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This research article focuses on the ergonomic design of the workstations for the plastics industry plant to reduce the postural load that improves the workers’ productivity and the operators’ absenteeism due to musculoskeletal disorders. This article develops an innovative solution to deal with one of the main problems of the plastic industry, namely, the high rate of worker absenteeism generated by musculoskeletal disorders due to the high postural load at the stations of work in this industry. The research is divided into four stages, namely the Determination of the objectives through the analysis of the problem and its root causes, the Redesign of the work methodologies in the productive area, the Improvement in the activities and tools used in the production chain, and Evaluations of the different impacts that the proposal entails. A proposed model validated with the Delmia V5 software and evaluation methods such as RULA, REBA, and OCRA, made possible a reduction in the level of risk of 50% and 66.7% in the different jobs analyzed and obtained 42,929 PEN in savings per year in respect to the total costs generated by the absenteeism presented. The result of the new workstations satisfies the ergonomic aspects and the needs of the workers. The study focuses on an analysis of risk levels that occurred in each of the high-density bag production activities, where non-conformity was found regarding the high risks presented, those leading causes with inappropriate postures by the staff, non-optimal working conditions, and absence of ergonomic furniture. This research serves as the basis for future lines of research and other companies with similar characteristics to implement the model.

For an organization to be able to successfully maintain its operating processes and ensure the welfare of its workers, it is necessary to maintain an integrated system against occupational risks. This research aims to learn about scientific studies on occupational risks and safety standards used in healthcare SMEs, from the analysis of research articles. The publications used were 40 sources extracted from EBSCO (50%), ProQuest (42.5%) and ScienceDirect (7.5%), which are related to the variables: management of safety standards and occupational risks. The methodology used was PRISMA. The review concludes with the importance of a system under the management of safety standards in healthcare services, which helps to meet the objectives of the organization and the legal requirements related to safety. Resumen Para que una organización pueda mantener con éxito sus procesos operativos y asegurar el bienestar de sus trabajadores, es necesario mantener un sistema integrado contra los riesgos laborales. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo conocer los estudios científicos sobre riesgos laborales y estándares de seguridad utilizados en las pymes sanitarias, a partir del análisis de artículos de investigación. Las publicaciones utilizadas fueron 40 fuentes extraídas de EBSCO (50%), ProQuest (42,5%) y ScienceDirect (7,5%), que se relacionan con las variables: gestión de estándares de seguridad y riesgos laborales. La metodología utilizada fue PRISMA. La revisión concluye con la importancia de un sistema bajo la gestión de estándares de seguridad en los servicios de salud, que ayude a cumplir con los objetivos de la organización y los requisitos legales relacionados con la seguridad.

The Retail sector has increased steadily internationally and this is reflected in the 5.7% growth in the top 250 global Retail companies which have benefited from the implementation and positioning of E-Commerce. In the Peruvian market is estimated that the Retail sector will grow by 4% this year and the increase in demand showed difficulties in distribution, causing the long delivery times of orders as a problem. For this reason, the proposal developed a distribution and transport model applying Lean Logistics, with a Cross-Docking system, and for the registration and tracking of orders the Bar Code Poka Yoke, with the aim of increasing the service level to 92% order delivery, reducing the time for Store Pickups by 48.71%. The effectiveness of the model was corroborated through a simulation that allows the company to be competitive in the market.

Over the last few years, the Peruvian footwear industry has been affected by the increase in imports, mainly from China, with an FOB value that has risen to 516 million dollars, generating a deficit in the trade balance and forcing producers to become more competitive. Therefore, the national industry seeks to raise the standards of productivity and quality of its products, increasing the service level offered. In this research, it is proposed an improvement model that allows optimizing order fulfillment, which integrates lean manufacturing tools, including 5S, line balancing, and standardized work. After the implementation of the model, the cycle time will be reduced by 27.27%, the number of defective products in the assembly area will decrease by 8. 90%, and in the flooring area by 19.91%. Due to this, it is possible to increase the value of OTIF by 44.48%.

The furniture industry has developed globally with exponential growth in recent years. In Peru, it is one of the key sectors in the productive transformation chain that is growing the most. However, these companies are mostly microenterprises and present various challenges such as the lack of quality standards, the high need for labor, the lack of qualified workers, limitations in technology, among others, which leads to low productivity and performance. That said, the main objective of this research is to increase the productivity of a Peruvian SME workshop dedicated to the manufacture of melamine furniture on a small scale. For this purpose, a model composed of the tools Systematic Layout Planning (SLP), 5'S and Standard Work (SW) was proposed and executed through a pilot plan and simulation. As a result, there was an increase in productivity by 11.82%, an increase in production by 50% and a reduction in production time from 398 min to 330.67 min.

Small pelagic fishes are used for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil. They constitute 25% of global fish catch and have been of considerable conservation concern because of their intermediate position in aquatic food webs, often being a dominant dietary component of marine predators. This paper provides an overview of trends in abundance and fishing pressure on small pelagic fish stocks from single-species scientific assessments that constitute 60% of global small pelagic catch. While most individual stocks have exhibited wide variability in abundance (typical of small pelagics compared with other fish taxa), across stocks there has been remarkable stability in average fishing pressure and biomass since 1970. On average, since 1970, the biomass of assessed small pelagic stocks is estimated to have been slightly above the biomass that would produce maximum sustainable yield, but estimation of this quantity for highly fluctuating stocks is quite uncertain. There were significant differences among assessed regions, with the Mediterranean and Black Sea of greatest concern for high and growing fishing pressure. The 40% of global small pelagic fish catch not covered by single-species quantitative stock assessments since 1970 comes largely from Asia, where catches have continued to increase. At regional levels, the average abundance of assessed small pelagic fish is largely unrelated to average fishing pressure, which we argue results both from the portfolio effect, where numerous stocks fluctuate with little correlation in abundance, and from the short life span of small pelagics coupled with recruitment largely independent of spawning abundance. publishedVersion

The following research aims to develop a business model that applies business management tools such as Lean Startup, Lean Canvas, Digital Marketing, and PMBOK guidelines to ensure good sales performance. This research develops a minimum viable product to explore the inbound market and pivot when necessary to suit customer needs. An economic model is simulated to see how it could work in real-Time and the utility of the stakeholders. The research also evaluated; whether the incorporation of vitamins B6. B9 and B12 in a healthy cookie could improve the cognitive functions of juvenile students. In the end, it is observed that thanks to the creation of an economic model and its simulation, it could be viable in a real market, with an NPV of PEN 763,173. The contribution of the present article combines aspects of industrial engineering and investigation of vitamins b6, b,9, and b12 for the nurture of a brand-new product that aims to be a viable healthy snack that favors the cognitive aspect of juvenile students. While not generating side effects such as the dependency on product taurine, caffeine, and multiple substances ultimately harm the users nervous system.

With the accelerated growth of online shopping, especially as a result of the Covid 19 pandemic, concern about offering a good quality delivery service has also grown. This has increased competition in this sector from the emergence of new proposals such as Uber or Rappi, which is why Courier companies are having problems maintaining the loyalty of their customers. It is important then, to differentiate yourself and a good way to do it is by improving the management of non-conforming orders, since several studies indicate that if you sell online, you must be prepared to receive an average returns ratio of 20% of the products depending on the sector. A good way to improve this process is with the application of the lean philosophy to eliminate activities that do not generate value, in conjunction with the BPM methodology to have a better global control of the process, identify repetitive activities and determine the relevant KPIs for the company. That is why this paper proposes a model with the application of these 2 methodologies to improve customer loyalty in a courier company. The implementation of the proposed model and its improvements were simulated using the software Arena and compared with the initial situation. The results showed the effectiveness of the method, reducing the service time of non-compliant orders by 37%. In addition, an increase in customer loyalty is expected taking it up to 60.81%.

The sector of services provided to companies is in a constant search for continuous improvement mainly due to problems presented in the performance of processes, quality of service and time management. The latter is a fundamental piece since the shortest time is always sought in hiring new collaborators to have greater flexibility and maintain a good relationship with customers, achieving a better competitive advantage. Therefore, the integrated Lean-BPM service model is proposed, which aims to reduce the lead time of new employees that is currently 6.22 days generated by poor time management. The mentioned model uses the following tools: standardized work, visual management, business process management and Kanban board, which are adjusted to the identified problems according to the literature review. After applying the method, a 12.88 % reduction was obtained to maintain the efficiency of the integrated model, and the improvement was confirmed by simulation, and similar results were obtained.

The heavy freight transportation sector has been positioning itself stronger in the sector as a result of the increase in imports and exports in Peru, which has generated a 5.6% increase in its GDP. According to the above, it is essential to identify the stages of the processes, maintenance plan, availability of trucks, as well as the quality of freight transportation. A fundamental part of these considerations is the maintenance management and the restructuring of the stages of the service process, the model proposed by this research is the use of tools such as VSM, BPM, and TPM, whose main objective is to reduce the current rate of orders delivered out of time of 4.78 %, generated by a poor organization of the administrative and logistics area. After the implementation through a pilot plan within the company, a reduction of 0.72% was obtained.

Discussions about Industry 4.0 and its relationship with supply chains are a topic that has been growing over tim e. In theory, this new technological revolution can transform industries and their business models entirely as there are new ways to o ffer value to customers. Developing new technologies will allow sup p ly chains, mainly in manufacturing companies, to change their paradigms, achieving a competitive advantage over others. This article's main objective is to investigate the current state of Industry 4.0 in supply chains, exploring the technologies that enable it, the existing uses in the processes, its benefits, and its challenges. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted, in addition to bibliometric analysis.

The food industry represented 2019 3.2% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Peru, in addition to presenting high employability being that the sector contained 7.4% of the Economically Active Population (EAP) [1]. However, due to the world crisis caused by COVID 19, this sector has been harmed in the year 2020 because the GDP of the accommodation and restaurants sector decreased by 50.2% compared to the previous year [2]. For that reason, strengthening this industry is considered crucial. One of the most critical links in the management of the supply chain of material, this problem results in the late delivery of orders to their customers, which would generate significant monetary losses and a bad reputation. In this sense, the present research proposes an integral improvement model based on the combination of tools such as the 5S ordering of raw material under a multi-criteria ABC approach, FEFO, MRP, Forecasting, and BPM, whose objective is to reduce the lead time. The model was validated through a simulation in Arena 16.1, where a reduction in delivery time and the frequency of extra purchases in 7.2% y 50%.

The efficient control in the manufacturing control is very essential to increase the productivity and some specialized devices are made with and adequate functions. These devices are MEMS (Micro Electromechanical Systems), which are low-power microdevices widely used in the industrial processes of the Mexicali aerospace industry, which have the function of controlling the operation of industrial systems at any stage of manufacturing by evaluating the way to carry out their activities, comparing standardized values with data real and activate and deactivate high power actuator mechanisms such as fans, motors, electric pumps and other high power used in this installed industry. These microdevices have specific characteristics in their operation to obtain the best operational performance of industrial equipment and machines, at a low cost and partially operating according to the operating system reference values of industrial systems and generating a safe process in their operation. The industrial processes of the Mexicali aerospace industry require specialized knowledge because they manufacture components with very rigid operations because they are manufactured for aircraft with very rigorous regulations, due to the high security that air transport requires. MEMS have increased their use in the last ten years, where it has been applied to various industries due to the simple way of coupling with industrial systems, and this is why research was conducted to evaluate its use in a company in this city that they did not intend to use them and when observing that they increased their productive performance at one stage of their industrial processes, they chose to apply them in all their manufacturing areas. The investigation was from 2018 to 2019.

Corn stover dry matter loss effects variability for biofuel conversion facility and technology sustainability. This research seeks to understand the dynamic mechanisms of the thermal system, organic matter loss, and microbial heat generation in corn stover storage operations through system dynamics, a mathematical modeling approach, and response analysis to improve the system performance. This study considers epistemic uncertainties including cardinal temperatures of microbial respiratory activity, specific degradation rate, heat evolution per unit substrate degraded, and thermal conductivity in corn stover storage reactors. These uncertainties were managed through calibration, a process of improving the agreement between the computational and benchmark experimental results by adjusting the parameters of the model. Model calibration successfully predicted the temperature of the system as quantified by the mean absolute error, 0.6°C, relative to the experimental work. The model and experimental dry matter loss after 30 days of storage were 5.1% and 4.9 ± 0.28%. The model was further validated using additional experimental results to ensure that the model accurately represented the system. Model validation obtained a temperature mean absolute relative error of 0.9 ± 0.3°C and dry matter loss relative error of 3.1 ± 1.5%. This study presents a robust prediction of corn stover storage temperature and demonstrates that an understanding of carbon sources, microbial communities, and lag-phase evolution in bi-phasic growth are essential for the prediction of organic matter preservation in corn stover storage systems under environment's variation.

Fitting length data in age-structured stock assessment is a common method for evaluating hard-to-age animals, such as crustaceans. Growth specification and the uncertainty in the stock recruitment relationship are key issues in length-based assessment models. We conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of growth and recruitment parameters on the stock assessment and management variables of the yellow squat lobster (Cervimunida johni) caught off the Chilean coast. Nine different scenarios of the length at first capture ( L a = 1 ) and the coefficient of variation at age ( c v a ) were tested for six combinations of values for the steepness parameter (h) and the recruitment variance ( &sigma, R 2 ). We also investigated the reliability of these estimates using an operating model. Our findings indicate that the parameter related to growth, L a = 1 , has the greatest impact on the assessment and management variables of this fishery resource, with c v a having a lesser effect. Recruitment and fishing mortality estimates were the main variables affected. Parameters h and &sigma, R 2 did not profoundly impact the variables assessed. In addition, L a = 1 was the most biased estimated parameter. We discuss that the high influence of growth parameters is related to model structure, and thus implications for determination of the status of yellow squat lobster should be addressed in the future. We recommended developing simulation protocols for the selection of growth parameters when using an age-structured model with length observations, and we believe that our findings are relevant for all Chilean fisheries with a similar stock assessment framework.

Andean ecosystems provide important ecosystem services including streamflow regulation and carbon sequestration, services that are controlled by the water retention properties of the soils. Even though these soils have been historically altered by pine afforestation and grazing, little research has been dedicated to the assessment of such impacts at local or regional scales. To partially fill this knowledge gap, we present an evaluation of the impacts of pine plantations and grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties and soil organic matter (SOM) of high montane forests and p&aacute, ramo in southern Ecuador, at elevations varying between 2705 and 3766 m a.s.l. In total, seven study sites were selected and each one was parceled into undisturbed and altered plots with pine plantation and grazing. Soil properties were characterized at two depths, 0&ndash, 10 and 10&ndash, 25 cm, and differences in soil parameters between undisturbed and disturbed plots were analyzed versus factors such as ecosystem type, sampling depth, soil type, elevation, and past/present land management. The main soil properties affected by land use change are the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), the water retention capacity (pF 0 to 2.52), and SOM. The impacts of pine afforestation are dependent on sampling depth, ecosystem type, plantation characteristics, and previous land use, while the impacts of grazing are primarily dependent on sampling depth and land use management (grazing intensity and tilling activities). The site-specific nature of the found relations suggests that extension of findings in response to changes in land use in montane Andean ecosystems is risky, therefore, future evaluations of the impact of land use change on soil parameters should take into consideration that responses are or can be site specific.

The páramo, a collection of Neotropical alpine ecosystems, plays a prominent role in ecosystem services (ESs), providing water supply and regulation, conservation of biodiversity, and carbon storage in soil. The establishment of pine plantations for carbon sequestration and wood production has recently raised questions concerning the possible impact on the páramo’s ES. This study identifies the main stakeholders in this field and compares and contrasts their perceptions of the impact of pine plantations on the páramo’s ES, because the disparity among stakeholders’ perceptions must be addressed to achieve sustainable management. The data were gathered using 56 semi-structured interviews and were qualitatively analyzed. The results show that the main stakeholder groups (landowners, local government officials, foresters, and nature conservationists) acknowledge the important ES of the plantations. The perception of plantation impact varies among and within stakeholder groups, however, on specific functions, such as water provision, carbon storage, erosion prevention, and habitat function for wildlife and natural vegetation. Consideration and integration of these perceptions can help policy makers and organizations develop sustainable policies for the future management of the páramo ecosystem.

Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) is a species associated with seamounts, with an important fishery in Juan Fernandez archipelago, Chile (33°40'S, 79°00'W). Since 2004, this resource has been managed by catch quotas estimated from stock assessment models. The alfonsino model involves high levels of uncertainty for several reasons including a lack of knowledge of aspects of the population dynamics and poorly informative time-series that feed the proposed evaluation models. This work evaluated three hypotheses regarding population dynamics and their influence on the main state variables (biomass, recruitment) of the model using age-structured and dynamic biomass models. The hypotheses corresponded to de-recruitment of older individuals, non-linearity between standardized catch per unit effort, and population abundance as well as variations of the relative importance of length structures. According to the results, the depletion of the spawning biomass between 1998 and 2008 varied between 9 and 56%, depending on the combination of hypotheses used in the model. This indicates that state variables in alfonsino are not robust to the available information; rather, they depend strongly on the hypothesis of population dynamics. The discussion is focused on interpreting the causes of the changes in the state variables in light of a conceptual model for population dynamics in alfonsino and which pieces of information would be necessary to reduce the associated uncertainty.El alfonsino (Beryx splendens) es una especie asociada a montes submarinos. En Chile sustenta una importante pesquería en el archipiélago de Juan Fernández (33°40'S, 79°00'W). Desde el año 2004, este recurso es administrado a través de cuotas anuales de capturas, las cuales son estimadas desde un modelo de evaluación de stock. La modelación de la población de alfonsino se caracteriza por una alta incertidumbre, debido a diversas fuentes, como son desconocimiento de aspectos de su dinámica poblacional en concomitancia con series temporales débilmente informativas que sustentan los modelos de evaluación propuestos. En el presente trabajo fueron evaluadas tres hipótesis de dinámica poblacional y su influencia en las principales variables de estado del modelo (biomasa, reclutamiento) bajo un esquema edad-estructurado y otro de biomasa dinámica. Las hipótesis corresponden a des-reclutamiento de individuos longevos, no linealidad entre la captura por unidad de esfuerzo estandarizada y la abundancia poblacional; como también variaciones en la importancia relativa de las estructuras de longitud. Los resultados indican que el decaimiento de la biomasa desovante, entre 1998 y 2008, varió entre 9 y 56% dependiendo de la combinación de hipótesis de dinámica poblacional asumida en el modelo. Esto indica que las variables de estado en alfonsino no son robustas a la información disponible sino que dependen, fuertemente, de las hipótesis de dinámica poblacional. La discusión está enfocada en interpretar las causas de los cambios en las variables de estado a la luz de un modelo conceptual de dinámica poblacional en alfonsino y cuáles serían las piezas de información necesarias para reducir la incertidumbre asociada.

Para emplear la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) como índice de abundancia se debe realizar normalmente un proceso de estandarización que consiste en aislar desde las series de tiempo de CPUE todos aquellos efectos exógenos a las variaciones temporales de la abundancia. Dentro del conjunto de efectos exógenos, como aquellos generados por modificaciones en la eficiencia de las embarcaciones pesqueras, variaciones en las estrategias de pesca y variaciones ambientales, la elección de estos últimos ha sido considerada una de las etapas más difícil, arbitraria y menos documentada, debido a que los efectos ambientales varían en diferentes escalas temporales de forma autocorrelacionada y no aleatoria, influenciando a la CPUE por medio de un proceso causa-efecto. Los modelos de función de transferencia (MFT) fueron construidos para describir estadísticamente la relación causa-efecto entre dos series de tiempo y se proponen en este artículo como una herramienta valida para i) discriminar efectos ambientales que influencian la CPUE y ii) describir la forma en que estos efectos deben ser incluidos en un modelo lineal generalizado (MLG). Se analizó la CPUE de krill antartico para el período agosto 1989-julio 1999, y como posibles efectos causales el índice de Oscilación Antartico (IOA) y las Presiones Atmosféricas al Nivel del Mar (PANM). El MFT muestra que las PANM bajo un desfase anual (PANM12), influencian la CPUE de krill antartico; mientras que la IAO no tiene un efecto significativo. La utilización de la PANM12 en un MLG incrementó en 31% la explicación de la devianza respecto a la serie sin desfase. Se concluye que los MFT son herramientas promisorias para incluir efectos ambientales en la estandarización de la CPUE resultando en índices de abundancia menos sesgados y más precisos.The use of the catch per unit effort (CPUE) as an index of abundance usually requires a standardization process consisting of isolating all those exogenous factors from temporal variations in abundance from the CPUE time-series. These exogenous factors include those generated by modifications in fishery vessel efficiency, variations in fishing strategies, and environmental fluctuations. The selection of the latter has been considered to be one of the most difficult, arbitrary, and poorly documented stages since the environmental effects vary on different temporal scales in autocorrelated and non-random manners, influencing the CPUE through a cause-effect process. Transfer function models (TFM) were constructed to describe statistically the cause-effect relationship between two time-series and herein we propose that TFM are a valid tool for: i) discriminating environmental effects that influence the CPUE and ii) describing how these effects should be included in a generalized lineal model (GLM). We analyzed the Antarctic krill CPUE from August 1989 to July 1999, and as possible causal effects, the Antarctic Oscillation Index (AOI) and atmospheric pressure at sea level (APSL). TFM shows that the APSL, with an annual lag (APSL12), influences the CPUE of Antarctic krill, whereas the AOI did not have a significant effect. The use of APSL 12 in the GLM increased the explanation of the deviance by 31% as compared with the APSL with no lag. We concluded that TFM constitute a promising tool for including environmental effects in the standardization of the CPUE that would result in less biased and more accurate indexes of abundance.

En los últimos diez años los desembarques de rayas en la pesquería espinelera artesanal se han incrementado aceleradamente en la zona sur-austral de Chile y actualmente se desconocen características fundamentales para la descripción de la dinámica poblacional, como es la composición de especies, tasas de capturas y estructura de tamaño. En este estudio se exploraron estas características mediante información biológico-pesquera obtenida en un programa de moni toreo experimental desarrollado entre febrero 2003 y agosto 2004. Se analizaron 403 lances de pesca donde se registró información operational (fecha, profundidad, tiempo de reposo, número de anzuelos, captura total y zona de pesca) y biológica (identificación de especies, número de especies, peso, sexo y longitud total). Se examinó por zona de pesca la composición de un grupo de 16 especies correspondientes al 98% de la captura total. Las capturas estuvieron constituidas principalmente por raya volantín (Dipturus chilensis) y congrio dorado (Genypterus blacodes), que en conjunto representaron el 87,8% de la captura total, mientras que la importancia del resto de las especies de elasmobranquios incidentales no superó el 9%. Adicionalmente, se obtuvo la estructura de tamaño y tasas de captura de congrio dorado y de las únicas dos especies de rajiformes reportadas en las capturas, raya volantín y raya espinuda (Dipturus trachyderma). En estas tres especies, la estructura de tamaño evidenció cambios significativos (p < 0,05) en latitud y entre sexos, así como variaciones mensuales en las tasas de captura.Landings of the small-scale longline skate fishery have increased rapidly off southern Chile during the last ten years. At present, the fundamental characteristics for describing the population dynamics (e.g., species composition, catch rates, size structures) are not known. The present study explored these characteristics using biological-fishery information coming from an experimental sampling program carried out between February 2003 and August 2004. A total of 403 fishing hauls were analyzed, and information regarding the fishing operation (date, depth, soak time, number of hooks, total catch, fishing zone) and biological attributes (species identification, number of species, weight, sex, total length) were registered. The catch composition was constructed by fishing zone over 16 species, which corresponded to 98% of the total catch. The catches were dominated by the yellownose skate (Dipturus chilensis) and pink cusk-eel (Genypterus blacodes); together these accounted for 87.8% of the total catch, with the remaining elasmobranch by-catch being less than 9%. The size structures and catch rates were obtained for the pink cusk-eel and both rajiform species (yellownose skate; roughskin skate, Dipturus trachyderma) reported in the catch. The size structures of these three species were significantly different (p < 0.05) by latitude and sex. Monthly variations were also observed in the catch rates.

Depredation of southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) within fishing gear by the Maori octopus (Pinnoctopus cordiformis) has economic and ecological impacts on valuable fisheries in South Australia. In addition, depredation rates can be highly variable resulting in uncertainties for the fishery. We examined how in-pot lobster predation was influenced by factors such as lobster size and sex, season, fishing zone, and catch rate. Using mixed modelling techniques, we found that in-pot predation risk increased with lobster size and was higher for male lobsters. In addition, the effect of catch rate of lobsters on predation risk by octopus differed among fishing zones. There was both a seasonal and a spatial component to octopus predation, with an increased risk within discrete fishing grounds in South Australia at certain times of the year. Information about predation within lobster gear can assist fishery management decision-making, potentially leading to significant reduction in economic losses to the fishery.

The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a complex optical system designed to directly detect the self-emission of young planets within two arcseconds of their host stars. After suppressing the starlight with an advanced AO system and apodized coronagraph, the dominant residual contamination in the focal plane are speckles from the atmosphere and optical surfaces. Since speckles are diffractive in nature their positions in the field are strongly wavelength dependent, while an actual companion planet will remain at fixed separation. By comparing multiple images at different wavelengths taken simultaneously, we can freeze the speckle pattern and extract the planet light adding an order of magnitude of contrast. To achieve a bandpass of 20%, sufficient to perform speckle suppression, and to observe the entire two arcsecond field of view at diffraction limited sampling, we designed and built an integral field spectrograph with extremely low wavefront error and almost no chromatic aberration. The spectrograph is fully cryogenic and operates in the wavelength range 1 to 2.4 microns with five selectable filters. A prism is used to produce a spectral resolution of 45 in the primary detection band and maintain high throughput. Based on the OSIRIS spectrograph at Keck, we selected to use a lenslet-based spectrograph to achieve an rms wavefront error of approximately 25 nm. Over 36,000 spectra are taken simultaneously and reassembled into image cubes that have roughly 192x192 spatial elements and contain between 11 and 20 spectral channels. The primary dispersion prism can be replaced with a Wollaston prism for dual polarization measurements. The spectrograph also has a pupil-viewing mode for alignment and calibration., Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, June 22-26, 2014, Series: Proceedings of SPIE; no. 9147