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Background: In Taiwan, the majority of chronic hepatitis C carriers with HIV co-infection are intravenous drug users and inmates in correctional facilities. Peginterferon and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) have been the standard-of-care for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection more than decades. We evaluated the estimated cost-effectiveness of PegIFN/RBV from the National Health Insurance Research Database, covering the population of Taiwan from 1998 to 2013. Materials and methods: This is an observational study, and study during was 2010–2016 and a total of 239 patients were treated with PegIFN/RBV. Of them, 156 patients were treated in the correctional facilities of Taipei, Taoyuan, Taichung and Taitung prisons, and 83 patients were treated in communities. The cost-effectiveness was analyzed in regimens of PegIFN/RBV and direct-acting antiviral agents. Results: By multivariate analysis, the patients completed PegIFN/RBV in prison (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58–13.12, p = 0.005), HCV RNA level

This paper reports the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) sensor through early detection of amyloid-beta (Aβ) (1–42) using simple nanorestructuring of Au sheet plate by oxidation-reduction cycle (ORC) via the electrochemical system. The topology of Au substrates was enhanced through the roughening and Au grains grown by a simple ORC technique in aqueous solutions containing 0.1 mol/L KCl electrolytes. The roughened substrate was then functionalized with the highly specific antibody β-amyloid Aβ (1–28) through HS-PEG-NHS modification, which enabled effective and direct detection of Aβ (1–42) peptide. The efficacy of the ORC method had been exhibited in the polished Au surface by approximately 15% larger electro-active sites compared to the polished Au without ORC. The ORC polished structure demonstrated a rapid, accurate, precise, reproducible, and highly sensitive detection of Aβ (1–42) peptide with a low detection limit of 10.4 fg/mL and a wide linear range of 10−2 to 106 pg/mL. The proposed structure had been proven to have potential as an early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) detection platform with low-cost fabrication and ease of operation.

Abstract We developed an optimal noninvasive index comprising routine laboratory parameters for predicting cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. This study included 992 CHB patients and 1,284 CHC patients who received liver biopsy. We developed the new index, named modified Fibrosis-4 (mFIB-4) according to four independent variables of the model: age, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and platelet count. The formula of the mFIB-4 index is 10 × Age(years) × AST(U/L)/Platelet count(109/L) × ALT(U/L). For predicting cirrhosis, the bootstrap areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for platelet count, AST/ALT ratio (AAR), AAR/platelet ratio index (AARPRI), AST/platelet ratio index (APRI), FIB-4, Pohl score, age-platelet (AP) index, Lok index, fibrosis quotient (FibroQ), and mFIB-4 were 0.7680, 0.7400, 0.8070, 0.6090, 0.7690, 0.6990, 0.7850, 0.7960, 0.8110, and 0.8070 in CHB patients, and 0.8170, 0.7210, 0.8400, 0.7310, 0.8310, 0.6730, 0.8220, 0.8440, 0.8570, and 0.8480 in CHC patients, respectively. FibroQ and mFIB-4 exhibited the highest diagnostic performance levels for liver cirrhosis in CHB and CHC despite the inclusion of the international normalised ratio in the formulation of FibroQ. Thus, mFIB-4 is a simple, inexpensive, and readily available method for assessing the liver fibrosis stage of Asian patients with CHB or CHC.

An investigation on the formation of palladium-Platinum (Pd/Pt) bimetallic clusters at the early stage within the water-in-oil microemulsion system of water/AOT/n-heptane in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is conducted. The results suggest that the reduction of Pd and Pt ions and the formation of the corresponding clusters are monitored as a function of dosage of reducing agent, hydrazine (N2H5OH).

During the 2008 financial crisis, central banks (such as the Fed) adopted a quantitative easing (QE) policy to stimulate their countries’ economies and overcome severe economic and financial recessions. However, apart from stimulating the economy by issuing a substantial amount of currency to purchase long-term bonds and suppress interest rates, QE policy also contributed to a boom in the real estate and construction sectors. Therefore, this study employs data envelopment analysis to measure the business performance (BP) of construction companies, and explore the impact of QE policy on the BP of construction companies, between 2004 and 2015, using hierarchical regression. We also examine the moderating role of the debt ratio on the relationship. Focused on publicly listed construction companies in Taiwan, this research reveals three encouraging findings. Firstly, QE policy indeed enhanced the BP of Taiwanese construction companies. Secondly, performance improvements in construction companies due to QE policy show a time-diminishing trend, suggesting the importance of seizing the initial policy benefits of QE implementation. Lastly, construction companies with appropriate financial leverage may exhibit better BP. These findings can provide valuable insights for relevant government entities and decision-makers in the industry for policy and investment decisions.

FePt nanocrystals and the metal ions [Mn.sup.+] = [Ru.sup.3+], [Sn.sup.2+], or [Ni.sup.2+] as reactants were used to produce new ternary metal nanocrystals of [Fe.sub.1-x]Pt[M.sub.x] by employing a cation-redox reaction in a solution. The reaction observed indicated that most of the Pt atoms are preferentially located in the core region and Ru atoms are located in the shell region with an intermediate iron layer between the Pt and Ru atoms.

A systematic investigation is conducted of the mechanistic aspects of the Ag-Pd bimetallic cluster formation within sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles by using in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). By analyzing the extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectra of Ag-Pd bimetallic clusters it is able to study the reaction of Ag nanoclusters and P[d.sup.2+] ions and a formation of mechanism of Ag-Pd nanoclusters is proposed.

A simple X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to demonstrate the formation of Pt-Ru nanoparticles by analyzing the XAS spectra. THE XAS results demonstrate that the reduction of platinum hydroxide and ruthenium oxide species under flowing hydrogen resulted in metallic Pt-Ru nanoparticles and it is also seen that atomic scale distribution Ru is much better than that of Pt.

A general methodology to determine the extent of alloying or atomic distribution quantitatively in bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is described. The results determine the atomic distribution of bimetallic NPs, which is an extremely important parameter that strongly influences the physicochemical properties of NPs and their applications.

With technical advancement and development, the amount of electronic equipment is increasing, while the functions of products are enhanced, and the routing density of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) becomes larger. In the electronic industry, medical instruments are used to diagnose, treat, mitigate or prevent human diseases, and maintain and promote health. Industrial PCs for medical use and their accessories should be immune to interference from external electromagnetic noise, and should not become interference sources of electromagnetic noise radiation, so they have become issues of interest with respect to ensuring safety of medical equipments in medical operation environments in recent years. This research relates to parametric design using the Taguchi Method in the early stage of product development for medical-grade touch panel computers. In considering the use of Radiated Emission (RE) in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) as a response value, the experiment covers control factors such as PCB and mechanism design related parameters. In addition, peripheral devices used in conjunction with a product are considered as noise factors when the product is in use, while interaction between the control factors is studied. The Taguchi Method is used to select an appropriate inner/outer orthogonal array, and a response diagram and a variance method are used for analysis to provide an optimal set of design parameters, in which the number of routing layers of a riser card is 6; the EMI filter on the isolated card is 600 O; the shunt capacity for the clock on main board is 33p; and the isolated card is grounded. Moreover, it is found that an interaction exists between the number of routing layers of the riser card and the EMI filter of the isolated card. From the result of the experiment, with such a set of parameters, the SN (Signal to Noise Ratio) lies in the confidence interval, indicating good reproducibility of the experiment. Such a parametric design effectively improves the electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics of a product to meet design specifications required by customers, accelerate the R&D process of electronic products, and pass EMI test regulations required by various countries in order to improve industrial competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method is proposed to increase the resonant frequency of a Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) device while keeping the radii unchanged for devices fabricated by sacrificial release (SR) method. The resonant frequency of a CMUT cell is determined by the properties of the membrane such as the Young’s modulus, membrane dimensions and effective membrane mass. Effective Young’s modulus is used to calculate the resonant frequency of CMUT fabricated by SR method. The supporting post structure will affect the boundary conditions at the edge of the CMUT membrane and in turn affect the deflection together with the effective Young’s modulus of the membrane. The perturbation method is used to derive the solution for the governing von Kármán equations. The results show that the thicker is the supporting post width, the higher is the resonant frequency. This method can also be used to simplify the mask design and CMUT fabrication process.

The nanopattern of highly ordered and uniform Au nanoporous membranes with different sizes and thicknesses and the downscaling approach through the combination of colloidal based nanosphere lithography (NSL) and thermal evaporation was proposed to fabricate an extending-gate field effect transistor (EGFET) membrane. The fabrication involved the use of PS nanospheres templates of 500 nm and 100 nm in diameters and various Au thickness of 10, 25 and 40 nm. Carried out in the detection of Staphylococcus aureus 16S rRNA hybridization test with analytical range of 101-106 pM DNA targets, the smaller the Au nanoporous diameter made up by the thicker Au layer produced a gradual improvement in potentiometric study. The Au-nanoporous produced by the thickest Au film at 40 nm and smaller diameter of PS nanospheres (100 nm) demonstrated the most optimum threshold voltage shift and limit of detection (LOD) of ~1 pM altogether with remarkable specificity in the presence of highly concentrated non-specific DNA of other pathogens. Analytical outcomes point out that smaller, periodic and uniform nanoporous EGFET membrane facilitated the larger hybridization signal due to the higher active surface area enabling the more optimum control of DNA orientation and immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanograss (ZnONG) decorated with gold (Au) nanospeckles is demonstrated as a sensing platform for bacterial DNA hybridization in this study. Thermal evaporation of 5 nm Au on hydrothermally synthesized ZnONG generates highly dense speckles, which contributes to an approximately two-fold enhancement of the effective surface area and diffusion coefficient in cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement compared to the non-speckled nanograss. Selective capture of molecular probes from our predesigned sequence of S. epidermidis 16S rRNA onto nanospeckled ZnONG indicated a specific interaction with the DNA target from this prevalently isolated skin pathogen through hybridization screening. The fabricated DNA biosensor demonstrated great ability to quantify a wide range of complementary DNA target, from 10 pM to 1 µM. Moreover, it attained an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 0.506 pM, as determined by the charge-transfer resistance (RCT), upon DNA hybridization in an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The proposed structure of the hybrid Au-speckled ZnONG effectively improved the electro-catalytic properties and electron migration of electrochemical DNA detection due to the increment of the surface area, which consequently renders this structure a potential platform for array-based DNA sensor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, mobile device and mobile network usage have been rapidly growing. Location-based services (LBS), in particular, have become an indispensable aspect of future mobile commerce. In order to develop a model for the antecedents and consequences of LBS, this study used questionnaires to collect survey data. Analysis of this data occurred through the structural equation model (SEM). The data show that service function, media richness, and personalization of LBS help to generate value in LBS. This study concludes that LBS obtain their value through the "3Rs" of relevance, reliability, and recreation. The 3R values enhance users'customer engagement, purchase intention, and functional alternatives. Overall, recreation is the most influential value, with media richness being the key element of this value. These findings can help LBS research, as well as LBS providers and marketers, in discovering a more tactical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constant on-time (COT) controlled multi-phase buck converter has been widely used in high-current applications such as computing devices to achieve high entire-load-range efficiency. However, the literature lacks comprehensive analysis and design guide of the current-balance loop in COT control, resulting in possible low efficiency, per-phase current protection false-trigger, and stability issue. To solve the aforementioned issues, dc inductor current equations and small-signal models are proposed for COT control with the current-balance loop. Current-balance loop gain design guideline is then proposed to achieve accurate dc current balance and stability. Experiment and simulation results verify the analysis and the accuracy of the proposed models.

A novel method for surface modification of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) was proposed, in which a hybrid layer combined by Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) and carbon (C) composite on LNMO material were connected by lithium iodide. Structure and morphology analyses illustrated that a higher contact area of active substances was achieved by the LATP/C composite layer without changing the original crystal structure of LNMO. XPS analysis proved that I− promoted the reduction of trace Mn4+, resulting in a higher ion conductivity. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests exhibited the capacity of the LNMO with 5% LATP/C improved with 35.83% at 25 °C and 95.77% at 50 °C, respectively, compared with the bare after 100 cycles, implying the modification of high-temperature deterioration. EIS results demonstrated that one order of magnitude of improvement of the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient of LATP/C-LNMO was achieved (3.04 × 10−11 S cm−1). In conclusion, the effective low-temperature modification strategy improved the ionic and electronic conductivities of the cathode and suppressed the side reactions of high-temperature treatment.

Trimetallic nanostructures have received considerable attention in recent years, due to their widespread use in photonics, catalysis, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. Nanoparticles consisting of multiple (n ≥ 3) noble metal components, synthesized under controlled conditions, show better SERS-active stability than mono- or bimetallic nanoparticles. In this work, a simple and novel protocol was used for the synthesis of hollow or porous Ag/Au/Pt trimetallic nanocages, based on a galvanic replacement reaction and co-reduction of the corresponding ions. The nanocages were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and X-ray diffraction. It was also demonstrated that the Ag/Au/Pt trimetallic nanocages were both extremely SERS-active and stable. Our results show that Rhodamine 3B, used as a fluorescent marker, could be detected over a wide concentration range from 10[sup -15] to 10[sup -8] M, with the lower limit of detection being 10[sup -15] M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical state and formation mechanism of Pt−Ru nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by using ethylene glycol (EG) as a reducing agent and their stability have been examined by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Pt LIIIand Ru K edges. It appears that the reduction of Pt(IV) and Ru(III) precursor salts by EG is not a straightforward reaction but involves different intermediate steps. The pH control of the reaction mixture containing Pt(IV) and Ru(III) precursor salts in EG to 11 led to the reduction of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) corresponding to PtCl42-whereas RuIIICl3is changed to the Ru(OH)63-species. Refluxing the mixture containing PtCl42-and Ru(OH)63-species at 160 °C for 0.5 h produces Pt−Ru NPs as indicated by the presence of Pt and Ru in the first coordination shell of the respective metals. No change in XAS structural parameters is found when the reaction time is further increased, indicating that the Pt−Ru NPs formed are extremely stable and less prone to aggregation. XAS structural parameters suggest a Pt-rich core and a Ru-rich shell structure for the final Pt−Ru NPs. Due to the inherent advantages of the EG reduction method, the atomic distribution and alloying extent of Pt and Ru in the Pt−Ru NPs synthesized by the EG method are higher than those of the Pt−Ru/C NPs synthesized by a modified Watanabe method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated systematically the mechanistic aspects of the Ag−Pd bimetallic cluster formation within sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles by using in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). A two-step sequential reduction method is employed for the synthesis of Ag−Pd bimetallic clusters. The first step involves preparation of Ag nanoclusters, by mixing the Agions containing the AOT microemulsion system with a reducing agent hydrazine (N2H4) containing the AOT microemulsion system. In the second step, the addition of Pd2ions to Ag nanoclusters led to the formation of Ag−Pd bimetallic clusters via the reaction between Ag nanoclusters and Pd2ions in AOT reverse micelles. The reduction of silver ions and the formation of corresponding Ag nanoclusters are monitored as a function of the dosage of the reducing agent, hydrazine. In-situ XAS allowed probing of the reaction between Ag nanoclusters and Pd2ions during the formation of Ag−Pd bimetallic clusters. Analysis of Ag and Pd K-edge XAS spectra reveals that in the final stage Ag−Pd clusters, in which “Ag” atoms prefer to be surrounded by “Pd” and “Pd” atoms prefer to be surrounded by “Pd”, were formed. On the basis of XAS results presented here, we are able to propose a structural model for each step so that this work provides a detailed insight into the mechanism of nucleation and growth of Ag−Pd bimetallic clusters. We also discussed the atomic distribution of Ag and Pd atoms in Ag−Pd bimetallic clusters based on the calculated XAS structural parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the formation mechanism of nanoparticles is essential for the successful particle design and scaling-up process. This paper reports findings of an X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigation, comprised of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) regions, to understand the mechanism of the carbon-supported Pt−Ru nanoparticles (NPs) formation process. We have utilized Watanabe''s colloidal reduction method to synthesize Pt−Ru/C NPs. We slightly modified the Watanabe method by introducing a mixing and heat treatment step of Pt and Ru oxidic species at 100 °C for 8 h with a view to enhance the mixing efficiency of the precursor species, thereby one can achieve improved homogeneity and atomic distribution in the resultant Pt−Ru/C NPs. During the reduction process, in situ XAS measurements allowed us to follow the evolution of Pt and Ru environments and their chemical states. The Pt LIII-edge XAS indicates that when H2PtCl6 is treated with NaHSO3, the platinum compound is found to be reduced to a Pt(II) form corresponding to the anionic complex [Pt(SO3)4]6-. Further oxidation of this anionic complex with hydrogen peroxide forms dispersed [Pt(OH)6]2- species. Analysis of Ru K-edge XAS results confirms the reduction of RuIIICl3 to [RuII(OH)4]2- species upon addition of NaHSO3. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to [RuII(OH)4]2- causes dehydrogenation and forms RuOx species. Mixing of [Pt(OH)6]2- and RuOx species and heat treatment at 100 °C for 8 h produced a colloidal sol containing both Pt and Ru metallic as well as ionic contributions. The reduction of this colloidal mixture at 300 °C in hydrogen atmosphere for 2 h forms Pt−Ru nanoparticles as indicated by the presence of Pt and Ru atoms in the first coordination shell. Determination of the alloying extent or atomic distribution of Pt and Ru atoms in the resulting Pt−Ru/C NPs reveals that the alloying extent of Ru (JRu) is greater than that of the alloying extent of Pt (JPt). The XAS results support the Pt-rich core and Ru-rich shell structure with a considerable amount of segregation in the Pt region and with less segregation in the Ru region for the obtained Pt−Ru/C NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) is a promising ultrasonic transducer in medical diagnosis and therapeutic applications that demand a high output pressure. The concept of a CMUT with an annular embossed pattern on a membrane working in collapse mode is proposed to further improve the output pressure. To evaluate the performance of an embossed CMUT cell, both the embossed and uniform membrane CMUT cells were fabricated in the same die with a customized six-mask sacrificial release process. An annular nickel pattern with the dimension of 3 μ m × 2 μ m (width × height) was formed on a full top electrode CMUT to realize an embossed CMUT cell. Experimental characterization was carried out with optical, electrical, and acoustic instruments on the embossed and uniform CMUT cells. The embossed CMUT cell achieved 27.1% improvement of output pressure in comparison to the uniform CMUT cell biased at 170 V voltage. The fractional bandwidths of the embossed and uniform CMUT cells were 52.5% and 41.8%, respectively. It substantiated that the embossed pattern should be placed at the vibrating center of the membrane for achieving a higher output pressure. The experimental characterization indicated that the embossed CMUT cell has better operational performance than the uniform CMUT cell in collapse region.

The article cites a study on the synthetic chemical transformation of FePt to Fe1-xPTMx nanocrystals using the cation redox reaction of x-ray absorption spectroscopy. It investigates the variation in crystal composition, structure and shape of starting nanocrystals after they were chemically transformed. It also highlights the changes in structure and composition of resulting nanocrystals of Fe1-xPTMx through x-ray diffraction.

Nowadays, the use of freeform surfaces in various functional applications has become more widespread. Multi-sensor coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are becoming popular and are produced by many CMM manufacturers since their measurement ability can be significantly improved with the help of different kinds of sensors. Moreover, the measurement accuracy after data fusion for multiple sensors can be improved. However, the improvement is affected by many issues in practice, especially when the measurement results have bias and there exists uncertainty regarding the data modelling method. This paper proposes a generic data modelling and data fusion method for the measurement of freeform surfaces using multi-sensor CMMs and attempts to study the factors which affect the fusion result. Based on the data modelling method for the original measurement datasets and the statistical Bayesian inference data fusion method, this paper presents a Gaussian process data modelling and maximum likelihood data fusion method for supporting multi-sensor CMM measurement of freeform surfaces. The datasets from different sensors are firstly modelled with the Gaussian process to obtain the mean surfaces and covariance surfaces, which represent the underlying surfaces and associated measurement uncertainties. Hence, the mean surfaces and the covariance surfaces are fused together with the maximum likelihood principle so as to obtain the statistically best estimated underlying surface and associated measurement uncertainty. With this fusion method, the overall measurement uncertainty after fusion is smaller than each of the single-sensor measurements. The capability of the proposed method is demonstrated through a series of simulations and real measurements of freeform surfaces on a multi-sensor CMM. The accuracy of the Gaussian process data modelling and the influence of the form error and measurement noise are also discussed and demonstrated in a series of experiments. The limitations and some special cases are also discussed, which should be carefully considered in practice.

Background: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) gene correlate with ribavirin (RBV)-induced anemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) receiving combination therapy. Managing anemia is an early priority in the treatment process. Objectives: The aim was to develop a predictive index based on ITPA SNP status to identify CHC patients at risk of anemia. Patients and Methods: A total of 418 eligible East Asian patients diagnosed with CHC genotype 1 (G1) received combination therapy in this study. Participant DNA was genotyped for a functional ITPA SNP (C/C, A/A or C/A) on chromosome 20 at rs1127354. A predictive index was constructed by incorporating independent factors identified for severe anemia events (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL). Areas under the receiveroperating characteristic curves (AUCs) represented the diagnostic accuracies of the predictive index in randomly assigned development and validation cohorts. Results: Multiple logistic regressions identified age (≥ 50 y: OR = 9.7, 95% CI = 5.0 - 18.6), ITPA rs1127354 (C/C: OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.8 - 5.8) and baseline hemoglobin (< 14.0 g/dL: OR 6.4, 95% CI = 3.3 - 12.1; 14.0 - 14.9: OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2 - 4.6) as predictors of severe anemia throughout the treatment. For severe anemia, the predictive index incorporating age, ITPA SNP status and baseline hemoglobin yielded diagnostic accuracies (AUCs) of 0.830 (95% CI = 0.783 - 0.871) in the development (n = 324) and 0.902 (0.826 - 0.925) in the validation (n = 81) cohorts. Conclusions: In patients with CHC G1 and receiving combination therapy, ITPA SNP-based index was an accurate and practical solution for prediction of severe anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray diffraction patterns of nano-calcium in milk samples obtained from market, to determine their crystal structures and average grain size. The results indicated that after processing, nano-calcium in milk powders not only prompt the transformation of crystal structure, but also partially generate oxide structures or even hydrated structures known as the hetero-phase. The methodology of using X-ray powder diffraction for the structural identification of nano-calcium compounds in milk powders has been successfully established in this study. This methodology can be applied to characterize the compounds and reveal the stability of the nano-scale additives in nano-food technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]