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1. Lifting COVID-19 mitigation measures in Spain (May–June 2020)

Author

Monge, Susana, Latasa Zamalloa, Pello, Sierra Moros, María José, Pérez Olaso, Oscar, García San Miguel, Lucía, Varela, Carmen, Rivera Ariza, Silvia, Vázquez Torres, María C., Olmedo Lucerón, María del Carmen, González Yuste, Paloma, Soler Crespo, Pilar, Segura del Pozo, Javier, Gullón, Pedro, Carrasco, José Miguel, Martínez Sánchez, Elena Vanessa, Redondo Bravo, Lidia, Pichiule Castañeda, Myriam, Purriños Hermida, María Jesús, Hervada Vidal, Xurxo, Huerta Gonzalez, Ismael, Margolles, Mario, Vanaclocha Luna, Hermelinda, Ramalle Gómara, Enrique, Pérez Martín, Jaime Jesús, Chirlaque López, María Dolores, López Fernández, María Jesús, Lorusso, Nicola, Carmona Ubago, Alberto, Rivas Perez, Ana, Ramos Marin, Violeta, Criado Alvarez, Juan José, Castrillejo Pérez, Daniel, Góméz Anés, Atanasio A., Frontera, Marga, Macias Rodriguez, Pedro, Álvarez León, Eva Elisa, Díaz Casañas, Miriam, Lopaz Perez, Maria Angeles, Alonso Pérez de Ágreda, Juan Pablo, Navas Gutierrez, Paloma, Rosell Aguilar, Ignacio, Arteagoitia Axpe, Jose María, Gonzalez Carril, Fernando, Aparicio Azcárraga, Pilar, Simón Soria, Fernando, and Suarez Rodríguez, Berta

Published
2023
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2. The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: characterisation of cases and risk factors for severe outcomes, as at 27 April 2020

Author

Redondo-Bravo, Lidia, Sierra Moros, Maria Jose, Martinez Sanchez, Elena Vanessa, Lorusso, Nicola, Carmona Ubago, Alberto, Gallardo Garcia, Virtudes, Sanchez Villanueva, Pilar, Puy Azon, Adela, Guimbao Bescos, Joaquin, Boone, An L. D., Fernandez Ibanez, Ana, Alvarez Fernandez, Blanca, Nicolau Riutort, Antonio, Salom Castell, M. Magdalena, Gimenez Duran, Jaume, Nunez Gallo, Domingo, Rojo Moreno, Magdalena Lucia, Blasco de la Fuente, Aniceto, Viloria Raymundo, Luis Javier, Hernandez Perena, Marcos, Chico Mena, Matilde, Humanes Aparicio, Sonia, Illescas Fernandez, Maria Soledad, Fernandez Arribas, Socorro, Marcos Rodriguez, Ma del Henar, Martinez-Pino, Isabel, Jan, Mireia, Martinez, Ana, Ciruela, Pilar, Villatoro Bongiorno, Katja, March Yague, Aina, Perez Panades, Jordi, Lopez-Tercero Torvisco, Maria del Mar, Gordillo Romero, Cecilia, Caleya Olivas, Beatriz, De Miguel Garcia, Sara, Cordoba Deorador, Esther, Gil Montalban, Elisa, del Valle Arrojo, Manuel, Abraira Garcia, Luisa, Boullosa Cortes, Antonio, Garcia-Fulgueiras, Ana, Dolores Chirlaque, Ma, Isabel Barranco, Ma, Casado, Itziar, Castilla, Jesus, Garcia-Cenoz, Manuel, Gonzalez Carril, Fernando, Soraluce Olaneta, Amaia, Lazaro-Carrasco de la Fuente, Ma Jesus, Martinez Ochoa, Eva, Ibanez Perez, Ana Carmen, Blanco Martinez, Angela, Rivas Perez, Ana Isabel, Ramos Marin, Violeta, Medina Vinuesa, Margarita, Castrillejo Perez, Daniel, Gomez Anes, Atanasio Alfonso, Pozo, Francisco, Casas, Inmaculada, Penalver-Argueso, Belen, Pampaka, Despina, Oliva Dominguez, Jesus A., Sastre Garcia, Maria, Larrauri, Amparo, and Working Grp Surveillance Control C

Subjects
Male, sistema de registros, Epidemiology, humanos, adolescente, pandemias, Disease, Comorbidity, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease_cause, geografía, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, recopilación de datos, Pandemic, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Registries, Geography, Medical, Child, mediana edad, Coronavirus, Aged, 80 and over, anciano, Surveillance, Geography, Data Collection, adulto, Middle Aged, adulto joven, Child, Preschool, Population Surveillance, Quarantine, surveillance, Female, Algorithms, Adult, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Adolescent, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Health Personnel, Physical Distancing, algoritmos, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Disease severity, vigilancia de la población, Virology, factores de riesgo, Humans, Pandemics, Aged, lactante, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, pandemic, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Infant, Spain, Emergency medicine, Communicable Disease Control, business
Abstract

Background The first wave of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spread rapidly in Spain, one of Europe’s most affected countries. A national lockdown was implemented on 15 March 2020. Aim To describe reported cases and the impact of national lockdown, and to identify disease severity risk factors. Methods National surveillance data were used to describe PCR-confirmed cases as at 27 April 2020. We compared case characteristics by severity categories (hospitalisation, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), death) and identified severity risk factors using multivariable regression. Results The epidemic peaked on 20 March. Of 218,652 COVID-19 cases, 45.4% were hospitalised, 4.6% were admitted to ICU and 11.9% died. Among those who died, 94.8% had at least one underlying disease. Healthcare workers (HCWs) represented 22.9% of cases. Males were more likely to have severe outcomes than females. Cardiovascular disease was a consistent risk factor. Patients with pneumonia had higher odds of hospitalisation (odds ratio (OR): 26.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 25.03–28.33). The strongest predictor of death was age ≥ 80 years (OR: 28.4; 95% CI: 19.85–40.78). Among underlying diseases, chronic renal disease had highest odds of death (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.29–1.68). Conclusions COVID-19 case numbers began declining 6 days after the national lockdown. The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain had a severe impact on elderly people. Patients with cardiovascular or renal conditions were at higher risk for severe outcomes. A high proportion of cases were HCWs. Enhanced surveillance and control measures in these subgroups are crucial during future COVID-19 waves.

Published
2020

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