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34. Strategic Planning of a Joint SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Vaccination Campaign in the UK.

Author

Ibrahim, Dauda, Kis, Zoltán, Papathanasiou, Maria M., Kontoravdi, Cleo, Chachuat, Benoît, and Shah, Nilay

Subjects
INFLUENZA vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines, STRATEGIC planning, QUALITY control, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract

The simultaneous administration of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines is being carried out for the first time in the UK and around the globe in order to mitigate the health, economic, and societal impacts of these respiratory tract diseases. However, a systematic approach for planning the vaccine distribution and administration aspects of the vaccination campaigns would be beneficial. This work develops a novel multi-product mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) vaccine supply chain model that can be used to plan and optimise the simultaneous distribution and administration of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines. The outcomes from this study reveal that the total budget required to successfully accomplish the SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccination campaigns is equivalent to USD 7.29 billion, of which the procurement costs of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines correspond to USD 2.1 billion and USD 0.83 billion, respectively. The logistics cost is equivalent to USD 3.45 billion, and the costs of vaccinating individuals, quality control checks, and vaccine shipper and dry ice correspond to USD 1.66, 0.066, and 0.014, respectively. The analysis of the results shows that the choice of rolling out the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine during the vaccination campaign can have a significant impact not only on the total vaccination cost but also on vaccine wastage rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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40. Comparative techno-economic and life-cycle analysis of precious versus non-precious metal electrocatalysts: the case of PEM fuel cell cathodes.

Author

Pedersen, Angus, Pandya, Jinil, Leonzio, Grazia, Serov, Alexey, Bernardi, Andrea, Stephens, Ifan E. L., Titirici, Maria-Magdalena, Petit, Camille, and Chachuat, Benoît

Subjects
PROTON exchange membrane fuel cells, ELECTROCATALYSTS, CATHODES, FUEL cell vehicles, FUEL cells
Abstract

Sluggish kinetics in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) require significant quantities of expensive Pt-based nanoparticles on carbon (Pt/C) at the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This catalyst requirement hinders their large-scale implementation. Single atom Fe in N-doped C (Fe–N–C) electrocatalysts offer the best non-Pt-based ORR activities to date, but their environmental impacts have not been studied and their production costs are rarely quantified. Herein, we report a comparative life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of replacing Pt/C with Fe–N–C at the cathode of an 80 kW PEMFC stack. In the baseline scenario (20 gPt/Cvs. 690 gFe–N–C), we estimate that Fe–N–C could reduce damages on ecosystems and human health by 88–90% and 30–44%, respectively, while still increasing global warming potential by 53–92% and causing a comparable impact on resource depletion. The environmental impacts of Pt/C predominantly arise from the Pt precursor while those of Fe–N–C are presently dominated by the electricity consumption. The monetized costs of environmental externalities for both Fe–N–C and Pt/C catalysts exceed their respective direct production costs. Based on catalyst performance with learning curve analysis at 500 000 PEMFC stacks per annum, we estimate replacing Pt/C with Fe–N–C would increase PEMFC stack cost from 13.8 to 41.6 USD per kW. The cost increases despite a reduction in cathode catalyst production cost from 3.41 to 0.79 USD per kW (excluding environmental externalities). To be cost-competitive with a Pt-based PEMFC stack delivering 2020 US Department of Energy target of 1160 mW cm−2 (at 0.657 V), the same stack with an Fe–N–C cathode would need to reach 874 mW cm−2, equivalent to a 200% performance improvement. These findings demonstrate the need for continued Fe–N–C activity development with sustainable synthesis routes in mind to replace Pt-based cathode catalyst in PEMFCs. Based on forecasting scenarios of fuel cell vehicle deployment targets, we find that Pt consumption would be constrained by Pt supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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