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Abstract The response of soil microorganisms and plants in soil ecosystems to biochar is well recognised. However, biochars’ impact on large soil animal, such as ants, is inadequately understood, with only limited studies focusing on the abundance and mortality rates of some specific ant species. In this study, soil physicochemical properties, and ant community diversity and functional characteristics were compared between experimental plots with and without biochar application. No significant differences in soil (soil physicochemical properties) or ants (ant community richness, species abundance, and morphological characteristics) were observed between the two plots before biochar application. However, the biochar-treated plot soil surface temperatures, pH, and soil water content were significantly higher after 48 weeks. Biochar application promoted Cardiocondyla nuda (by 426%) and Formica japonica abundance (by 93%), but decreased Solenopsis invicta invasive ant species richness (by 54%), consistent with the fact that changes in soil properties were more beneficial to the former two species. In addition, in biochar-treated plots, F. japonica and S. invicta generally showed larger body size (18% and 6.7%), larger eyes (2.7% and 4.0%), and longer femurs (6.3% and 7.9%), which enabled them to respond better to potential barriers, such as plants. Our results highlighted that, besides species abundance and community structure, certain ant functional morphological indicators were also informative in evaluating biochar ecological implications. Graphical abstract

As an effective soil amendment, biochars require a comprehensive ecological evaluation before they can be widely used in agriculture because endogenous contaminants, such as environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), certainly pose an ecological risk to soil invertebrates. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model organism to investigate the neurotoxicity of two rice straw biochars pyrolyzed at 500 and 700 °C. After 24 h exposure to unwashed biochar, washed biochar, and leaching fluids (supernatants), the neurobehavioral parameters of C. elegans were determined in a liquid toxicity test. The results showed that the washed 700 °C biochar particles significantly impaired locomotion and prolonged the defecation interval at a biochar concentration of 4 g·well−1, while the unwashed biochar and supernatants caused no apparent impairment. Supporting this, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed that the intensity of EPFRs in unwashed 700 °C biochar was stronger than that of the corresponding washed particles. This indicates that, in the liquid test, the EPR signal alone is not indicative of particle toxicity. The accessibility and activity of the EPFRs should be considered. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was observed in the leaching fluids. The neurotoxic activity of the washed biochar was alleviated after the re-addition of leaching fluids to the washed biochar, suggesting that the dissolved organic materials modulate the reactivity of the EPFRs in the liquid phase. This study suggests that the leaching process may increase the risk of biochar when used in the field environment.

Abstract Inflammation is an essential process as a reaction towards infections or wounding. Exposure to hazardous environmental pollutants can lead to chronic inflammations, where the resolving phase is delayed or blocked. Very contradictory studies have been reported on the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of humic substances (HSs) leading to significant disagreements between researchers. To a certain extent, this can be attributed to the chemical heterogeneity of this group of xenobiotics. Here we show for the first time that pro- and anti-inflammatory effects can occur by one HSs. We adapted an assay that uses green fluorescence-labeled zebrafish larvae and CuSO4 to indue an inflammation. In wild-type larvae, exposure to 50 µM CuSO4 for 2 h activated the production of reactive oxygen species, which can be monitored with a fluorescence dye (H2DCFDA) and a microplate reader. This allows not only the use of wild-type fish but also a temporal separation of copper exposure and inflammatory substance while retaining the high throughput. This modified assay was then used to evaluate the inflammatory properties of a fulvic acid (FA). We found, that the aromatic structure of the FA protects from inflammation at 5 and 50 mg C/L, while the persistent free radicals enhance the copper-induced inflammation at ≥ 300 mg C/L.

Abstract Aquaculture has become imperative to cover the demands for dietary animal protein. Simultaneously, it has to overcome prejudices from excessive use of antibiotics and environmental impacts. Natural supplements are traditionally applied orally. In this study, we demonstrated another pathway: the gills. Humic substances are immunostimulants and a natural part of every aquatic ecosystem, making them ideal to be used as bath stimulants. Five and 50 mg C/L of a fulvic acid-rich humic substance was added for 28 days to the water of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This fulvic acid is characterized by a high content of phenolic moieties with persistent free radicals and a high electron exchange capacity. The high concentration of the fulvic acid significantly increased growth and reduced the food conversion ratio and the response to a handling-stressor. Phagocytosis and potential killing activity of head kidney leukocytes were increased, as well as the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) and lysozyme activity in the gills. In conclusion, immunostimulation via gills is possible with our fulvic acid, and the high phenolic content improved overall health and stress resistance of fish.

Massive biomass waste with lignocellulose components can be used to produce biochar for environmental remediation. However, the impact of lignocellulose pyrolysis on biochar structure in relation to the sorption mechanism of ionizable antibiotics is still poorly understood. In this paper, diverse techniques including thermogravimetric analysis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance were applied to investigate the properties of biochars as affected by the pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin in feedstock. Cellulose-derived biochars possessed more abundant groups than lignin-derived biochars, suggesting the greater preservation of group for cellulose during the carbonization. Higher sorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was also observed by cellulose-derived biochars owing to hydrogen bond interaction. Sorption affinity gradually declined with the conversion aliphatic to aromatic carbon, whereas the enhanced specific surface area (SSA) subsequently promoted SMX sorption as evidenced by increased SSA-N2 and SSA-CO2 from 350 to 450 °C. The decreased Kd/SSA-N2 values with increasing pH values implied a distinct reduction in sorption per unit area, which could be attributed to enhanced electrostatic repulsion. This work elucidated the role of carbon phases from thermal conversion of lignocellulose on the sorption performance for sulfonamide antibiotics, which will be helpful to the structural design of carbonaceous adsorbents for the removal of ionizable antibiotics.

Abstract Zooplankton, a group of aquatic animals important as trophic link in the food web, are exposed to high levels of UV radiation (UVR) in clear alpine lakes, while in turbid glacier-fed lakes they are more protected. To study the interplay between behavioral and physiological protection responses in zooplankton from those lakes, we sampled six lakes of different UVR transparency and glacial turbidity. Copepods were absent in the upper water layers of the clearest lake, while in glacier-fed lakes they were more evenly distributed in the water column. Across all lakes, the weighted copepod mean depth was strongly related to food resources (chlorophyll a and rotifers), whereas in the fishless lakes, glacial turbidity largely explained the vertical daytime distribution of these organisms. Up to ~11-times (mean 3.5) higher concentrations of photo-protective compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) were found in the copepods from the clear than from the glacier-fed lakes. In contrast to carotenoid concentrations and antioxidant capacities, MAA levels were strongly related to the lake transparency. Copepods from alpine lakes rely on a combination of behavioral and physiological strategies adapted to the change in environmental conditions taking place when lakes shift from glacially turbid to clear conditions, as glacier retreat proceeds.

Marine algae release a plethora of organic halogenated compounds, many of them with unknown ecological impact if environmentally realistic concentrations are applied. One major compound is dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) which was tested for neurotoxicity in the invertebrate model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This natural compound was compared with the widespread synthetic xenobiotic tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) found in marine sediments and mussels. We found a neuro-stimulating effect for DBAA; this is contradictory to existing toxicological reports of mammals that applied comparatively high dosages. For TBBP-A, we found a hormetic concentration-effect relationship. As chemicals rarely occur isolated in the environment, a combination of both organobromines was also examined. Surprisingly, the presence of DBAA increased the toxicity of TBBP-A. Our results demonstrated that organohalogens have the potential to affect single organisms especially by altering the neurological processes, even with promoting effects on exposed organisms.

Low concentrations of the dissolved leonardite humic acid HuminFeed® (HF) prolonged the lifespan and enhanced the thermal stress resistance of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. However, growth was impaired and reproduction delayed, effects which have also been identified in response to other polyphenolic monomers, including Tannic acid, Rosmarinic acid, and Caffeic acid. Moreover, a chemical modification of HF, which increases its phenolic/quinonoid moieties, magnified the biological impact on C. elegans. To gain a deep insight into the molecular basis of these effects, we performed global transcriptomics on young adult (3 d) and old adult (11 d) nematodes exposed to two different concentrations of HF. We also studied several C. elegans mutant strains in respect to HF derived longevity and compared all results with data obtained for the chemically modified HF. The gene expression pattern of young HF treated nematodes displayed a significant overlap to other conditions known to provoke longevity, including various plant polyphenol monomers. Besides the regulation of parts of the metabolism, TGF- signaling and Insulin-like signaling, lysosomal activities seem to contribute most to HF’s and modified HF’s lifespan prolonging action. These results support the notion that the phenolic/quinonoid moieties of humic substances are major building blocks that drive the physiological effects observed in C. elegans.

The spontaneous locomotor behavior separated into day/night activity phases of two fish species Danio rerio and Leucaspius delineatus was recorded and quantified continuously under sublethal long-term exposure to microcystin-LR in tanks. Microcystin-LR was applied in concentrations of 0.5, 5, 15, and 50 g L-1. By using an automated video-monitoring and object-tracing system, the average motility (swimming velocity) and the average number of turns were assessed. Clear dose-dependent effects of microcystin-LR on the behavior of both test fish were measured. During the daytime, the motility of Danio rerio as well as Leucaspius delineatus increased significantly by exposure to the lowest concentrations, whereas higher concentrations led to significantly decreased motility. Influenced by microcystin-LR, the swimming time of Leucaspius delineatus reversed, going from a prominently diurnal activity to a nocturnal one; Danio rerio remained active during the daytime. Most of the relative changes in the behavioral patterns of Danio rerio and Leucaspius delineatus suggest these fish have comparable susceptibility to microcystin-LR and may indicate some adverse consequences for fish populations, for example, in connection with reproduction and predatorprey interactions. 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 564570, 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different groups of carp were treated with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) or tributyltin (TBT), and possible effects of the chemicals on the swimming behavior of the carp were examined using the BehavioQuant system. By evaluating quantitative behavioral parameters of the animals, it became evident that exposure to high concentrations of chemicals (organotin, 7 μg L−1, or polychlorinated biphenyl, 22 μg L−1) severely affected the carp, causing a significant change in their swimming speed. TBT stress led to a rapid decrease in mean swimming activity. A decrease in the preferred swimming depth was observed in TBT‐ and PCB‐exposed fish. Animals exposed to PCB reduced their mean daily activity and increased their mean swimming speed in the nighttime during the second week of exposure. Therefore, our findings imply that the fish were adapted to cope with the chemicals after the second week of exposure. Furthermore, our results showed that low concentrations (TBT, 0.3 and 2 μg L−1, or PCB, 14 μg L−1) did not significantly alter any quantified parameters of swimming behavior. In addition, the direct effects of chemicals on enzyme activity (GST) were determined. Measurement of soluble glutathione‐S‐transferase activity of fish liver or gills showed a significant elevation after exposure to PCB (0.1 or 22 μg L−1) or TBT (0.8 or 7 μg L−1). We had to conclude that the two different end points tested generally are useful as biomarkers of exposure and for investigations of energy resources in organisms under the influence of toxic stress. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 460–470, 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic substances comprise the majority of organic matter in freshwater ecosystems and were thought to be inert or refractory, except for photolytic degradation. However, evidence is increasing that humic substances interact with aquatic organisms similarly to weak anthropogenic chemicals with nonspecific and specific effects. One specific effect is a hormonelike effect, namely, modulation of the number of offspring, which was first described with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Yet a hormonelike effect is not restricted to only the nematode. With the ornamental swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri, and the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, we present phenomenological evidence that slight feminization occurred when these vertebrate species were exposed to a synthetic humic substance, a condensation product of polyphenols. The slight feminization was dose dependent. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 409–411, 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]