betts, Frédéric Chevallier, Marie Dury, Louis François, Katja Frieler, Anselmo García Cantú Ros, Alexandra-Jane Henrot, Thomas Hickler, Akihiko Ito, Catherine Morfopoulos, Guy Munhoven, Kazuya Nishina, Sebastian Ostberg, Shufen Pan, Shushi Peng, Rashid Rafique, Christopher Reyer, Christian Rödenbeck, Sibyll Schaphoff, Jörg Steinkamp, Hanqin Tian, Nicolas Viovy, Jia Yang, Ning Zeng, and Fang Zhao
Subjects: carbon fluxes, model evaluation, ENSO, terrestrial ecosystems, climate change, interannual variability, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the eight ISIMIP2a biome models against independent estimates of long-term net carbon fluxes (i.e. Net Biome Productivity, NBP) over terrestrial ecosystems for the recent four decades (1971–2010). We evaluate modeled global NBP against 1) the updated global residual land sink (RLS) plus land use emissions ( E _LUC ) from the Global Carbon Project (GCP), presented as R + L in this study by Le Quéré et al ( 2015 ), and 2) the land CO _2 fluxes from two atmospheric inversion systems: Jena CarboScope s81_v3.8 and CAMS v15r2, referred to as F _Jena and F _CAMS respectively. The model ensemble-mean NBP (that includes seven models with land-use change) is higher than but within the uncertainty of R + L, while the simulated positive NBP trend over the last 30 yr is lower than that from R + L and from the two inversion systems. ISIMIP2a biome models well capture the interannual variation of global net terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes. Tropical NBP represents 31 ± 17% of global total NBP during the past decades, and the year-to-year variation of tropical NBP contributes most of the interannual variation of global NBP. According to the models, increasing Net Primary Productivity (NPP) was the main cause for the generally increasing NBP. Significant global NBP anomalies from the long-term mean between the two phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are simulated by all models ( p < 0.05), which is consistent with the R + L estimate ( p = 0.06), also mainly attributed to NPP anomalies, rather than to changes in heterotrophic respiration (Rh). The global NPP and NBP anomalies during ENSO events are dominated by their anomalies in tropical regions impacted by tropical climate variability. Multiple regressions between R + L, F _Jena and F _CAMS interannual variations and tropical climate variations reveal a significant negative response of global net terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes to tropical mean annual temperature variation, and a non-significant response to tropical annual precipitation variation. According to the models, tropical precipitation is a more important driver, suggesting that some models do not capture the roles of precipitation and temperature changes adequately.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. Impact of Changing Winds on the Mauna Loa CO2 Seasonal Cycle in Relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Author: Yuming Jin, Ralph F. Keeling, Christian Rödenbeck, Prabir K. Patra, Stephen C. Piper, and Armin Schwartzman
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

11. Reassessing Southern Ocean Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Estimates With the Addition of Biogeochemical Float Observations

Author: Seth M. Bushinsky, Peter Landschützer, Christian Rödenbeck, Alison R. Gray, David Baker, Matthew R. Mazloff, Laure Resplandy, Kenneth S. Johnson, and Jorge L. Sarmiento
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. Global atmospheric CO2 inverse models converging on neutral tropical land exchange, but disagreeing on fossil fuel and atmospheric growth rate

Author: Benjamin Gaubert, Britton B. Stephens, Sourish Basu, Frédéric Chevallier, Feng Deng, Eric A. Kort, Prabir K. Patra, Wouter Peters, Christian Rödenbeck, Tazu Saeki, David Schimel, Ingrid Van der Laan-Luijkx, Steven Wofsy, and Yi Yin
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. State of the science in reconciling top‐down and bottom‐up approaches for terrestrial CO2 budget

Author: Masayuki Kondo, Prabir K. Patra, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Benjamin Poulter, Frederic Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Josep G. Canadell, Ana Bastos, Ronny Lauerwald, Leonardo Calle, Kazuhito Ichii, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, Markus Kautz, Rachel M. Law, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Takashi Maki, Takashi Nakamura, Philippe Peylin, Christian Rödenbeck, Ruslan Zhuravlev, Tazu Saeki, Hanqin Tian, Dan Zhu, and Tilo Ziehn
Subjects: Earth Resources And Remote Sensing
Abstract: Robust estimates of CO2 budget, CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, are necessary to better understand the role of the terrestrial biosphere in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Over the past decade, this field of research has advanced through understanding of the differences and similarities of two fundamentally different approaches: “top‐down” atmospheric inversions and “bottom‐up” biosphere models. Since the first studies were undertaken, these approaches have shown an increasing level of agreement, but disagreements in some regions still persist, in part because they do not estimate the same quantity of atmosphere–biosphere CO2 exchange. Here, we conducted a thorough comparison of CO2 budgets at multiple scales and from multiple methods to assess the current state of the science in estimating CO2 budgets. Our set of atmospheric inversions and biosphere models, which were adjusted for a consistent flux definition, showed a high level of agreement for global and hemispheric CO2 budgets in the 2000s. Regionally, improved agreement in CO2 budgets was notable for North America and Southeast Asia. However, large gaps between the two methods remained in East Asia and South America. In other regions, Europe, boreal Asia, Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, it was difficult to determine whether those regions act as a net sink or source because of the large spread in estimates from atmospheric inversions. These results highlight two research directions to improve the robustness of CO2 budgets: (a) to increase representation of processes in biosphere models that could contribute to fill the budget gaps, such as forest regrowth and forest degradation; and (b) to reduce sink–source compensation between regions (dipoles) in atmospheric inversion so that their estimates become more comparable. Advancements on both research areas will increase the level of agreement between the top‐down and bottom‐up approaches and yield more robust knowledge of regional CO2 budgets.
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Global Carbon Budget 2019

Author: Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Ana Bastos, Vladislav Bastrikov, Meike Becker, Laurent Bopp, Erik Buitenhuis, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Kim I. Currie, Richard A. Feely, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Daniel S. Goll, Nicolas Gruber, Sören Gutekunst, Ian Harris, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, George Hurtt, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Jed O. Kaplan, Etsushi Kato, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Anna Peregon, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Roland Séférian, Jörg Schwinger, Naomi Smith, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco N. Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Andrew J. Wiltshire, and Sönke Zaehle
Subjects: Earth Resources And Remote Sensing
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (E(FF)) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (E(LUC)), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (S(OCEAN)) and terrestrial CO2 sink (S(LAND)) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B(IM)), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2009–2018), E(FF) was 9.5±0.5 GtC/yr, E(LUC) 1.5±0.7 GtC/yr, G(ATM) 4.9±0.02 GtC/yr (2.3±0.01 ppm/yr), S(OCEAN) 2.5±0.6 GtC/yr, and S(LAND) 3.2±0.6 GtC/yr, with a budget imbalance B(IM) of 0.4 GtC/yr indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in E(FF) was about 2.1 % and fossil emissions increased to 10.0±0.5 GtC/yr, reaching 10 GtC/yr for the first time in history, E(LUC) was 1.5±0.7 GtC/yr, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5±0.9 GtC/yr (42.5±3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2018, G(ATM) was 5.1±0.2 GtC/yr (2.4±0.1 ppm/yr), S(OCEAN) was 2.6±0.6 GtC/yr, and S(LAND) was 3.5±0.7 GtC/yr, with a B(IM) of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 407.38±0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6–10 months indicate a reduced growth in E(FF) of +0.6 % (range of −0.2 % to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC/yr persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013).
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Spring photosynthetic onset and net CO2 uptake in Alaska triggered by landscape thawing

Author: Nicholas C. Parazoo, Almut Arneth, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Ben Smith, Nicholas Steiner, Kristina Luus, Roisin Commane, Josh Benmergui, Eric Stofferahn, Junjie Liu, Christian Rödenbeck, Randy Kawa, Eugenie Euskirchen, Donatella Zona, Kyle Arndt, Walt Oechel, and Charles Miller
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. Sparse observations induce large biases in estimates of the global ocean CO2 sink: An ocean model subsampling experiment

Author: Judith Hauck, Cara Nissen, Peter Landschützer, Christian Rödenbeck, Seth Bushinsky, and Are Olsen
Subjects: General Mathematics, ocean carbon sink, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, carbon dioxide, observation system design, pCO(2) observations
Abstract: Estimates of ocean CO 2 uptake from global ocean biogeochemistry models and p CO 2 -based data products differ substantially, especially in high latitudes and in the trend of the CO 2 uptake since 2000. Here, we assess the effect of data sparsity on two p CO 2 -based estimates by subsampling output from a global ocean biogeochemistry model. The estimates of the ocean CO 2 uptake are improved from a sampling scheme that mimics present-day sampling to an ideal sampling scheme with 1000 evenly distributed sites. In particular, insufficient sampling has given rise to strong biases in the trend of the ocean carbon sink in the p CO 2 products. The overestimation of the CO 2 flux trend by 20–35% globally and 50–130% in the Southern Ocean with the present-day sampling is reduced to less than 15 % with the ideal sampling scheme. A substantial overestimation of the decadal variability of the Southern Ocean carbon sink occurs in one product and appears related to a skewed data distribution in p CO 2 space. With the ideal sampling, the bias in the mean CO 2 flux is reduced from 9–12% to 2–9% globally and from 14–26% to 5–17% in the Southern Ocean. On top of that, discrepancies of about 0.4 PgC yr − 1 (15%) persist due to uncertainties in the gas-exchange calculation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.
Published: 2023

17. Diagnosing destabilization risk in global land carbon sinks

Author: Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Josep Peñuelas, Frederic Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Michael Obersteiner, Christian Rödenbeck, Jordi Sardans, Sara Vicca, Hui Yang, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vivek K. Arora, Daniel S. Goll, Atul K. Jain, Danica L. Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Ivan A. Janssens, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Biology, Engineering sciences. Technology
Abstract: Global net land carbon uptake or net biome production (NBP) has increased during recent decades1. Whether its temporal variability and autocorrelation have changed during this period, however, remains elusive, even though an increase in both could indicate an increased potential for a destabilized carbon sink2,3. Here, we investigate the trends and controls of net terrestrial carbon uptake and its temporal variability and autocorrelation from 1981 to 2018 using two atmospheric-inversion models, the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 concentration derived from nine monitoring stations distributed across the Pacific Ocean and dynamic global vegetation models. We find that annual NBP and its interdecadal variability increased globally whereas temporal autocorrelation decreased. We observe a separation of regions characterized by increasingly variable NBP, associated with warm regions and increasingly variable temperatures, lower and weaker positive trends in NBP and regions where NBP became stronger and less variable. Plant species richness presented a concave-down parabolic spatial relationship with NBP and its variability at the global scale whereas nitrogen deposition generally increased NBP. Increasing temperature and its increasing variability appear as the most important drivers of declining and increasingly variable NBP. Our results show increasing variability of NBP regionally that can be mostly attributed to climate change and that may point to destabilization of the coupled carbon–climate system.
Published: 2023

18. Intercomparison of atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide (TransCom-COS; Part one): Evaluating the impact of transport and emissions on tropospheric variability using ground-based and aircraft data

Author: Marine Remaud, Jin Ma, Maarten C. Krol, Camille Abadie, Mike Cartwright, Prabir K. Patra, Yosuke Niwa, Christian Rödenbeck, Sauveur Belviso, Linda Kooijmans, Sinikka Lennartz, Fabienne Maignan, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Richard J Pope, Jeremy J Harrison, Chris Wilson, and Philippe Peylin
Abstract: We present a comparison of atmospheric transport model simulations for carbonyl sulfide (COS), within the framework of the ongoing atmospheric tracer transport model intercomparison project “TransCom”. Seven atmospheric transport models participated in the inter-comparison experiment and provided simulations of COS mixing ratios in the troposphere over a 9-year period (2010–2018), using prescribed state-of-the-art surface fluxes for various components of the atmospheric COS budget: biospheric sink, oceanic source, sources from fire and industry. Since the biosphere is the largest sink of COS, we tested sink estimates produced by two different biosphere models. The main goals of TransCom-COS are (a) to investigate the impact of the transport uncertainty and emission distribution in simulating the spatio-temporal variability of COS mixing ratios in the troposphere, and (b) to assess the sensitivity of simulated tropospheric COS mixing ratios to the seasonal and diurnal variability of the COS biosphere fluxes. To this end, a control case with state-of-the-art seasonal fluxes of COS was constructed. Models were run with the same fluxes and without chemistry to isolate transport differences. Further, two COS flux scenarios were compared: one using a biosphere flux with a monthly time resolution and the other using a biosphere flux with a three-hourly time resolution. In addition, we investigated the sensitivity of the simulated concentrations to different biosphere fluxes and to indirect oceanic emissions through dimethylsulfide (DMS) and carbon disulfide (CS2). The modelled COS mixing ratios were assessed against in-situ observations from surface stations and aircraft.
Published: 2022

19. Increasing summer net CO2 uptake in high northern ecosystems inferred from atmospheric inversions and comparisons to remote-sensing NDVI

Author: Lisa R. Welp, Prabir K. Patra, Christian Rödenbeck, Rama Nemani, Jian Bi, Stephen C. Piper, and Ralph F. Keeling
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Global Carbon Budget 2021

Author: Nathalie Lefèvre, Thomas Gasser, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, Andy Wiltshire, Eddy Robertson, Frédéric Chevallier, George C. Hurtt, Michael O'Sullivan, Steve D Jones, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Robert B. Jackson, Yosuke Niwa, Benjamin Poulter, Andrew J. Watson, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Gregor Rehder, T. Chau, Philippe Ciais, Christian Rödenbeck, J. G. Canadell, N. R. Bates, C. Wada, Judith Hauck, Colm Sweeney, Yosuke Iida, Giacomo Grassi, D. Gilfillan, R. Wanninkhof, Thais M. Rosan, Margot Cronin, J. Liu, Peter Anthoni, Robbie M. Andrew, C. Schwingshackl, X. Dou, Ian Harris, T. Ono, Siv K. Lauvset, David R. Willis, Thanos Gkritzalis, Laure Resplandy, C. Le Quéré, N. Vuichard, Gregg Marland, Matthew W. Jones, Richard A. Feely, Patrick C. McGuire, Xu Yue, Pieter P. Tans, Roland Séférian, Liang Feng, Peter Landschützer, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Pierre Friedlingstein, Francesco N. Tubiello, O. Gürses, Sönke Zaehle, Denis Pierrot, G. R. van der Werf, Chao Yue, Arne Körtzinger, Sebastian Lienert, Nicolas Gruber, S. Nakaoka, Jürgen Knauer, D. Kennedy, Luke Gregor, Hanqin Tian, J. Zeng, Wouter Peters, L. Djeutchouang, B. Decharme, Richard A. Houghton, Wenping Yuan, Julia Pongratz, David R. Munro, Atul K. Jain, Joe R. Melton, Nicolas Bellouin, Etsushi Kato, Wiley Evans, Meike Becker, Jörg Schwinger, Toste Tanhua, Laurent Bopp, Tatiana Ilyina, Adrienne J. Sutton, Louise Chini, Kim I. Currie, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Stephen Sitch, and Simone R. Alin
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Biosphere, Biogeochemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Deforestation, Greenhouse gas, 11. Sustainability, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, Sink (computing), 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data-products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gases inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries’ climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1 and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021, suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.9 % (4.1 % to 5.7 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra- tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2020; Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, 2018a, 2016, 2015b, 2015a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
Published: 2022

21. Patterns and trends of the dominant environmental controls of net biome productivity

Author: Alessandro Cescatti, Christian Rödenbeck, Mirco Migliavacca, and Barbara Marcolla
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biome, lcsh:Life, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, lcsh:QH540-549.5, medicine, Ecosystem, Temporal scales, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Carbon sink, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Arid, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: In the last decades terrestrial ecosystems have reabsorbed on average more than one-quarter of anthropogenic emissions (Le Quéré et al., 2018). However, this large carbon sink is modulated by climate and is therefore highly variable in time and space. The magnitude and temporal changes in the sensitivity of terrestrial CO2 fluxes to climate drivers are key factors to determine future atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate trajectories. In the literature, there is so far a strong focus on the climatic controls of daily and long-term variability, while less is known about the key drivers at a seasonal timescale and about their variation over time (Wohlfahrt et al., 2008). This latter temporal scale is relevant to assess which climatic drivers dominate the seasonality of the fluxes and to understand which factors limit the CO2 exchange during the course of the year. Here, we investigate the global sensitivity of net terrestrial CO2 fluxes, derived from atmospheric inversion, to three key climate drivers (i.e. global radiation and temperature from WFDEI and soil water content from ERA-Interim) from weekly to seasonal temporal scales, in order to explore the short-term interdependence between climate and the terrestrial carbon budget. We observed that the CO2 exchange is controlled by temperature during the carbon uptake period over most of the land surface (from 55 % to 52 % of the total surface), while radiation is the most widespread dominant climate driver during the carbon release period (from 64 % to 70 % of the total surface). As expected, soil water content plays a key role in arid regions of the Southern Hemisphere during both the carbon uptake and the carbon release period. Looking at the decadal trend of these sensitivities (1985–2016) we observed that the importance of radiation as a driver is increasing over time, while we observed a decrease in sensitivity to temperature in Eurasia. Overall, we show that flux temporal variation due to a specific driver has been dominated by the temporal changes in ecosystem sensitivity (i.e. the response of ecosystem to climate) rather than to the temporal variability of the climate driver itself over the last decades. Ultimately, this analysis shows that the ecosystem response to climate is significantly changing both in space and in time, with potential repercussion on the future terrestrial CO2 sink and therefore on the role that land may play in climate trajectories.
Published: 2020

22. Are Land-Use Change Emissions in Southeast Asia Decreasing or Increasing?

Author: Masayuki Kondo, Stephen Sitch, Philippe Ciais, Frédéric Achard, Etsushi Kato, Julia Pongratz, Richard A. Houghton, Josep G. Canadell, Prabir K. Patra, Pierre Friedlingstein, Wei Li, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Frédéric Chevallier, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Anna Harper, Atul K. Jain, Charles Koven, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Takashi Maki, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Takashi Nakamura, Yosuke Niwa, Philippe Peylin, Benjamin Poulter, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Christian Rödenbeck, Tazu Saeki, Benjamin Stocker, Nicolas Viovy, Andy Wiltshire, Sönke Zaehle, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, Aging, Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, 530 Physics, Life on Land, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, forest area, atmospheric inversions, Oceanography, Southeast Asia, book-keeping models, Atmospheric Sciences, Earth sciences, Geochemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ddc:550, Environmental Chemistry, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, land-use changes, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Southeast Asia is a region known for active land-use changes (LUC) over the past 60 years; yet, how trends in net CO2 uptake and release resulting from LUC activities (net LUC flux) have changed through past decades remains uncertain. The level of uncertainty in net LUC flux from process-based models is so high that it cannot be concluded that newer estimates are necessarily more reliable than older ones. Here, we examined net LUC flux estimates of Southeast Asia for the 1980s−2010s from older and newer sets of Dynamic Global Vegetation Model simulations (TRENDY v2 and v7, respectively), and forcing data used for running those simulations, along with two book-keeping estimates (H&N and BLUE). These estimates yielded two contrasting historical LUC transitions, such that TRENDY v2 and H&N showed a transition from increased emissions from the 1980s to 1990s to declining emissions in the 2000s, while TRENDY v7 and BLUE showed the opposite transition. We found that these contrasting transitions originated in the update of LUC forcing data, which reduced the loss of forest area during the 1990s. Further evaluation of remote sensing studies, atmospheric inversions, and the history of forestry and environmental policies in Southeast Asia supported the occurrence of peak emissions in the 1990s and declining thereafter. However, whether LUC emissions continue to decline in Southeast Asia remains uncertain as key processes in recent years, such as conversion of peat forest to oil-palm plantation, are yet to be represented in the forcing data, suggesting a need for further revision., Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36 (1), ISSN:0886-6236, ISSN:1944-9224
Published: 2022

23. Strong Southern Ocean carbon uptake evident in airborne observations

Author: Kathryn McKain, Eric A. Kort, Steven C. Wofsy, Matthew C. Long, Wouter Peters, Britton B. Stephens, J. D. Bent, Ralph F. Keeling, Bruce C. Daube, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Christian Rödenbeck, Michel Ramonet, Prabir K. Patra, Zoe Loh, Colm Sweeney, Pieter P. Tans, Frédéric Chevallier, Ann R. Stavert, Paul B. Krummel, Roisin Commane, David R. Munro, Naveen Chandra, Eric J. Morgan, Isotope Research, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, WIMEK, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Carbon uptake, Luchtkwaliteit, 01 natural sciences, Air Quality, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Life Science, 14. Life underwater, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Southern Ocean plays an important role in determining atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), yet estimates of air-sea CO2 flux for the region diverge widely. In this study, we constrained Southern Ocean air-sea CO2 exchange by relating fluxes to horizontal and vertical CO2 gradients in atmospheric transport models and applying atmospheric observations of these gradients to estimate fluxes. Aircraft-based measurements of the vertical atmospheric CO2 gradient provide robust flux constraints. We found an annual mean flux of –0.53 ± 0.23 petagrams of carbon per year (net uptake) south of 45°S during the period 2009–2018. This is consistent with the mean of atmospheric inversion estimates and surface-ocean partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2)–based products, but our data indicate stronger annual mean uptake than suggested by recent interpretations of profiling float observations.
Published: 2021

24. The Community Inversion Framework v1.0: A unified system for atmospheric inversion studies

Author: Rona Thompson, Wouter Peters, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Joël Thanwerdas, Grégoire Broquet, Werner L. Kutsch, Peter Bergamaschi, Richard Engelen, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christoph Gerbig, Espen Sollum, Philippe Peylin, Christian Rödenbeck, Yuanhong Zhao, Isabelle Pison, Sanne Houweling, Marko Scholze, Adrien Berchet, Elise Potier, Ute Karstens, Paul I. Palmer, Dominik Brunner, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Aki Tsuruta, Guillaume Monteil, Marielle Saunois, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Antoine Berchet, Stephan Henne, Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pprime (PPRIME), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Community Inversion Framework is currently funded by the project (http://verify.lsce.ipsl.fr, last access:23 August 2021), which received funding from the EuropeanUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme undergrant agreement no. 776810, European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018), Isotope Research, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hydrodynamique et Ecoulements Environnementaux (HydEE), Département Fluides, Thermique et Combustion (FTC), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pprime (PPRIME), Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), ENSMA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], and University of Edinburgh
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, Luchtkwaliteit, 01 natural sciences, Air Quality, Data assimilation, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, Leverage (statistics), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Protocol (object-oriented programming), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, computer.programming_language, Flexibility (engineering), [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, WIMEK, Bayesian optimization, Inversion (meteorology), Geology, Python (programming language), 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Systems engineering, computer
Abstract: Atmospheric inversion approaches are expected to play a critical role in future observation-based monitoring systems for surface fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), pollutants and other trace gases. In the past decade, the research community has developed various inversion software, mainly using variational or ensemble Bayesian optimization methods, with various assumptions on uncertainty structures and prior information and with various atmospheric chemistry–transport models. Each of them can assimilate some or all of the available observation streams for its domain area of interest: flask samples, in situ measurements or satellite observations. Although referenced in peer-reviewed publications and usually accessible across the research community, most systems are not at the level of transparency, flexibility and accessibility needed to provide the scientific community and policy makers with a comprehensive and robust view of the uncertainties associated with the inverse estimation of GHG and reactive species fluxes. Furthermore, their development, usually carried out by individual research institutes, may in the future not keep pace with the increasing scientific needs and technical possibilities. We present here the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is primarily a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers. In practice, the ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source Python-based tool to estimate the fluxes of various GHGs and reactive species both at the global and regional scales. It will allow for running different atmospheric transport models, different observation streams and different data assimilation approaches. This adaptability will allow for a comprehensive assessment of uncertainty in a fully consistent framework. We present here the main structure and functionalities of the system, and we demonstrate how it operates in a simple academic case.
Published: 2021

25. SeaFlux: harmonization of air–sea CO2 fluxes from surface pCO2 data products using a standardized approach

Author: Peter Landschützer, Alizee Roobaert, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Nicolas Gruber, Jiye Zeng, Christian Rödenbeck, Yosuke Iida, Marion Gehlen, Luke Gregor, Amanda R. Fay, Galen A. McKinley, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [New York], Columbia University [New York], Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Surface (mathematics), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Data products, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Standardized approach, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Flux (metallurgy), chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbon dioxide, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Air–sea flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a critical component of the global carbon cycle and the climate system with the ocean removing about a quarter of the CO2 emitted into the atmosphere by human activities over the last decade. A common approach to estimate this net flux of CO2 across the air–sea interface is the use of surface ocean CO2 observations and the computation of the flux through a bulk parameterization approach. Yet, the details for how this is done in order to arrive at a global ocean CO2 uptake estimate vary greatly, enhancing the spread of estimates. Here we introduce the ensemble data product, SeaFlux (Gregor and Fay, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5482547, https://github.com/luke-gregor/pySeaFlux, last access: 9 September 2021); this resource enables users to harmonize an ensemble of products that interpolate surface ocean CO2 observations to near-global coverage with a common methodology to fill in missing areas in the products. Further, the dataset provides the inputs to calculate fluxes in a consistent manner. Utilizing six global observation-based mapping products (CMEMS-FFNN, CSIR-ML6, JENA-MLS, JMA-MLR, MPI-SOMFFN, NIES-FNN), the SeaFlux ensemble approach adjusts for methodological inconsistencies in flux calculations. We address differences in spatial coverage of the surface ocean CO2 between the mapping products, which ultimately yields an increase in CO2 uptake of up to 17 % for some products. Fluxes are calculated using three wind products (CCMPv2, ERA5, and JRA55). Application of a scaled gas exchange coefficient has a greater impact on the resulting flux than solely the choice of wind product. With these adjustments, we present an ensemble of global surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea carbon flux estimates. This work aims to support the community effort to perform model–data intercomparisons which will help to identify missing fluxes as we strive to close the global carbon budget.
Published: 2021

26. The Community Inversion Framework v1.0: a unified system for atmospheric inversion studies

Author: Antoine Berchet, Espen Sollum, Rona L. Thompson, Isabelle Pison, Joël Thanwerdas, Grégoire Broquet, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Richard Engelen, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christoph Gerbig, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Stephan Henne, Sander Houweling, Ute Karstens, Werner L. Kutsch, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Guillaume Monteil, Paul I. Palmer, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Wouter Peters, Philippe Peylin, Elise Potier, Christian Rödenbeck, Marielle Saunois, Marko Scholze, Aki Tsuruta, and Yuanhong Zhao
Abstract: Atmospheric inversion approaches are expected to play a critical role in future observation-based monitoring systems for surface greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. In the past decade, the research community has developed various inversion softwares, mainly using variational or ensemble Bayesian optimization methods, with various assumptions on uncertainty structures and prior information and with various atmospheric chemistry-transport models. Each of them can assimilate some or all of the available observation streams for its domain area of interest: flask samples, in-situ measurements or satellite observations. Although referenced in peer-reviewed publications and usually accessible across the research community, most systems are not at the level of transparency, flexibility and accessibility needed to provide the scientific community and policy makers with a comprehensive and robust view of the uncertainties associated with the inverse estimation of GHG fluxes. Furthermore, their development, usually carried out by individual research institutes, may in the future not keep pace with the increasing scientific needs and technical possibilities. We present here a Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is primarily a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers. In practice, the ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source python-based tool to estimate the fluxes of various GHGs both at global and regional scales. It will allow running different atmospheric transport models, different observation streams and different data assimilation approaches. This adaptability will allow a comprehensively assessment of uncertainty in a fully consistent framework. We present here the main structure and functionalities of the system, and demonstrate how it operates in a simple academic case.
Published: 2020

27. The European carbon cycle response to heat and drought as seen from atmospheric CO(2)data for 1999-2018

Author: Christian Rödenbeck, Martin Heimann, Sönke Zaehle, Ralph F. Keeling, and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, geography, FLUXES, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, net ecosystem exchange, interannual variability, drought, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Carbon cycle, 13. Climate action, Net ecosystem exchange, Spring (hydrology), Environmental science, CO2, INVERSION, Natural ecosystem, atmospheric inversion, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In 2018, central and northern parts of Europe experienced heat and drought conditions over many months from spring to autumn, strongly affecting both natural ecosystems and crops. Besides their impact on nature and society, events like this can be used to study the impact of climate variations on the terrestrial carbon cycle, which is an important determinant of the future climate trajectory. Here, variations in the regional net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere were quantified from measurements of atmospheric CO 2 mole fractions. Over Europe, several observational records have been maintained since at least 1999, giving us the opportunity to assess the 2018 anomaly in the context of at least two decades of variations, including the strong climate anomaly in 2003. In addition to an atmospheric inversion with temporally explicitly estimated anomalies, we use an inversion based on empirical statistical relations between anomalies in the local NEE and anomalies in local climate conditions. For our analysis period 1999–2018, we find that higher-than-usual NEE in hot and dry summers may tend to arise in Central Europe from enhanced ecosystem respiration due to the elevated temperatures, and in Southern Europe from reduced photosynthesis due to the reduced water availability. Despite concerns in the literature, the level of agreement between regression-based NEE anomalies and temporally explicitly estimated anomalies indicates that the atmospheric CO 2 measurements from the relatively dense European station network do provide information about the year-to-year variations of Europe’s carbon sources and sinks, at least in summer. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale’.
Published: 2020

28. The ECCO‐Darwin data‐assimilative global ocean biogeochemistry model: Estimates of seasonal to multi‐decadal surface ocean pCO2 and air‐sea CO2 flux

Author: Junjie Liu, Ian Fenty, Chris Hill, D. Schimel, Christian Rödenbeck, Michelle M. Gierach, Hong Zhang, Dustin Carroll, T. Van der Stocken, Oliver Jahn, Peter Landschützer, John D. Naviaux, M. Manizza, Jess F. Adkins, Dimitris Menemenlis, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Kevin W. Bowman, Holger Brix, and Jonathan Maitland Lauderdale
Subjects: sea CO2 flux, Biogeochemical cycle, Physical geography, air&#8208, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, air‐sea CO2 flux, Biome, ecosystem model, GC1-1581, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem model, biogeochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, ocean modeling, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, data assimilation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Ocean current, Biogeochemistry, Carbon sink, GB3-5030, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Oceanic carbon cycle, ocean carbon cycle
Abstract: Quantifying variability in the ocean carbon sink remains problematic due to sparse observations and spatiotemporal variability in surface ocean pCO2. To address this challenge, we have updated and improved ECCO‐Darwin, a global ocean biogeochemistry model that assimilates both physical and biogeochemical observations. The model consists of an adjoint‐based ocean circulation estimate from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) consortium and an ecosystem model developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Darwin Project. In addition to the data‐constrained ECCO physics, a Green's function approach is used to optimize the biogeochemistry by adjusting initial conditions and six biogeochemical parameters. Over seasonal to multidecadal timescales (1995–2017), ECCO‐Darwin exhibits broad‐scale consistency with observed surface ocean pCO2 and air‐sea CO2 flux reconstructions in most biomes, particularly in the subtropical and equatorial regions. The largest differences between CO2 uptake occur in subpolar seasonally stratified biomes, where ECCO‐Darwin results in stronger winter uptake. Compared to the Global Carbon Project OBMs, ECCO‐Darwin has a time‐mean global ocean CO2 sink (2.47 ± 0.50 Pg C year−1) and interannual variability that are more consistent with interpolation‐based products. Compared to interpolation‐based methods, ECCO‐Darwin is less sensitive to sparse and irregularly sampled observations. Thus, ECCO‐Darwin provides a basis for identifying and predicting the consequences of natural and anthropogenic perturbations to the ocean carbon cycle, as well as the climate‐related sensitivity of marine ecosystems. Our study further highlights the importance of physically consistent, property‐conserving reconstructions, as are provided by ECCO, for ocean biogeochemistry studies.
Published: 2020

29. Sources of Uncertainty in Regional and Global Terrestrial CO 2 Exchange Estimates

Author: Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Anthony P. Walker, Danica Lombardozzi, Naomi E. Smith, B. Poulter, Stephen Sitch, Christian Rödenbeck, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Sönke Zaehle, Frédéric Chevallier, Wei Li, J. G. Canadell, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, P. Ciais, Wouter Peters, P. Peylin, Sebastian Lienert, Daniel S. Goll, V. Haverd, Pierre Friedlingstein, Prabir K. Patra, Ronny Lauerwald, Hanqin Tian, Julia Pongratz, Michael O'Sullivan, David Makowski, Ana Bastos, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT MUNCHEN DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY MUNICH DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen], Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], CLIMATE AND GLOBAL DYNAMICS LABORATORY NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER USA, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH AUBURN UNIVERSITY AUBURN USA, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), European Comission. Grant Numbers: ASICA (649087), IMBALANCE-P European Space Agency (ESA). Grant Number: ESRIN/ 4000123002/18/I-NB National Science Foundation (NSF). Grant Number: AGS 12-43071 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Grant Number: DESC0016323, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and Isotope Research
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, FLUXES, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, Biome, BURNED AREA PRODUCT, atmospheric inversions, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, DATA ASSIMILATION, Data assimilation, PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES, global carbon budget, carbon cycle, Environmental Chemistry, Land use, land-use change and forestry, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, ddc:910, LAND-COVER CHANGE, Global and Planetary Change, WIMEK, FOSSIL-FUEL, Land use, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, VEGETATION MODEL ORCHIDEE, Fossil fuel, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, dynamic global vegetation models, Environmental science, business, Scale (map), INCORPORATING SPITFIRE
Abstract: The Global Carbon Budget 2018 (GCB2018) estimated by the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, fossil fuel emissions, and modeled (bottom-up) land and ocean fluxes cannot be fully closed, leading to a “budget imbalance,” highlighting uncertainties in GCB components. However, no systematic analysis has been performed on which regions or processes contribute to this term. To obtain deeper insight on the sources of uncertainty in global and regional carbon budgets, we analyzed differences in Net Biome Productivity (NBP) for all possible combinations of bottom-up and top-down data sets in GCB2018: (i) 16 dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), and (ii) 5 atmospheric inversions that match the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. We find that the global mismatch between the two ensembles matches well the GCB2018 budget imbalance, with Brazil, Southeast Asia, and Oceania as the largest contributors. Differences between DGVMs dominate global mismatches, while at regional scale differences between inversions contribute the most to uncertainty. At both global and regional scales, disagreement on NBP interannual variability between the two approaches explains a large fraction of differences. We attribute this mismatch to distinct responses to El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability between DGVMs and inversions and to uncertainties in land use change emissions, especially in South America and Southeast Asia. We identify key needs to reduce uncertainty in carbon budgets: reducing uncertainty in atmospheric inversions (e.g., through more observations in the tropics) and in land use change fluxes, including more land use processes and evaluating land use transitions (e.g., using high-resolution remote-sensing), and, finally, improving tropical hydroecological processes and fire representation within DGVMs.
Published: 2020

30. Changes in net ecosystem exchange over Europe during the 2018 drought based on atmospheric observations

Author: E. van Schaik, Ute Karstens, Rona Thompson, Saqr Munassar, Michel Ramonet, Alecia Nickless, Christian Rödenbeck, Guillaume Monteil, Grégoire Broquet, Thomas Koch, Christoph Gerbig, Marko Scholze, Zhendong Wu, Matthew Lang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, net ecosystem exchange, drought, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Carbon Cycle, Temperate climate, atmospheric inversion, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmosphere, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Anomaly (natural sciences), atmospheric tracer transport modelling, Vegetation, Articles, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Droughts, Europe, 13. Climate action, Net ecosystem exchange, Soil water, Environmental science, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Research Article
Abstract: The 2018 drought was one of the worst European droughts of the twenty-first century in terms of its severity, extent and duration. The effects of the drought could be seen in a reduction in harvest yields in parts of Europe, as well as an unprecedented browning of vegetation in summer. Here, we quantify the effect of the drought on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using five independent regional atmospheric inversion frameworks. Using a network of atmospheric CO 2 mole fraction observations, we estimate NEE with at least monthly and 0.5° × 0.5° resolution for 2009–2018. We find that the annual NEE in 2018 was likely more positive (less CO 2 uptake) in the temperate region of Europe by 0.09 ± 0.06 Pg C yr −1 (mean ± s.d.) compared to the mean of the last 10 years of −0.08 ± 0.17 Pg C yr −1 , making the region close to carbon neutral in 2018. Similarly, we find a positive annual NEE anomaly for the northern region of Europe of 0.02 ± 0.02 Pg C yr −1 compared the 10-year mean of −0.04 ± 0.05 Pg C yr −1 . In both regions, this was largely owing to a reduction in the summer CO 2 uptake. The positive NEE anomalies coincided spatially and temporally with negative anomalies in soil water. These anomalies were exceptional for the 10-year period of our study. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale’.
Published: 2020

31. State of the science in reconciling top‐down and bottom‐up approaches for terrestrial CO 2 budget

Author: Benjamin Poulter, Ana Bastos, Sebastian Lienert, Leonardo Calle, Dan Zhu, Christian Rödenbeck, Masayuki Kondo, Markus Kautz, Philippe Ciais, Kazuhito Ichii, Ruslan Zhuravlev, Rachel M. Law, Prabir K. Patra, Takashi Nakamura, Vanessa Haverd, Pierre Friedlingstein, Takashi Maki, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Peylin, Josep G. Canadell, Atul K. Jain, Stephen Sitch, Hanqin Tian, Tazu Saeki, Etsushi Kato, Danica Lombardozzi, Peter Anthoni, Tilo Ziehn, Almut Arneth, Frédéric Chevallier, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biosphere model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, land-use change emissions, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Forest regrowth, Environmental Chemistry, net CO2 flux, East Asia, atmospheric inversion, State of the science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, riverine carbon export, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, biosphere model, Biosphere, Top-down and bottom-up design, 15. Life on land, terrestrial CO2 budget, Boreal, 13. Climate action, carbon stock change, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, residual land uptake, CO2 evasion
Abstract: International audience; Robust estimates of CO2 budget, CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, are necessary to better understand the role of the terrestrial biosphere in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Over the past decade, this field of research has advanced through understanding of the differences and similarities of two fundamentally different approaches: “top-down” atmospheric inversions and “bottom-up” biosphere models. Since the first studies were undertaken, these approaches have shown an increasing level of agreement, but disagreements in some regions still persist, in part because they do not estimate the same quantity of atmosphere–biosphere CO2 exchange. Here, we conducted a thorough comparison of CO2 budgets at multiple scales and from multiple methods to assess the current state of the science in estimating CO2 budgets. Our set of atmospheric inversions and biosphere models, which were adjusted for a consistent flux definition, showed a high level of agreement for global and hemispheric CO2 budgets in the 2000s. Regionally, improved agreement in CO2 budgets was notable for North America and Southeast Asia. However, large gaps between the two methods remained in East Asia and South America. In other regions, Europe, boreal Asia, Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, it was difficult to determine whether those regions act as a net sink or source because of the large spread in estimates from atmospheric inversions. These results highlight two research directions to improve the robustness of CO2 budgets: (a) to increase representation of processes in biosphere models that could contribute to fill the budget gaps, such as forest regrowth and forest degradation; and (b) to reduce sink–source compensation between regions (dipoles) in atmospheric inversion so that their estimates become more comparable. Advancements on both research areas will increase the level of agreement between the top-down and bottom-up approaches and yield more robust knowledge of regional CO2 budgets.
Published: 2020

32. Recent changes in the dominant environmental controls of net biome productivity

Author: Barbara Marcolla, Mirco Migliavacca, Alessandro Cescatti, and Christian Rödenbeck
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Biome, Carbon sink, Seasonality, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease, Arid, Sink (geography), medicine, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Terrestrial ecosystem, Temporal scales
Abstract: In the last decades terrestrial ecosystems have reabsorbed on average more than one quarter of anthropogenic emissions (Le Quéré et al., 2018). However, this large carbon sink is modulated by climate and is therefore highly variable in time and space. The magnitude and temporal changes of the sensitivity of terrestrial CO2 fluxes to climate drivers are key factors to determine future atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate trajectories. In the literature there is so far a strong focus on the climatic controls of inter-annual variability, while less is known about the key drivers of the sub-annual variability of the fluxes. This latter temporal scale is relevant to assess which climatic drivers dominate the seasonality of the fluxes and to understand which factors limit the net ecosystem CO2 exchange. Here, we investigated the global sensitivity of terrestrial CO2 fluxes to three key climate drivers (i.e. global radiation, temperature and soil water content) from weekly to seasonal temporal scales, in order to explore the short-term interdependence between climate and the terrestrial carbon budget. We observed that the CO2 exchange over most of the land surface is controlled by temperature during the carbon uptake period, while radiation is the most widespread dominant climate driver during the carbon release period. As expected, soil water content plays a key role in arid regions of the southern hemisphere. Looking at the decadal trend of these sensitivities we observed that the importance of radiation as a driver is increasing over time, while we observed a decrease in sensitivity to temperature in Eurasia. Overall, we show that the temporal variation of the fluxes due to a specific driver is dominated by the temporal changes in ecosystem sensitivity rather than to the temporal variability of the driver itself. Ultimately this analysis shows that the response of the ecosystem to climate drivers is significantly changing both in space and in time, with potential repercussion on the future terrestrial CO2 sink and therefore on the role that land may play in climate mitigation.
Published: 2019

33. Land use change and El Niño-Southern Oscillation drive decadal carbon balance shifts in Southeast Asia

Author: Yosuke Niwa, Fang Li, Charles D. Koven, Prabir K. Patra, Kazuhito Ichii, Takashi Nakamura, Andy Wiltshire, Atul K. Jain, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Leonardo Calle, J. G. Canadell, Frédéric Chevallier, A. Arneth, Pierre Friedlingstein, Yi Y. Liu, Anna B. Harper, Masayuki Kondo, Sönke Zaehle, Albert van Dijk, Stephen Sitch, Nobuko Saigusa, Takashi Maki, Tazu Saeki, Benjamin Poulter, Christian Rödenbeck, Etsushi Kato, Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Montana State University (MSU), Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Exeter Climate Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Level 4 Matthews Bldg., Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University (ANU), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Biogeochemistry Department [Mainz], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Max-Planck-Institut, Montana State University ( MSU ), inconnu, Inconnu, Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation ( MIMETIC ), Université de Rennes 2 ( UR2 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS ( IRISA-D6 ), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -CentraleSupélec-Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ) -Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires ( IRISA ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -École normale supérieure - Rennes ( ENS Rennes ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bretagne Sud ( UBS ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies ( NIES ), Exeter Climate Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung ( IMK-IFU ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Dauphine Recherches en Management ( DRM ), Université Paris-Dauphine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department for Biogeochemical System, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ), Department of Radiology and Cancer Biology, Nagasaki, University of Exeter, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biogeochemical cycle, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Life on Land, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Deforestation, ddc:550, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Life Science, Land use, land-use change and forestry, lcsh:Science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Land use, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Photosynthetic capacity, Climate Action, Earth sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Carbon neutrality, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, sense organs
Abstract: An integrated understanding of the biogeochemical consequences of climate extremes and land use changes is needed to constrain land-surface feedbacks to atmospheric CO2 from associated climate change. Past assessments of the global carbon balance have shown particularly high uncertainty in Southeast Asia. Here, we use a combination of model ensembles to show that intensified land use change made Southeast Asia a strong source of CO2 from the 1980s to 1990s, whereas the region was close to carbon neutral in the 2000s due to an enhanced CO2 fertilization effect and absence of moderate-to-strong El Niño events. Our findings suggest that despite ongoing deforestation, CO2 emissions were substantially decreased during the 2000s, largely owing to milder climate that restores photosynthetic capacity and suppresses peat and deforestation fire emissions. The occurrence of strong El Niño events after 2009 suggests that the region has returned to conditions of increased vulnerability of carbon stocks., The carbon balance in Southeast Asia is highly uncertain. Here, the authors show that land use changes and occurrence of strong El Niño control decadal shifts in the carbon balance of this region.
Published: 2018

34. Observation-based trends of the southern ocean carbon sink

Author: R. Ritter, Yosuke Iida, S. Nakaoka, Peter Landschützer, P. Peylin, Keith B. Rodgers, Jiye Zeng, Amanda R. Fay, Nicolas Gruber, Jamie D. Shutler, Christian Rödenbeck, Geun-Ha Park, Steve D Jones, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Chemistry Department [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Dept. Chemistry, North Dakota, North Dakota State University (NDSU), University of Exeter, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: trends, 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Carbon sink, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, observations, Geophysics, carbon sink, 13. Climate action, SOCOM, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, CO2, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Southern Ocean (SO) carbon sink has strengthened substantially since the year 2000, following a decade of a weakening trend. However, the surface ocean pCO$_2$ data underlying this trend reversal are sparse, requiring a substantial amount of extrapolation to map the data. Here we use nine different pCO$_2$ mapping products to investigate the SO trends and their sensitivity to the mapping procedure. We find a robust temporal coherence for the entire SO, with eight of the nine products agreeing on the sign of the decadal trends, that is, a weakening CO$_2$ sink trend in the 1990s (on average 0.22 ± 0.24 pg C yr$^{−1}$ decade$^{−1}$), and a strengthening sink trend during the 2000s (−0.35 ± 0.23 pg C yr$^{−1}$ decade$^{−1}$). Spatially, the multiproduct mean reveals rather uniform trends, but the confidence is limited, given the small number of statistically significant trends from the individual products, particularly during the data-sparse 1990-1999 period. Plain Language Summary The Southern Ocean plays an important role in regulating Earth's climate as it takes up a substantial amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby limiting the effect of global warming. However, this part of the global ocean is also the least well observed and observational data are sparse. Therefore, to study Southern Ocean carbon uptake, data interpolation methods are used to estimate the variability of the carbon uptake from the few existing observations. This poses the question on how reliable these estimates are. The Surface Ocean CO$_2$ Mapping intercomparison project aims to do exactly that, that is, test how reliable current estimates are by comparing results from different methods. Here we compare the results from nine data interpolation methods in the Southern Ocean from 1990 to 2010 and find a broad and encouraging agreement regarding decadal carbon uptake signals, whereas a spatially more refined analysis reveals much less agreement locally, illustrating the need to continue the measurement effort in the Southern Ocean.
Published: 2017

35. Vegetation greenness and land carbon-flux anomalies associated with climate variations: a focus on the year 2015

Author: Yi Yin, Philippe Ciais, Chao Yue, Taejin Park, Frédéric Chevallier, Ana Bastos, Christian Rödenbeck, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Growing season, Carbon sequestration, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, Greening, Ecosystem, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Carbon sink, Tropics, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, lcsh:QC1-999, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Understanding the variations in global land carbon uptake, and their driving mechanisms, is essential if we are to predict future carbon-cycle feedbacks on global environmental changes. Satellite observations of vegetation greenness have shown consistent greening across the globe over the past three decades. Such greening has driven the increasing land carbon sink, especially over the growing season in northern latitudes. On the other hand, interannual variations in land carbon uptake are strongly influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate variations. Marked reductions in land uptake and strong positive anomalies in the atmospheric CO2 growth rates occur during El Niño events. Here we use the year 2015 as a natural experiment to examine the possible response of land ecosystems to a combination of vegetation greening and an El Niño event. The year 2015 was the greenest year since 2000 according to satellite observations, but a record atmospheric CO2 growth rate also occurred due to a weaker than usual land carbon sink. Two atmospheric inversions indicate that the year 2015 had a higher than usual northern land carbon uptake in boreal spring and summer, consistent with the positive greening anomaly and strong warming. This strong uptake was, however, followed by a larger source of CO2 in the autumn. For the year 2015, enhanced autumn carbon release clearly offset the extra uptake associated with greening during the summer. This finding leads us to speculate that a long-term greening trend may foster more uptakes during the growing season, but no large increase in annual carbon sequestration. For the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, a strong transition towards a large carbon source for the last 3 months of 2015 is discovered, concomitant with El Niño development. This transition of terrestrial tropical CO2 fluxes between two consecutive seasons is the largest ever found in the inversion records. The strong transition to a carbon source in the tropics with the peak of El Niño is consistent with historical observations, but the detailed mechanisms underlying such an extreme transition remain to be elucidated.
Published: 2017

36. Global carbon budget 2013

Author: Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, Andy Wiltshire, Abdirahman M Omar, Almut Arneth, A. Arvanitis, Joanna Isobel House, Richard A. Houghton, Pieter P. Tans, Benjamin D. Stocker, Josep G. Canadell, Nathalie Lefèvre, S. van Heuven, C. Le Quéré, Steve D Jones, Christian Rödenbeck, Pierre Regnier, R. Moriarty, T. Ono, Robbie M. Andrew, Stephen Sitch, Geun-Ha Park, Louise Chini, Atul K. Jain, Philippe Ciais, Fabienne Maignan, Anna B. Harper, Etsushi Kato, S. Saito, Benjamin Pfeil, Jörg Schwinger, Gregg Marland, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Michael R. Raupach, Ian Harris, Laurent Bopp, Thomas A. Boden, Arne Körtzinger, Sönke Zaehle, Nicolas Viovy, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Pierre Friedlingstein, Rik Wanninkhof, Benjamin Poulter, Taro Takahashi, Joachim Segschneider, Scott C. Doney, Ralph F. Keeling, Robert J. Andres, Charles D. Koven, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Exeter, Appalachian State University, University, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and School of Environmental Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Chemistry Department [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Meteorology: 453 [VDP], MODELS, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452 [VDP], Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Meteorologi: 453 [VDP], carbon budget, chemistry.chemical_compound, METHANE, carbon sinks, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452 [VDP], Deforestation, CARBON DIOXIDE, ddc:550, Climate change, fossil fuels, Energy statistics, Land use change, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Généralités, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Sink (computing)
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ ,reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003-2012), EFF was 8.6±0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3±0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.5±0.5 GtC yr -1, and SLAND 2.8±0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7±0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, G ATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, and assuming an ELUC of 1.0±0.5 GtC yr-1 (based on the 2001-2010 average), S LAND was 2.7±0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52±0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1% (1.1- 3.1 %) to 9.9±0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy.With this projection, cumulative emissions ofCO2 will reach about 535±55 GtC for 1870-2013, about 70% from EFF (390±20 GtC) and 30% from ELUC (145±50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al. 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2013-V2.3). © 2014 Author(s) CC Attribution 3.0 License., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Global Carbon Budget 2016

Author: Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, Josep G. Canadell, Pieter P. Tans, Abdirahman M Omar, Thomas A. Boden, Leticia Barbero, Arne Körtzinger, Adrienne J. Sutton, Guido R. van der Werf, Frank J. Millero, Benjamin D. Stocker, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Louise Chini, Denis Pierrot, Scott C. Doney, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Andrew Lenton, Kim I. Currie, Nicolas Viovy, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Sönke Zaehle, Oliver Andrews, Philippe Ciais, Peter Landschützer, Ute Schuster, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vanessa Haverd, Simone R. Alin, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Atul K. Jain, Nathalie Lefèvre, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Joe R. Melton, Mario Hoppema, Benjamin Poulter, Frédéric Chevallier, Taro Takahashi, Hanqin Tian, Thanos Gkritzalis, Tsuneo Ono, Etsushi Kato, Andrew C. Manning, Roland Séférian, Danica Lombardozzi, Jörg Schwinger, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, David R. Munro, Corinne Le Quéré, Anthony P. Walker, Laurent Bopp, Peter Anthoni, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, Andy Wiltshire, Sebastian Lienert, Are Olsen, Ralph F. Keeling, Nicolas Metzl, Robbie M. Andrew, Christine Delire, Joe Salisbury, Kees Klein Goldewijk, K. O'Brien, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Global Carbon Project (GCP), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Berkeley] (CEE), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Entrepôts, Représentation et Ingénierie des Connaissances (ERIC), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Max-Planck-Institut, Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory (OPAL), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Imperial College London, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Earth and Climate, University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, 530 Physics, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Carbon cycle, Latitude, SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals, Deforestation, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, WIMEK, business.industry, Fossil fuel, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Sink (computing), 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates and consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models. We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2006–2015), EFF was 9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.5 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. For year 2015 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, showing a slowdown in growth of these emissions compared to the average growth of 1.8 % yr−1 that took place during 2006–2015. Also, for 2015, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 6.3 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 1.9 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was higher in 2015 compared to the past decade (2006–2015), reflecting a smaller SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 399.4 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2015. For 2016, preliminary data indicate the continuation of low growth in EFF with +0.2 % (range of −1.0 to +1.8 %) based on national emissions projections for China and USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. In spite of the low growth of EFF in 2016, the growth rate in atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to be relatively high because of the persistence of the smaller residual terrestrial sink (SLAND) in response to El Niño conditions of 2015–2016. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2016, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach 565 ± 55 GtC (2075 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2016, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2016).
Published: 2016

38. European land CO2 sink influenced by NAO and East-Atlantic Pattern coupling

Author: Philippe Ciais, Christian Rödenbeck, Ana Bastos, Frédéric Chevallier, Pierre Friedlingstein, Steven W. Running, Ricardo M. Trigo, Ivan A. Janssens, Célia M. Gouveia, Josep Peñuelas, Shilong Piao, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science [Porto] (INESC TEC), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Max-Planck-Institut, Peking University [Beijing], College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Numerical Terradynamics Simulation Group, University of Montana, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen], and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Science, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Biome, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Sink (geography), Article, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Climate pattern, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Water transport, Ecology, Carbon sink, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Soil water, Environmental science, Engineering sciences. Technology
Abstract: Large-scale climate patterns control variability in the global carbon sink. In Europe, the North-Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) influences vegetation activity, however the East-Atlantic (EA) pattern is known to modulate NAO strength and location. Using observation-driven and modelled data sets, we show that multi-annual variability patterns of European Net Biome Productivity (NBP) are linked to anomalies in heat and water transport controlled by the NAO–EA interplay. Enhanced NBP occurs when NAO and EA are both in negative phase, associated with cool summers with wet soils which enhance photosynthesis. During anti-phase periods, NBP is reduced through distinct impacts of climate anomalies in photosynthesis and respiration. The predominance of anti-phase years in the early 2000s may explain the European-wide reduction of carbon uptake during this period, reported in previous studies. Results show that improving the capability of simulating atmospheric circulation patterns may better constrain regional carbon sink variability in coupled carbon-climate models., The relationship between terrestrial carbon sinks and atmospheric modes of variability remains uncertain. Here, the authors show that the coupling of the North Atlantic Oscillation and East-Atlantic patterns explains variations in the European CO2 sink from 1982 to 2012.
Published: 2016

39. Can we reconcile atmospheric estimates of the Northern terrestrial carbon sink with land-based accounting?

Author: Frédéric Chevallier, Wouter Peters, Philippe Peylin, Philippe Ciais, F. M. Bréon, Shilong Piao, Z. Poussi, E.-D. Schulze, Anatoly Shvidenko, Christian Rödenbeck, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Matthias Jonas, Anthony W. King, Josep G. Canadell, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, Accounting, co2 sources, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, inversion, Flux (metallurgy), Land based, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, business.industry, Northern Hemisphere, emissions, General Social Sciences, Carbon sink, dioxide exchange, Inversion (meteorology), balance, sensitivity, fluxes, 13. Climate action, Climatology, transport, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Longitude, business
Abstract: We estimate the northern hemisphere (NH) terrestrial carbon sink by comparing four recent atmospheric inversions with land-based C accounting data for six large northern regions. The mean NH terrestrial CO2 sink from the inversion models is 1.7PgCyear-1 over the period 2000-2004. The uncertainty of this estimate is based on the typical individual (1-sigma) precision of one inversion (0.9PgCyear-1) and is consistent with the min-max range of the four inversion mean estimates (0.8PgCyear-1). Inversions agree within their uncertainty for the distribution of the NH sink of CO2 in longitude, with Russia being the largest sink. The land-based accounting estimate of NH carbon sink is 1.7PgCyear-1 for the sum of the six regions studied. The 1-sigma uncertainty of the land-based estimate (0.3PgCyear-1) is smaller than that of atmospheric inversions, but no independent land-based flux estimate is available to derive a 'between accounting model' uncertainty. Encouragingly, the top-down atmospheric and the bottom-up land-based methods converge to consistent mean estimates within their respective errors, increasing the confidence in the overall budget. These results also confirm the continued critical role of NH terrestrial ecosystems in slowing down the atmospheric accumulation of anthropogenic CO2.
Published: 2010
Full Text: View/download PDF

40. Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe’s terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance

Author: Sebastiaan Luyssaert, John H. C. Gash, Christian Rödenbeck, Jean-François Soussana, Philippe Bousquet, Annette Freibauer, Ivan A. Janssens, Pete Smith, John Grace, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Giuseppe Etiope, Ingeborg Levin, B. Thiruchittampalam, Philippe Peylin, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Martin Wattenbach, Wouter Peters, Z. Poussi, Jens Nieschulze, P. Ciais, A. J. Dolman, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin Heimann, Riccardo Valentini, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), College of Forestry [Corvallis], Oregon State University (OSU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), inconnu, Inconnu, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], University of Tuscia, Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités (LATP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Department of Forest Resources and Environment, School of Biological Sciences [Aberdeen], University of Aberdeen, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], European Forest Institute = Institut Européen de la Forêt = Euroopan metsäinstituutti (EFI), Institute of Hydrology, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche d'Agronomie (UA), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut, Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Aberdeen], Heidelberg University, University of Stuttgart, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), VU University Amsterdam, Tuscia University, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), and 0 Pre-GFZ, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Atmospheric carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide equivalent, 550 - Earth sciences, Soil science, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, atmospheric methane, carbon budget, Environmental protection, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Wageningen Environmental Research, Carbon credit, sink, Biology, soils, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, WIMEK, Carbon offset, emissions, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, fluxes, Centrum Ecosystemen, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, co2, Kyoto Protocol, ecosystems
Abstract: Climate change negotiations aim to reduce net greenhouse-gas emissions by encouraging direct reductions of emissions and crediting countries for their terrestrial greenhouse-gas sinks. Ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake has offset nearly 10% of Europe's fossil fuel emissions, but not all of this may be creditable under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol. Although this treaty recognizes the importance of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, scientific research has largely focused on carbon dioxide. Here we review recent estimates of European carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between 2000 and 2005, using both top-down estimates based on atmospheric observations and bottom-up estimates derived from ground-based measurements. Both methods yield similar fluxes of greenhouse gases, suggesting that methane emissions from feedstock and nitrous oxide emissions from arable agriculture are fully compensated for by the carbon dioxide sink provided by forests and grasslands. As a result, the balance for all greenhouse gases across Europe's terrestrial biosphere is near neutral, despite carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands. The trend towards more intensive agriculture and logging is likely to make Europe's land surface a significant source of greenhouse gases. The development of land management policies which aim to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions should be a priority. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009

41. Global carbon budget 2014

Author: Joanna Isobel House, Roland Séférian, Stephen Sitch, Robbie M. Andrew, C. Cosca, Jörg Schwinger, Thomas A. Boden, Truls Johannessen, Michael R. Raupach, Pieter P. Tans, Nicolas Metzl, Jeremy T. Mathis, Ying-Ping Wang, R. Moriarty, G. R. van der Werf, Christian Rödenbeck, Peter Landschützer, Ute Schuster, Benjamin D. Stocker, Benjamin Poulter, Taro Takahashi, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Joachim Segschneider, Philippe Ciais, Almut Arneth, Andrew Lenton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Frédéric Chevallier, Laurent Bopp, C. Le Quéré, Etsushi Kato, Wouter Peters, Atul K. Jain, Camilla S. Landa, T. Ono, Ning Zeng, Charles D. Koven, Ralph F. Keeling, Yann Bozec, Joe Salisbury, Ivan D. Lima, Yukihiro Nojiri, Are Olsen, Steve D Jones, Shushi Peng, Mario Hoppema, Richard A. Houghton, Tobias Steinhoff, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, S. Saito, Benjamin Pfeil, Andy Wiltshire, Adrienne J. Sutton, Louise Chini, Josep G. Canadell, Vassilis Kitidis, Ian Harris, Pierre Regnier, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Viovy, Rik Wanninkhof, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, CHImie Marine (CHIM), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Earth Science Division [LBNL Berkeley] (ESD), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Appalachian State University, University, Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Swedish Defence Research Agency [Stockholm] (FOI), Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Montana State University (MSU), Australian National University (ANU), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Imperial College London, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), Earth and Climate, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Météo-France
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, earth system model, environment simulator jules, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, land-use change, chemistry.chemical_compound, ComputingMethodologies_SYMBOLICANDALGEBRAICMANIPULATION, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Land use, land-use change and forestry, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, terrestrial ecosystems, Vegetation, LAND-USE CHANGE, FLUX VARIABILITY, Climatology, Carbon dioxide, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, FIRE EMISSIONS, international-trade, Meteorology and Air Quality, 530 Physics, interannual variability, Climate change, co2 flux variability, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Carbon cycle, Latitude, ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 UPTAKE, Deforestation, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Ecology: 488 [VDP], TheoryofComputation_ANALYSISOFALGORITHMSANDPROBLEMCOMPLEXITY, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, atmospheric co2, WIMEK, Généralités, 15. Life on land, dioxide emissions, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, mixed-layer scheme, chemistry, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Økologi: 488 [VDP], MathematicsofComputing_DISCRETEMATHEMATICS
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover-change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004-2013) EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 2.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2013 alone, EFF grew to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.3% above 2012, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2013, reflecting a steady increase in EFF and smaller and opposite changes between SOCEAN and SLAND compared to the past decade (2004-2013). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.5% (1.3-3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO2 yr-1), 65% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 545 ± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO2) for 1870-2014, about 75% from EFF and 25% from ELUC. This paper documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living data set (Le Quéré et al. 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2014)., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2015

42. Global Carbon Budget 2015

Author: Douglas Vandemark, Robert J. Andres, Charles D. Koven, Christian Rödenbeck, Benjamin Poulter, Taro Takahashi, Leticia Barbero, Yukihiro Nojiri, Fiz F. Pérez, Judith Hauck, Jörg Schwinger, S. Nakaoka, Ralph F. Keeling, Etsushi Kato, Gregor Rehder, Pieter P. Tans, Aki Murata, Thanos Gkritzalis, C. Le Quéré, Nathalie Lefèvre, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, R. Moriarty, T. Ono, Laurent Bopp, Tatiana Ilyina, Jinfeng Chang, Thomas A. Boden, Joanna Isobel House, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Roland Séférian, Atul K. Jain, Marianela Fader, Frank J. Millero, S. van Heuven, Philippe Ciais, Are Olsen, Adrienne J. Sutton, Richard A. Houghton, Louise Chini, Robbie M. Andrew, Denis Pierrot, Tobias Steinhoff, David R. Munro, Nicolas Metzl, Richard A. Feely, Peter Landschützer, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Pierre Friedlingstein, I. T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Siv K. Lauvset, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Ute Schuster, Benjamin D. Stocker, Andrew Lenton, Ian Harris, Vassilis Kitidis, Stephen Sitch, Ning Zeng, Bronte Tilbrook, Glen P. Peters, S. Saito, Benjamin Pfeil, Andy Wiltshire, Sönke Zaehle, Ivan D. Lima, Karen O'Brien, Almut Arneth, Frédéric Chevallier, G. R. van der Werf, Nicolas Viovy, Josep G. Canadell, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Norwegian Research Council, European Commission, Department of Energy (US), Helmholtz Association, Leverhulme Trust, Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK), European Research Council, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK), Department of Commerce (US), National Science Foundation (US), Ministry of Environment (Japan), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor, German Research Foundation, Gobierno de España, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, European Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Swiss National Science Foundation, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (US), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US), Leerstoel Ridder, Environmental Sciences, Sub Algemeen Math. Inst, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Oceans and Atmosphere Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, Exeter Climate Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [Oak Ridge] (CDIAC), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of Bristol [Bristol], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Climatic Research Unit [Norwich] (CRU), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, The Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship (CSIRO), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), Department of Ocean Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Imperial College London, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, University of New Hampshire (UNH), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), European Project: 603542,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,LUC4C(2013), European Project: 282672,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,EMBRACE(2011), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Météo-France, Earth and Climate, and Geology and Geochemistry
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, ENVIRONMENT SIMULATOR JULES, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, FOSSIL-FUEL COMBUSTION, CO2 FLUX VARIABILITY, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Geology, Vegetation, LAND-USE CHANGE, COVER CHANGE, Carbon dioxide, Physical Sciences, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, Meteorology and Air Quality, Life on Land, MIXED-LAYER SCHEME, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 12. Responsible consumption, Carbon cycle, Latitude, Atmospheric Sciences, Atmosphere, Deforestation, Life Science, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, WIMEK, 15. Life on land, Climate Action, lcsh:Geology, Geochemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract: 48 pages, 9 figures, 10 tables.-- Proyecto Carbochange, Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2005–2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.4 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1. For the year 2014 alone, EFF grew to 9.8 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, 0.6 % above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2 % yr−1 that took place during 2005–2014. Also, for 2014, ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 3.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005–2014), reflecting a larger SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 397.15 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. For 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in EFF will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of −0.6 [range of −1.6 to +0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for China and the USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2015, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 555 ± 55 GtC (2035 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2015, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2015)., NERC provided funding to C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, and the GCP through their International Opportunities Fund specifically to support this publication (NE/103002X/1). G. P. Peters and R. M. Andrew were supported by the Norwegian Research Council (236296). J. G. Canadell was supported by the Australian Climate Change Science Programme. S. Sitch was supported by EU FP7 for funding through projects LUC4C (GA603542). R. J. Andres was supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programmes under US Department of Energy contract DE-AC05- 00OR22725. T. A. Boden was supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programmes under US Department of Energy contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.J. I. House was supported by the Leverhulme foundation and the EU FP7 through project LUC4C (GA603542). P. Friedlingstein was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through projects LUC4C (GA603542) and EMBRACE (GA282672). A. Arneth was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through LUC4C (603542), and the Helmholtz foundation and its ATMO programme. D. C. E. Bakker was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (284879), the UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme (NE/H017046/1; funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the Department for Energy and Climate Change and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). L. Barbero was supported by NOAA’s Ocean Acidification Program and acknowledges support for this work from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ROSES Carbon Cycle Science under NASA grant 13-CARBON13_2-0080. P. Ciais acknowledges support from the European Research Council through Synergy grant ERC-2013-SyG-610028 “IMBALANCE-P”. M. Fader was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project LUC4C (GA603542). J. Hauck was supported by the Helmholtz Postdoc Programme (Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association). R. A. Feely and A. J. Sutton were supported by the Climate Observation Division, Climate Program Office, NOAA, US Department of Commerce. A. K. Jain was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF AGS 12-43071) the US Department of Energy, Office of Science and BER programmes (DOE DE-SC0006706) and NASA LCLUC programme (NASA NNX14AD94G). E. Kato was supported by the ERTDF (S-10) from the Ministry of Environment, Japan. K. Klein Goldewijk was supported by the Dutch NWO VENI grant no. 863.14.022. S. K. Lauvset was supported by the project “Monitoring ocean acidification in Norwegian waters” from the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. V. Kitidis was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (264879). C. Koven was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231 as part of their Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program. P. Landschützer was supported by GEOCarbon. I. T. van der Lann-Luijkx received financial support from OCW/NWO for ICOS-NL and computing time from NWO (SH-060-13). I. D. Lima was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF AGS-1048827). N. Metzl was supported by Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) and Institut Paul Emile Victor (IPEV) for OISO cruises. D. R. Munro was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF PLR-1341647 and NSF AOAS-0944761). J. E. M. S. Nabel was supported by the German Research Foundation’s Emmy Noether Programme (PO1751/1-1) and acknowledges Julia Pongratz and Kim Naudts for their contributions. Y. Nojiri and S. Nakaoka were supported by the Global Environment Research Account for National Institutes (1432) by the Ministry of Environment of Japan. A. Olsen appreciates support from the Norwegian Research Council (SNACS, 229752). F. F. Pérez were supported by BOCATS (CTM2013-41048-P) project co-founded by the Spanish government and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). B. Pfeil was supported through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme AtlantOS under grant agreement no. 633211. D. Pierrot was supported by NOAA through the Climate Observation Division of the Climate Program Office. B. Poulter was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through GEOCarbon. G. Rehder was supported by BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) through project ICOS, grant no. 01LK1224D. U. Schuster was supported by NERC UKOARP (NE/H017046/1), NERC RAGANRoCC (NE/K002473/1), the European Space Agency (ESA) OceanFlux Evolution project, and EU FP7 CARBOCHANGE (264879). T. Steinhoff was supported by ICOS-D (BMBF FK 01LK1101C) and EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (264879). J. Schwinger was supported by the Research Council of Norway through project EVA (229771). T. Takahashi was supported by grants from NOAA and the Comer Education and Science Foundation. B. Tilbrook was supported by the Australian Department of Environment and the Integrated Marine Observing System. B. D. Stocker was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and FP7 funding through project EMBRACE (282672). S. van Heuven was supported by the EU FP7 for funding through project CARBOCHANGE (264879). G. R. van der Werf was supported by the European Research Council (280061). A. Wiltshire was supported by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101) and EU FP7 Funding through project LUC4C (603542). S. Zaehle was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the Eu ropean Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (QUINCY; grant agreement no. 647204). ISAM (PI: Atul K. Jain) simulations were carried out at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), which is supported by the US DOE under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. Contributions from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography were supported under DoE grant DE-SC0012167 and by Schmidt Philanthropies. This is NOAA-PMEL contribution number 4400
Published: 2015

43. Atmospheric CO2, d(O2/N2), APO and oxidative ratios from aircraft flask samples over Fyodorovskoye, Western Russia

Author: S. van der Laan, A. Varlagin, Harro A. J. Meijer, I. Shironya, Christian Rödenbeck, M. Ramonet, I. T. van der Laan-Luijkx, R. E. M. Neubert, Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Isotope Research
Subjects: Delta, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology and Air Quality, air, Atmospheric sciences, Oxidative ratio, Carbon cycle, Global carbon cycle, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, carbon-cycle, medicine, 14. Life underwater, southern taiga, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, variability, tower, Sampling (statistics), o-2/n-2, siberia, climatology, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Atmospheric delta(O-2/N-2), Boundary layer, Amplitude, APO, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Carbon dioxide, network, Atmospheric CO2, Environmental science, oxygen
Abstract: We present atmospheric CO2 and delta(O-2/N-2) from flask samples taken on board aircraft over Fyodorovskoye (56 degrees 27'N, 32 degrees 55'E) at heights of 3000 m and 100 m between 1998 and 2008. The long-term trends for CO2 and delta(O-2/N-2) are similar for both sampling heights, and also similar to observations from marine background station Mace Head (Ireland) and coastal station Lutjewad (the Netherlands). The seasonal CO2 amplitude at 100 m was almost twice as large as at 3000 m and a phase shift in the seasonality of about two weeks between both sampling heights was observed. This indicates a dominant influence on CO2 in the boundary layer from the regional biosphere which is confirmed by analysis of the delta(O-2/N-2) to CO2 oxidative ratio (OR). Together with simulations with the TM3 model, our data suggest that the observed OR of -1.7 +/- 0.2 in the free troposphere is mainly driven by exchange processes with the ocean. Within the boundary layer an OR of -0.89 +/- 0.12 was observed which supports the results of other recent studies suggesting the commonly used value of -1.1 for biospheric OR is likely too low. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2014

44. The BETHY/JSBACH Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System: experiences and challenges

Author: Reiner Schnur, Simon Blessing, Christian Rödenbeck, Pierre-Philippe Mathieu, B. Pinty, Gregor Schürmann, A. Hooker‐Stroud, S. Kemp, C. Sebald, A. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Veronika Gayler, Christian Reick, Martin Heimann, Wouter Dorigo, Douglas I. Kelley, Jennifer Grant, Peter Rayner, Tilo Ziehn, Nadine Gobron, M. Vossbeck, Heinrich Widmann, Ralf Giering, Jens Kattge, Wolfgang Knorr, Tomomichi Kato, Christoph Köstler, E. N. Koffi, Klaus Scipal, Tobias Stacke, Marko Scholze, Thomas Kaminski, Sönke Zaehle, Sander Houweling, Fastopt GmbH, D-20357 Hamburg, Germany, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation [Wien], Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Macquarie University [Sydney], European Space Agency (ESA), Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA), German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), European Project: GOCE-511176-1, European Project: 283080,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,GEOCARBON(2011), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Earth and Climate, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Meteorology, Mutual consistency, Paleontology, Soil Science, Initialization, Biosphere, Forestry, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Multiple data, Data assimilation, 13. Climate action, Multidisciplinary approach, Systems engineering, Earth system model, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; We present the concept of the Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System and describeits evolution over the last two decades from an assimilation system around a simplediagnostic model of the terrestrial biosphere to a system for the calibration andinitialization of the land component of a comprehensive Earth system model. Wecritically review the capability of this modeling framework to integrate multiple datastreams, to assess their mutual consistency and with the model, to reduce uncertainties inthe simulation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, to provide, in a traceable manner, reanalysisproducts with documented uncertainty, and to assist the design of the observationalnetwork. We highlight some of the challenges we met and experience we gained, giverecommendations for operating the system, and suggest directions forfuture development.
Published: 2013

45. Sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the period 1990-2009

Author: Bronte Tilbrook, Richard J. Matear, Mario Hoppema, Andrew Lenton, Scott C. Doney, Christian Rödenbeck, Nicolas Metzl, S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher, Taro Takahashi, Ben I. McNeil, Rachel M. Law, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Masao Ishii, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Nicolas Gruber, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Colm Sweeney, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Hobart, Castray Esplanade, Hobart Tasmani 7000, Australia, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, VIC, Australia, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), South Africa and ocean systems & climate group (CSIR), Max-Planck-Institut, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], University of Cape Town, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Surface ocean, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:Life, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Flux (metallurgy), Time frame, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Sea air, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology, Ocean heat content, Seasonal cycle
Abstract: International audience; The Southern Ocean (44-75° S) plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle, yet remains one of the most poorly sampled ocean regions. Different approaches have been used to estimate sea-air CO2 fluxes in this region: synthesis of surface ocean observations, ocean biogeochemical models, and atmospheric and ocean inversions. As part of the RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) project, we combine these different approaches to quantify and assess the magnitude and variability in Southern Ocean sea-air CO2 fluxes between 1990-2009. Using all models and inversions (26), the integrated median annual sea-air CO2 flux of -0.42 ± 0.07 Pg C yr-1 for the 44-75° S region, is consistent with the -0.27 ± 0.13 Pg C yr-1 calculated using surface observations. The circumpolar region south of 58° S has a small net annual flux (model and inversion median: -0.04 ± 0.07 Pg C yr-1 and observations: +0.04 ± 0.02 Pg C yr-1), with most of the net annual flux located in the 44 to 58° S circumpolar band (model and inversion median: -0.36 ± 0.09 Pg C yr-1 and observations: -0.35 ± 0.09 Pg C yr-1). Seasonally, in the 44-58° S region, the median of 5 ocean biogeochemical models captures the observed sea-air CO2 flux seasonal cycle, while the median of 11 atmospheric inversions shows little seasonal change in the net flux. South of 58° S, neither atmospheric inversions nor ocean biogeochemical models reproduce the phase and amplitude of the observed seasonal sea-air CO2 flux, particularly in the Austral Winter. Importantly, no individual atmospheric inversion or ocean biogeochemical model is capable of reproducing both the observed annual mean uptake and the observed seasonal cycle. This raises concerns about projecting future changes in Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes. The median interannual variability from atmospheric inversions and ocean biogeochemical models is substantial in the Southern Ocean; up to 25% of the annual mean flux, with 25% of this interannual variability attributed to the region south of 58° S. Resolving long-term trends is difficult due to the large interannual variability and short time frame (1990-2009) of this study; this is particularly evident from the large spread in trends from inversions and ocean biogeochemical models. Nevertheless, in the period 1990-2009 ocean biogeochemical models do show increasing oceanic uptake consistent with the expected increase of -0.05 Pg C yr-1 decade-1. In contrast, atmospheric inversions suggest little change in the strength of the CO2 sink broadly consistent with the results of Le Quéré et al. (2007).
Published: 2013

46. An assessment of the Atlantic and Arctic sea-air CO2 fluxes, 1990-2009

Author: Steve D Jones, Rik Wanninkhof, Are Olsen, Nicolas Metzl, Christian Rödenbeck, Nicolas Gruber, Frédéric Chevallier, Aida F. Ríos, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicholas R. Bates, Ute Schuster, Galen A. McKinley, J. Krijnen, Peter Landschützer, Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Taro Takahashi, Amanda R. Fay, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew J. Watson, Scott C. Doney, Jeremy T. Mathis, M. Manizza, University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University of Bergen (UiB), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), IIM-CSIC, Max-Planck-Institut, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and University of California-University of California
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:Life, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Atlantic Equatorial mode, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Sea air, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Arctic dipole anomaly, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Arctic, 13. Climate action, North Atlantic oscillation, Climatology, Environmental science, Thermohaline circulation, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Schuster, Ute at al., The Atlantic and Arctic Oceans are critical components of the global carbon cycle. Here we quantify the net sea–air CO2 flux, for the first time, across different methodologies for consistent time and space scales for the Atlantic and Arctic basins. We present the long-term mean, seasonal cycle, interannual variability and trends in sea–air CO2 flux for the period 1990 to 2009, and assign an uncertainty to each. We use regional cuts from global observations and modeling products, specifically a pCO2-based CO2 flux climatology, flux estimates from the inversion of oceanic and atmospheric data, and results from six ocean biogeochemical models. Additionally, we use basin-wide flux estimates from surface ocean pCO2 observations based on two distinct methodologies. Our estimate of the contemporary sea–air flux of CO2 (sum of anthropogenic and natural components) by the Atlantic between 40° S and 79° N is −0.49 ± 0.05 Pg C yr−1, and by the Arctic it is −0.12 ± 0.06 Pg C yr−1, leading to a combined sea–air flux of −0.61 ± 0.06 Pg C yr−1 for the two decades (negative reflects ocean uptake). We do find broad agreement amongst methodologies with respect to the seasonal cycle in the subtropics of both hemispheres, but not elsewhere. Agreement with respect to detailed signals of interannual variability is poor, and correlations to the North Atlantic Oscillation are weaker in the North Atlantic and Arctic than in the equatorial region and southern subtropics. Linear trends for 1995 to 2009 indicate increased uptake and generally correspond between methodologies in the North Atlantic, but there is disagreement amongst methodologies in the equatorial region and southern subtropics., U. Schuster has been supported by EU grants IP 511176-2 (CARBOOCEAN), 212196 (COCOS), and 264879 (CARBOCHANGE), and UK NERC grant NE/H017046/1 (UKOARP). G. A. McKinley and A. Fay thank NASA for support (NNX08AR68G, NNX11AF53G). P. Landsch ̈ utzer has been supported by EU grant 238366 (GREENCYCLESII). N. Metzl acknowledges the French national funding program LEFE/INSU. Support for N. Gruber has been provided by EU grants 264879 (CARBOCHANGE) and 283080 (GEO-CARBON) S. Doney acknowledges support from NOAA (NOAA-NA07OAR4310098). T. Takahashi is supported by NOAA (NAO80AR4320754).
Published: 2013

47. Iconic CO2 Time Series at Risk

Author: Frédéric Chevallier, Paul I. Palmer, Philippe Ciais, Bakr Badawy, Christian Rödenbeck, James T. Randerson, Scott Denning, Alex Vermeulen, Marc Fischer, Dylan B. A. Jones, Aslam Khalil, Thomas Röckmann, A. G. C. A. Meesters, Jing M. Chen, Martin Heimann, Andrew Schuh, Z. Poussi, Sourish Basu, Andrew R. Jacobson, G. James Collatz, Philippe Bousquet, L. Yurganov, Philippe Peylin, Maarten Krol, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, Taro Takahashi, Wouter Peters, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Andrew C. Manning, Richard Engelen, Manuel Gloor, Shamil Maksyutov, David Baker, John B. Miller, Michael J. Prather, Grégoire Broquet, Ian G. Enting, Dmitry Belikov, Sander Houweling, Marko Scholze, Jocelyn Turnbull, Prabir K. Patra, Nir Y. Krakauer, Christoph Gerbig, David S. Schimel, Parv Suntharalingam, Peter Bergamaschi, Josep G. Canadell, Annemarie Fraser, Takashi Maki, Tim Butler, Thomas Kaminski, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groni, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research ( SRON ), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] ( IMAU ), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen Business School [Copenhagen] ( CBS ), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] ( AOS Program ), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) -National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) -Princeton University, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Earth and Climate, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Copenhagen Business School [Copenhagen] (CBS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: carbon footprint, sea, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Compromise, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate Change, air pollution, letter, Climate change, Commission, chemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, carbon monoxide, biology.animal, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Whaling, 14. Life underwater, China, fossil fuel, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Multidisciplinary, biology, Whale, Atmosphere, methane, carbon dioxide, land use, Carbon Dioxide, Earth system science, priority journal, Economy, greenhouse gas, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, halocarbon, aquatic environment
Abstract: COMMENTARY Common but differentiated IBI Prize Essay LETTERS I BOOKS I POLICY FORUM I EDUCATION FORUM I PERSPECTIVES LETTERS edited by Jennifer Sills Iconic CO 2 Time Series at Risk THE STEADY RISE IN ATMOSPHERIC LONG- lived greenhouse gas concentrations is the main driver of contemporary climate change. The Mauna Loa CO 2 time series (1, 2), started by C. D. Keeling in 1958 and maintained today by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) of NOAA, is iconic evidence of the effect of human- caused fossil fuel and land-use change emis- sions on the atmospheric increase of CO 2 . The continuity of such records depends criti- cally on having stable funding, which is chal- lenging to maintain in the context of 3- to 4-year research grant funding cycles (3), and LEAH R. GERBER Faculty of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA. E-mail: leah.gerber@asu.edu References 1. Associated Press, The New York Times, 6 July 2012, p. A7 (www.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/ world/europe/south-korea-whaling-plan-criticized.html). 2. S. Herman, Voice of America, 24 July 2012 (www.voanews.com/content/south-korea-still- considering-resumption-of-whaling/1444081.html). 3. L. R. Gerber, L. Morissette, K. Kaschner, D. Pauly, Science 323, 880 (2009). 4. R. Black, BBC News, 5 July 2012 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18719512). is currently threatened by the ﬁ nancial crisis. The ESRL Global Monitoring Division maintains a network of about 100 surface and aircraft sites worldwide at which whole air samples are collected approximately every week for analysis of CO 2 , CH 4 , CO, halocar- bons, and many other chemical species (4). This is complemented by high-frequency measurements at the Mauna Loa, Barrow, American Samoa, and South Pole obser- vatories, and about 10 North American tall towers. The success of the NOAA program has inspired similar efforts in Europe (5), China (6), India (7), and Brazil (8), with the United Nations World Meteorological Orga- nization providing guidance and precision requirements through the Global Atmosphere Watch program (9), but no funding. 31 AUGUST 2012 Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on August 17, 2015 AT THE RECENT INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION’S ANNUAL meeting in Panama, South Korean ofﬁ cials announced their plan to initiate a “scientiﬁ c whaling” program (1). This announcement came as a surprise given the general sentiment that the global demand for whale meat is declining. After weeks of international outcry, on 17 July, South Korea reversed their decision to hunt whales for research, but the issue is not dead (2). South Korea claimed that the goal of the scientiﬁ c whaling pro- gram is to study the types and amounts of ﬁ sh whales eat, given conﬂ ict with ﬁ sher- ies. Yet, it is well established in the scien- tiﬁ c literature that there are many ways to study whale diet without killing them (3). Decades of fruitless negotiation between pro- and anti-whaling nations suggests a broken system, wrought with loopholes that allow unsustainable whal- ing to continue. Within this broken system, there is no incentive to reduce whaling, as the recent announcement by South Korea shows. Whaling groups are unwilling to compromise by allowing a sustainable harvest of whales, so unsustainable (scientiﬁ c) whaling continues. To ensure a future of both whales and whalers, we must har- ness the passion and value that people place on living whales, with- out telling people what to do or force one set of values on others. We need novel, out-of-the-box approaches to effective management and conservation of whales. We must compromise to ensure reduc- tions in whales being killed, better oversight of countries that har- vest them, and limited whaling that does not threaten the persis- tence of whales. For those who believe that whaling is unethical, I challenge you to put forward alternative ideas to a global moratorium that fosters the “loophole” of scientiﬁ c whaling. With new plans to develop scientiﬁ c whaling programs (4), the current global moratorium is clearly bro- ken. Scientists, conservation advocates, resource managers, and the public must work together to develop new approaches to ensure the persistence of whales in our oceans. The data collected by NOAA and its worldwide partners have been used not only to demonstrate the unassailable rise of atmo- spheric greenhouse gas concentrations, but also to infer the magnitudes, locations, and times of surface-atmosphere exchange of those gases based on small concentration gradients between sites (10). Important ﬁ nd- ings from analysis of these records include the detection of a signiﬁ cant terrestrial car- bon sink at northern mid-latitudes (11) and subsequent research aimed at identifying the mechanisms by which that sink must operate. Long-term, high-quality, atmospheric mea- surements are crucial for quantifying trends in greenhouse gas ﬂ uxes and attributing them to fossil fuel emissions, changes in land-use and management, or the response of natural VOL 337 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Published by AAAS CREDIT: LEAH GERBER/ ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY The Scientiﬁ c Whaling Loophole
Published: 2012

48. Atmospheric CO 2 inversion validation using vertical profile measurements: Analysis of four independent inversion models

Author: Philippe Bousquet, Julia Marshall, Prabir K. Patra, P. Ciais, C. A. Pickett-Heaps, Peter Rayner, Roger J. Francey, P. Peylin, Ray L. Langenfelds, Christian Rödenbeck, Colm Sweeney, L. P. Steele, Pieter P. Tans, Rachel M. Law, Shamil Maksyutov, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Paleontology, Soil Science, Forestry, Inversion (meteorology), 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Climatology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; [1] We present the results of a validation of atmospheric inversions of CO 2 fluxes using four transport models. Each inversion uses data primarily from surface stations, combined with an atmospheric transport model, to estimate surface fluxes. The validation (or model evaluation) consists of running these optimized fluxes through the forward model and comparing the simulated concentrations with airborne concentration measurements. We focus on profiles from Cape Grim, Tasmania, and Carr, Colorado, while using other profile sites to test the generality of the comparison. Fits to the profiles are generally worse than to the surface data from the inversions and worse than the expected model-data mismatch. Thus inversion estimates are generally not consistent with the profile measurements. The TM3 model does better by some measures than the other three models. Models perform better over Tasmania than Colorado, and other profile sites bear out a general improvement from north to south and from continental to marine locations. There are also errors in the interannual variability of the fit, consistent in time and common across models. This suggests real variations in sources visible to the profile but not the surface measurements. Citation: Pickett-Heaps, C. A., et al. (2011), Atmospheric CO 2 inversion validation using vertical profile measurements: Analysis of four independent inversion models
Published: 2011

49. Atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide observations from two European coastal stations 2000-2005

Author: Harro A. J. Meijer, R. E. M. Neubert, Carmina Sirignano, Christian Rödenbeck, and Isotope Research
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, chemistry.chemical_element, O-2/N-2 RATIO, Oxygen, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, OCEAN, TRACER, FOSSIL-FUEL CO2, SINKS, AIR-SEA FLUX, CYCLE, BULK DATA, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Atmospheric oxygen, Nitrogen, lcsh:QC1-999, O-2, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, Climatology, DELTA-C-13 MEASUREMENTS, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, SAMPLING NETWORK
Abstract: Seeking for baseline conditions has biased the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and later on also oxygen (O2) monitoring networks towards remote marine stations, missing part of the variability that is due to regional anthropogenic as well as land biotic activity. We present here a five-year record of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and oxygen/nitrogen (O2/N2) ratio measurements from the coastal stations Lutjewad (LUT), The Netherlands and Mace Head (MHD), Ireland, derived from flask samples. O2/N2 ratios, a proxy for O2 concentrations, concurrently measured with CO2 concentrations, help determine regional CO2 fluxes by separating land fluxes from sea fluxes. Mace Head is the closest marine baseline station to Lutjewad, located at the same latitude, and therefore is taken as a reference. During the studied period, from 2000 until 2005, we observed an average increase of CO2 in the atmosphere of (1.7±0.2) ppm y−1, and a change of the O2/N2 ratio of (−20±1) per meg y−1. The difference between the CO2 summer minimum and the winter maximum is 14.4 ppm and 16.1 ppm at Mace Head and Lutjewad, respectively, while the paraphase variation in the O2 signal equals 113 per meg and 153 per meg, respectively. We also studied the atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) tracer at both stations. By this analysis, evidence has been found that we need to be careful when using APO close to anthropogenic CO2 sources. It could be biased by combustion-derived CO2, and models need to take into account daily and seasonal variations in the anthropogenic CO2 production in order to be able to simulate APO over the continents.
Published: 2010

50. Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate

Author: Keith W. Oleson, Christian Beer, Mark R. Lomas, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Alessandro Cescatti, Anders Lindroth, Philippe Ciais, Dario Papale, F. Ian Woodward, Gordon B. Bonan, Christian Rödenbeck, Elmar Veenendaal, Enrico Tomelleri, Olivier Roupsard, Hank A. Margolis, M. Altaf Arain, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais, Martin Jung, Nicolas Viovy, Gitta Lasslop, Alberte Bondeau, Christopher M. Williams, Systems Ecology, Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Climate Change Unit [Ispra], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)-European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Department of Animal and Plant Sciences [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Centre d'Etude de la Forêt (Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, and Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Flux, forêt tropicale, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Trees, FluxNet, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Photosynthesis, Savane, database, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Ecology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Temperature, Uncertainty, Biosphere, Vegetation, Plants, PE&RC, products, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, ecosystems, Engineering sciences. Technology, Écosystème, biosphere, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Eddy covariance, Climatic Processes, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, 010603 evolutionary biology, Models, Biological, Oxygen Consumption, Artificial Intelligence, vegetation, fraction, Ecosystem, Precipitation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Changement climatique, atmospheric co2, Models, Statistical, WIMEK, sulfide, Atmosphere, Primary production, Water, Modèle de simulation, 15. Life on land, Carbon Dioxide, Végétation, Plant Leaves, radiation, 13. Climate action, network, Neural Networks, Computer, Cycle du carbone, Dioxyde de carbone
Abstract: Terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) is the largest global CO2 °ux driving several ecosystem functions. We provide an observation- based estimate of this °ux at 123§8 PgCa¡1 using eddy covariance °ux data and various diagnostic models. Tropical forests and sa- vannahs account for 60%. GPP over 40% of the vegetated land is associated with precipitation. State-of-the-art process-oriented bio- sphere models used for climate predictions exhibit a large between- model variation of GPP's latitudinal patterns and show higher spa- tial correlations between GPP and precipitation, suggesting the ex- istence of missing processes or feedback mechanisms which attenu- ate the vegetation response to climate. Our estimates of spatially distributed GPP and its co-variation with climate can help improve coupled climate-carbon cycle process models., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate
Published: 2010

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

60 results on '"Christian Rödenbeck"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources