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The main purpose of the dissertation is the conceptualization of the court, palace and ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus (929-1031). The Western terminology still plays a normative role in the representation of foreign courts, determining concepts that fit poorly into chronologies and traditions with their own dynamics, hierarchies and specificities, which is the case of the Muslim courts. Far from being the paradigm of court society, the Western court model consists of a case amon...

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Understanding the rationale for the generation of a pool of highly differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells displaying a weakened capacity to scrutinize for peptides complexed with major histocompatibility class I molecules via their T cell receptor, lacking the “signal 2” CD28 receptor, and yet expressing a highly diverse array of innate receptors, from natural killer receptors, interleukin receptors, and damage-associated molecular pattern receptors, among others, is one of the most challenging issues in contemporary human immunology. The prevalence of these differentiated CD8+ T cells, also known as CD8+CD28−, CD8+KIR+, NK-like CD8+ T cells, or innate CD8+ T cells, in non-lymphoid organs and tissues, in peripheral blood of healthy elderly, namely centenarians, but also in stressful and chronic inflammatory conditions suggests that they are not merely end-of-the-line dysfunctional cells. These experienced CD8+ T cells are highly diverse and capable of sensing a variety of TCR-independent signals, which enables them to respond and fine-tune tissue homeostasis.

Chronic periodontitis is a pathological condition characterized by loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of disease sites in different areas of mouth, prior to and following short-term nonsurgical treatment, as well as the successful of treatment. Periodontal parameters, including Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP) were recorded in each six surfaces per tooth (mesiobuccal, buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, lingual and distolingual), in all mouth teeth of patients with chronic periodontitis, prior to and following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. In total, 374 disease sites (PPD ≥ 4 mm) were found and constituted the sample population of this study. The prevalence of disease sites was higher at mandibular arch, in molars, and at interproximal tooth surfaces, both prior to and after treatment. There was a trend to be more prevalent on the right side of the mouth. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in PPD, CAL and in the percentage of BOP sites, even though with a similar pattern of disease distribution after treatment. Following treatment, molars had significantly higher PPD and CAL than other teeth. We conclude that it is important to take particular attention to specific sites in the mouth during management of patients with chronic periodontitis and that short-term nonsurgical treatment is effective in mild/moderate periodontal pockets., This study was supported by a grant (06-GCD-CICS-09) from Co-operativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Portugal.

In this paper we will describe a national perspective on the achievements of the Bologna Process in Portugal regarding the academic years of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, and detail the approach followed at the Lisbon University Institute (ISCTE-IUL). The main objective of the paper is to describe the joint initiative that has been developed at ISCTE-IUL to implement a Decision Support System (DSS) that will enable the collection, analysis and dissemination (through reporting) of the required performance indicators to render possible an automatic elaboration of these reports. The paper will focus on the requirements gathering phase of the decision support system designed to enable the automatic generation of Bologna reports. This DSS constitutes a research project and is being developed with the sponsorship of the Computer Center (DSI) and Quality Assurance and Evaluation Office (GAQE), integrated with the University’s information system Fénix (based on FénixEDU®).

Iron overload in the liver may occur in clinical conditions such as hemochromatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and may lead to the deterioration of the normal liver architecture by mechanisms not well understood. Although a relationship between the expression of ICAM-1, and classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, and iron overload has been reported, no relationship has been identified between iron overload and the expression of unconventional MHC class I molecules. Herein, we report that parameters of iron metabolism were regulated in a coordinated-fashion in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2 cells) after iron loading, leading to increased cellular oxidative stress and growth retardation. Iron loading of HepG2 cells resulted in increased expression of Nor3.2-reactive CD1d molecules at the plasma membrane. Expression of classical MHC class I and II molecules, ICAM-1 and the epithelial CD8 ligand, gp180 was not significantly affected by iron. Considering that intracellular lipids regulate expression of CD1d at the cell surface, we examined parameters of lipid metabolism in iron-loaded HepG2 cells. Interestingly, increased expression of CD1d molecules by iron-loaded HepG2 cells was associated with increased phosphatidylserine expression in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and the presence of many intracellular lipid droplets. These data describe a new relationship between iron loading, lipid accumulation and altered expression of CD1d, an unconventional MHC class I molecule reported to monitor intracellular and plasma membrane lipid metabolism, in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2., This work was funded by the Inova Foundation for Medical Research/The American Portuguese Biomedical Research Fund (APBRF, USA). The authors would like to thank L. Mayer and K. Uchida for providing antibodies, A. do Vale, F. Pisarra and M.T. Silva for help and comments on TEM, and M. Santos and R. Hultcrantz for critical reading of the manuscript. We also thank M. de Sousa for mentoring this work. M.C. and C.F.P. were supported by a fellowship from Inova/APBRF. E.M.C. was partially supported by EU grant (QLG1-CT-1999–00665).

BACKGROUND: Although most Caucasian patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) show the same mutation in the HFE gene, the phenotypic expression of the disease varies greatly. We have previously shown that patients with HH who have high iron stores have low numbers of circulating CD8+ T lymphocytes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Liver and peripheral blood were studied in 37 C282Y homozygous HH patients; nine normal livers and 11 livers from patients with cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus or alcoholic liver disease were also investigated. Eleven jejunal biopsies from HH patients and 17 normal biopsies were studied. The numbers of CD8+ cells were determined in peripheral blood by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and in the liver or small intestine by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In HH patients the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood correlated significantly with the number of CD8+ cells in the liver lobuli but not with that in the small intestine. Body iron stores correlated negatively with the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and in the liver, but not with the number in the small intestine. HH patients with cirrhosis had the lowest CD8+ cell count in liver sections, in contrast with other forms of cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that HH patients with the HFE C282Y mutation and low numbers of CD8+ cells in the liver lobuli have higher iron stores and are more prone to develop liver cirrhosis., This study was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (n. 9127), the Bengt Ihres Foundation, Ruth and Richard Julins Foundation and the Karolinska Institute. Elsa Cardoso is a recipient of a PRAXIS XXI Grant BD/5095/95.

To determine the frequency of mutations (C282Y and H63D) in a newly identified gene HFE in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) in Sweden. DESIGN: Molecular genetic analyses of the HFE gene (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by enzyme restriction) were performed in genomic DNA from unrelated patients with a clinical diagnosis of HH and in healthy subjects. SETTINGS: Patients with HH treated with phlebotomies at Karolinska Hospital and Huddinge Hospital were analyzed. SUBJECTS: Eighty-seven unrelated patients with HH and 117 healthy controls. RESULTS: It was found that the HFE C282Y mutation occurs in 94.2% of chromosomes from patients with HH. Eighty patients (92.0%) were homozygous for the C282Y mutation and one was heterozygous. Three patients were heterozygous for both C282Y and H63D mutations. One patient was homozygous and one was heterozygous for the H63D mutation. One patient carried normal alleles. In healthy controls, the C282Y mutation occurred in nine subjects (7.7%), all of which were heterozygous. The H63D mutation was found in 28 control subjects, one of which was homozygous. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the majority of patients with HH have the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene. The frequency of the H63D mutation was higher in controls than in patients with HH, although in chromosomes at risk the frequency of the H63D mutation was higher in patients., This study was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (n. 9127), the Swedish Society of Medicine, Ruth and Richard Julins Foundation and the Karolinska Institute. Miss Elsa Cardoso is a recipient of a PRAXIS XXI Grant BD/5095/95.

China is rapidly entering a deeply aging society. More elderly people will choose to receive health care services at home. The problem of receiving services at home is that the service providers come to the home alone. Therefore, it is difficult to get objective feedback and effective evaluation on service length, service content as well as risk prevention and control. Guaranteeing the service quality is also challenging, thus affecting the business model. In order to fill this gap, this study clarifies the four-in-one "ISAC" intervention strategy model of home-based health care service process management to effectively improve customer satisfaction from the strategic level; establishes a common indicator evaluation system to improve the service process supervision from the tactical level; innovates and develops a smart home care (SHC) system from the operational level. The study takes Shanghai, the highest aging city in China, as a sample, and analyzes the current situation of home-based health care services and customer service expectations, designs an operational intervention system and adopts targeted interventions for practical application in the operation system. It evaluates the effectiveness of the actual operation in two groups, which are customers and employees, and discusses continuous improvement strategies and methods. This study attempts to establish an operation management system suitable for Chinese community-and-home-based health care services through scientific methods and approaches. It also provides a feasible methodology to enhance the quality and operation management capabilities. The SHC solution has been promoted and implemented in Shanghai, China, since December 2020. A China está a entrar rapidamente numa sociedade profundamente envelhecida. Mais pessoas idosas optarão por receber serviços de saúde em casa. O problema de receber serviços ao domicílio é que os prestadores de serviços vêm para o domicílio sozinhos. Por conseguinte, é difícil obter um feedback objetivo e uma avaliação eficaz sobre a duração dos serviços, o seu conteúdo, bem como a prevenção e o controlo dos riscos. Garantir a qualidade do serviço é também um desafio, que afeta o modelo de negócio. A fim de preencher esta lacuna, este estudo clarifica o modelo de estratégia de intervenção quatro em um "ISAC" de gestão do processo de serviços de saúde ao domicílio para melhorar efetivamente a satisfação do cliente a partir do nível estratégico; estabelece um sistema comum de avaliação de indicadores para melhorar a supervisão do processo de serviços a partir do nível tático; e inova e desenvolve um sistema inteligente de cuidados domiciliários (SHC) a partir do nível operacional. O estudo toma Xangai, a cidade mais envelhecida da China, como amostra, e analisa a situação atual dos serviços de cuidados de saúde domiciliários e as expectativas de serviço ao cliente, concebe um sistema de intervenção operacional e adota intervenções para aplicação prática no sistema operacional. Avalia a eficácia da operação real em dois grupos - clientes e empregados - discutindo estratégias e métodos de melhoria contínua. Este estudo tenta estabelecer um sistema de gestão operacional adequado aos serviços de saúde baseados na comunidade Chinesa e no domicílio, através de métodos e abordagens científicas. Fornece também uma metodologia viável para melhorar a qualidade e as capacidades de gestão das operações. A solução SHC tem sido promovida e implementada em Xangai, China, desde Dezembro 2020.

Operational Systems collect transactional data and support the execution of business processes in an organization. These systems are often the data source for Decision Support Systems (DSS), i.e. analytical systems designed to aid business users in the decision-making process. For this reason, several problems in Operational Systems, such as missing data requirements or data quality issues, can lead to unfulfilled analytical needs of the DSS and, consequently, have a negative effect on the Decision Making Process since relevant business queries may not be answered. The objective of this study is to understand the impact of the integration of DSS requirements in the design of operational systems. To achieve this objective, this dissertation uses a real use case DSS to identify the missing requirements and develop a DSS prototype to demonstrate the positive impact on the Decision-Making process when these requirements are fulfilled. Throughout this development, ways of dealing with the various types of missing requirements are going to be addressed. Additionally, a methodology to evaluate the missing requirements is suggested, along with a proposal to classify and understand the missing requirements and how they can be dealt with. Also, the evaluation method is applied, and the developed prototype is compared to the baseline system in order to measure the impact. Finally, the benefits of this integration are shown, as well as other factors that can also constrain the DSS requirements. Os sistemas operacionais recolhem dados transacionais e apoiam a execução de processos de negócio numa organização. Estes sistemas são frequentemente a fonte de dados para os Sistemas de Apoio à Decisão (SAD), ou seja, sistemas analíticos concebidos para auxiliar os utilizadores empresariais no processo de tomada de decisão. Por esta razão, vários problemas nos Sistemas Operacionais, tais como requisitos de dados em falta ou questões de qualidade de dados, podem levar a necessidades analíticas não satisfeitas do SAD e, consequentemente, ter um efeito negativo no Processo de Tomada de Decisão, uma vez que as questões de negócio relevantes podem não ser respondidas. O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender o impacto da integração dos requisitos do SAD na conceção dos sistemas operacionais. Para atingir este objetivo, esta dissertação utiliza um caso de estudo real de um SAD para identificar os requisitos em falta e desenvolver um SAD protótipo para demonstrar o impacto positivo no processo de Tomada de Decisão quando estes requisitos são cumpridos. Ao longo deste desenvolvimento, as formas de lidar com os vários tipos de requisitos em falta serão abordadas. É também proposto um método de avaliação para compreender e categorizar os requisitos em falta e a forma como podem ser tratados. Além disso, o método de avaliação é aplicado, e o protótipo desenvolvido é comparado com o sistema de base, no sentido de medir o impacto. Finalmente, são mostrados os benefícios desta integração, bem como outros fatores que também podem limitar os requisitos do SAD.

Big data has driven data science development and research over the last years. However, there is a problem - most of the data science projects don't make it to production. This can happen because many data scientists don’t use a reference data science methodology. Another aggravating element is data itself, its quality and processing. The problem can be mitigated through research, progress and case studies documentation about the topic, fostering knowledge dissemination and reuse. Namely, data mining can benefit from other mature fields’ knowledge that explores similar matters, like data warehousing. To address the problem, this dissertation performs a case study about the project “IA-SI - Artificial Intelligence in Incentives Management”, which aims to improve the management of European grant funds through data mining. The key contributions of this study, to the academia and to the project’s development and success are: (1) A combined process model of the most used data mining process models and their tasks, extended with the ETL’s subsystems and other selected data warehousing best practices. (2) Application of this combined process model to the project and all its documentation. (3) Contribution to the project’s prototype implementation, regarding the data understanding and data preparation tasks. This study concludes that CRISP-DM is still a reference, as it includes all the other data mining process models’ tasks and detailed descriptions, and that its combination with the data warehousing best practices is useful to the project IA-SI and potentially to other data mining projects. A big data tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento e a pesquisa da ciência de dados nos últimos anos. No entanto, há um problema - a maioria dos projetos de ciência de dados não chega à produção. Isto pode acontecer porque muitos deles não usam uma metodologia de ciência de dados de referência. Outro elemento agravador são os próprios dados, a sua qualidade e o seu processamento. O problema pode ser mitigado através da documentação de estudos de caso, pesquisas e desenvolvimento da área, nomeadamente o reaproveitamento de conhecimento de outros campos maduros que exploram questões semelhantes, como data warehousing. Para resolver o problema, esta dissertação realiza um estudo de caso sobre o projeto “IA-SI - Inteligência Artificial na Gestão de Incentivos”, que visa melhorar a gestão dos fundos europeus de investimento através de data mining. As principais contribuições deste estudo, para a academia e para o desenvolvimento e sucesso do projeto são: (1) Um modelo de processo combinado dos modelos de processo de data mining mais usados e as suas tarefas, ampliado com os subsistemas de ETL e outras recomendadas práticas de data warehousing selecionadas. (2) Aplicação deste modelo de processo combinado ao projeto e toda a sua documentação. (3) Contribuição para a implementação do protótipo do projeto, relativamente a tarefas de compreensão e preparação de dados. Este estudo conclui que CRISP-DM ainda é uma referência, pois inclui todas as tarefas dos outros modelos de processos de data mining e descrições detalhadas e que a sua combinação com as melhores práticas de data warehousing é útil para o projeto IA-SI e potencialmente para outros projetos de data mining.

In a technology-advanced world, it is understandable that children are growing up surrounded by electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones and tablets, and eventually use them in their daily lives. Whereas the accessibility of these powerful tools is a long-standing issue, the majority of existing research and learning resources are focused on adult users. In this dissertation we explored a child-centred approach through a serious game about sustainability with several levels of gradual difficulty. Participatory design, prototyping and evaluation are part of the process where we explore behaviour and feedback regarding the requested tasks. Our results indicate that the children actively engaged with our prototypes, giving feedback and new ideas to make the serious game better and easier for other children. Num mundo tecnologicamente avançado, é compreensível que as crianças estejam a crescer rodeadas de dispositivos eletrónicos como computadores, telemóveis e tablets, e eventualmente os utilizem no seu dia a dia. Enquanto que a acessibilidade destas poderosas ferramentas é uma questão antiga, a maioria dos recursos de investigação e aprendizagem existentes está centrada nos adultos. Nesta dissertação exploramos uma abordagem centrada na criança, através de um jogo sério sobre sustentabilidade com vários níveis de dificuldade gradual. A conceção participativa, protótipos e avaliações fazem parte do processo onde exploramos o comportamento e feedback relativos às tarefas solicitadas. Os nossos resultados indicam que as crianças se empenharam ativamente nos nossos protótipos, dando feedback e novas ideias para que o jogo sério seja melhor e mais fácil para as outras crianças.

One of the great challenges for education is to be able to offer distance learning programs where students feel that these programs are an added value to their academic training. Although technological development makes it possible to overcome the physical barriers of a classroom and thus reach many more students with this distance learning offer, there are at the same time a greater number of difficulties in reaching them with the proper quality. The lack of selection of candidates, the suitability of the programs for distance learning or the lack of interaction between students and between students and teachers are factors that contribute to high dropout rates of students in these distance learning courses. The purpose of this dissertation is to figure out which factors contribute the most to dropout rates, how we can identify in advance students who are at risk of dropping out, and how we can act to decrease this risk. To do this, we will use data from distance programs of soft skills where an exploratory analysis of the data will be done to understand which factors contribute most to this dropout rate and where machine learning algorithms will be applied to classify the students at risk of dropping out, thus being possible to identify these students in advance and promote actions to avoid these dropouts. Um dos grandes desafios para a educação é de ser capaz de oferecer programas de ensino à distância onde os estudantes possam sentir que são uma mais-valia para a sua formação académica. Embora o desenvolvimento tecnológico torne possível ultrapassar as barreiras físicas de uma sala de aula e desta forma alcançar muito mais estudantes, há, ao mesmo tempo, uma maior dificuldade em fazer com que a oferta tenha a qualidade espectável. A falta de seleção de candidatos, a adequação dos programas ao ensino à distância ou a falta de interação entre estudantes e entre estudantes e docentes são fatores que contribuem para taxas de abandono escolar nestes cursos de ensino à distância. O objetivo deste documento é tentar compreender quais os fatores que mais contribuem para as taxas de abandono escolar, como identificar antecipadamente os alunos em risco de abandono escolar, e como agir de forma a diminuir este risco. Para tal, utilizaremos dados de programas à distância de soft skills. É feita uma análise exploratória dos dados para compreender quais os fatores que mais contribuem para esta taxa de abandono escolar, são aplicados algoritmos de aprendizagem automática para classificar os estudantes em risco de abandono escolar, sendo assim possível identificar estes estudantes com antecedência e promover ações para evitar estas desistências.

The software market sees the appearance of new companies and products every day. This growth translates into the competition, and the survival of companies is reduced to investment in their products. Universities are also interested in improving their product, education. This improvement can be achieved by investing in the learning experience of students. Usability and user experience play an important role and have been a competitive advantage worth investing. Consequently, new methods have emerged to improve the process of evaluating the usability of products. Despite this growth, there is no direct model for assessing the usability of a dashboard. This gap led to the investigation of this dissertation, a proposal for a new model, Dashboard Assessment Usability Model (DATUS), accompanied by an evaluation method, which can be applied to the evaluation of the usability of dashboards. Eight usability dimensions are included in DATUS, each corresponding to a specific usability facet that has been identified in an existing standard or model and decomposed into a total of 20 metrics. In this sense, to verify if the model created is feasible, and as a contribution to Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, a prototype dashboard was designed for the Fénix platform, to which the DATUS model was applied. To test the usability of the dashboards, a behavioural study was conducted with 30 Iscte students. After analysing the results, not only was the feasibility of the proposed model and method confirmed, but positive conclusions were also reached regarding the usability of the prototype. O mercado de software observa o aparecimento de novas empresas e produtos todos os dias. Este crescimento traduz-se em competição e a sobrevivência das empresas resume-se ao investimento nos seus produtos. Também as universidades têm interesse em melhorar o seu produto, o ensino. Esta melhoria pode ser alcançada através de investimento na experiência de aprendizagem dos estudantes. A usabilidade e a experiência do utilizador desempenham um papel importante e demonstram ser uma vantagem competitiva em que vale a pena investir. Consequentemente, têm surgido novos métodos para melhorar o processo de avaliação de usabilidade. Apesar deste crescimento, não existe um modelo claro para avaliar a usabilidade de um dashboard. Esta lacuna levou à investigação desta dissertação, uma proposta de um novo modelo, Dashboard Assessment Usability Model (DATUS), acompanhado por um método de avaliação, que pode ser aplicado à avaliação da usabilidade de dashboards. Estão incluídas no DATUS oito dimensões de usabilidade, cada uma corresponde a uma faceta específica de usabilidade que foi identificada numa normalização ou modelo existente, e decompõem-se num total de 20 métricas. Para verificar se o modelo é viável, e como contribuição para o Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, foi desenhado um protótipo de dashboard para a plataforma Fénix, à qual o modelo DATUS foi aplicado. Para testar a usabilidade dos dashboards, foi realizado um estudo comportamental com 30 alunos do Iscte. Após a análise dos resultados, foi confirmada a viabilidade do modelo e do método propostos e retiraram-se conclusões positivas em relação à usabilidade do protótipo.

Rising competition in the retail and hospitality sectors, especially in densely populated and touristic destinations is a growing concern for many business owners, who wish to deliver their brand communication strategy to the target audience. Many of these businesses rely on word-of-mouth marketing, delivering business cards to customers. Furthermore, the lack of a dedicated marketing team and budget for brand image consolidation and design creation often limits the brand expansion capability. The purpose of this study is to propose a novel system prototype that can suggest personalized designs for business cards, based on an existing business card picture. Using perspective transformation, text extraction and colour reduction techniques, we were able to obtain features from the original business card image and generate an alternative design, personalized for the end user. We have successfully been able to generate customized business cards for different business types, with textual information and a custom colour palette matching the original submitted image. All of the system modules were demonstrated to have positive results for the test cases and the proposal answered the main research question. Further research and development is required to adapt the current system to other marketing printouts, such as flyers or posters. O aumento da concorrência nos setores retalhista e hoteleiro, especialmente em destinos e densamente povoados e turísticos, é uma preocupação crescente para muitos empresários, que desejam apresentar a sua estratégia de comunicação de marca ao público-alvo. Muitos destes negócios dependem do marketing boca-a-boca, entregando cartões de visita aos clientes. Além disso, a falta de uma equipa de marketing dedicada e de orçamento para a consolidação da imagem e criação de design limita muitas vezes a capacidade de expansão da marca. O objectivo deste estudo é propor um novo protótipo de sistema que possa sugerir desenhos personalizados para cartões de visita, com base numa imagem de cartão de visita já existente. Utilizando técnicas de transformação de perspectiva, extracção de texto e redução de cor, conseguímos obter características da imagem original do cartão de visita e gerar um desenho alternativo, personalizado para o utilizador final. Conseguímos gerar cartões de visita personalizados para diferentes tipos de negócio, com informação textual e uma palete de cores personalizada que corresponde à imagem original apresentada. Todos os módulos do sistema demonstraram ter resultados positivos para os casos de teste e a proposta respondeu à principal questão de pesquisa. É necessária mais investigação e desenvolvimento para adaptar o sistema atual a outros imprimíveis de marketing, tais como folhetos ou cartazes.

Business-IT Alignment (BITA) has long been a significant topic for scholars as well as enterprise managers especially in the Internet era. Although numerous studies have identified the factors influencing the aligning process and relationships between them and organization successes from strategic perspective, few consider the impact of these elements on employees’s performances from an operational level. To fill this gap, this thesis first discusses the state-of-art and the challenges of BITA in China’s city commercial banks (CCBs) and further develops a theoretical framework to empirically evaluate the BITA in China banking industry. Finally, some recommendations for improving the level of BITA in China’s CCBs are provided. Taking the Bank of Qingdao (BQD) as a sample, this thesis empirically examines BITA maturity model with the results that five factors including communication, IT competency/value measurement, IT governance, partnership, and IT skills are positively related to the BITA while IT scope and architecture are not significant. In addition, the moderating effect of service quality between BITA and employee’s working performance is also supported by the survey. This study also develops a new theoretical model namely, business-IT punctuated equilibrium alignment model (BIPEAM), based on life cycle theory and punctuated equilibrium theory to describe the alternately leading roles between business and IT strategies. This model may contribute towards the better understanding of the mechanism of business-IT strategic alignment process from a longitudinal perspective within an enterprise. O alinhamento entre o negócio e as Tecnologias de Informação (TI) ou alinhamento business-IT (BITA) tem sido desde há muito um tópico significativo para académicos bem como para gestores de empresas, especialmente na era da Internet. Embora numerosas investigações tenham identificado os fatores que influenciam o processo de alinhamento e as relações entre eles e os sucessos da organização do ponto de vista estratégico, poucas consideram o impacto destes elementos no desempenho dos empregados a partir de um nível operacional. Para preencher esta lacuna, esta tese começa por discutir o estado da arte e os desafios do BITA nos bancos comerciais das cidades da China (CCBs) e desenvolve um quadro teórico para avaliar empiricamente o BITA na indústria bancária Chinesa. Por último, são fornecidas algumas recomendações para melhorar o nível de BITA nos CCBs da China. Tomando o Banco de Qingdao (BQD) como amostra, esta tese examina empiricamente o modelo de maturidade do BITA com os resultados de que cinco fatores, incluindo comunicação, competência/avaliação de TI, governação de TI, parceria, e competências de TI estão positivamente relacionados com o BITA enquanto que o âmbito e a arquitetura de TI não são significativos. Além disso, o efeito moderador da qualidade do serviço entre a BITA e o desempenho de trabalho do empregado é também apoiado pelo inquérito realizado. Este estudo também desenvolve um novo modelo teórico, nomeadamente o modelo de alinhamento de equilíbrio pontuado de business-IT (BIPEAM) baseado na teoria do ciclo de vida e na teoria do equilíbrio pontuado para descrever os papéis alternadamente de liderança entre as estratégias empresariais e de TI. Este modelo pode contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do mecanismo do processo de alinhamento estratégico entre empresas e as TI, a partir de uma perspetiva longitudinal dentro de uma empresa.

This work focuses on how micro and small companies can take advantage of trending topics for marketing campaigns. Trending topics are the most discussed topics at the moment on social media platforms, particularly on Twitter and Facebook. While the access to trending topics is free and available to everyone, marketing specialists and specific software are more expensive, therefore small companies do not have the budget to support those costs. The main goal is to search for associations between trending topics and companies on social media platforms and HotRivers prototype is designed to accomplish this. A solution that aims to be inexpensive, fast, and automated. Detailed analyses were conducted to reduced the time and maximize the resources available at the lowest price. The final user receives a list of the trending topics related to the target company. For HotRivers were tested different pre-processing text techniques, a method to select tweets called Centroid Strategy and three models, an embedding vectors approach with Doc2Vec model, a probabilistic model with Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and a classification task approach with a Convolutional Neural Network used on the final architecture. The Centroid Strategy is used on trending topics to avoid unwanted tweets. In the results stand out that trending topic Nike has an association with the company Nike and #World- PatientSafetyDay has an association with Portsmouth Hospitals University. HotRivers cannot produce a full marketing campaign but can point out to the direction to the next campaign. Este trabalho foca-se na forma como as micro e pequenas empresas podem tirar partido dos trending topics para as suas campanhas de marketing. Os trending topics são os tópicos mais discutidos em cada momento nas redes sociais, particularmente no Twitter e no Facebook. Enquanto o acesso aos trending topics é gratuito e generalizado, os especialistas em marketing e o software especifico são dispendiosos, pelo que as pequenas empresas não têm o orçamento para suportar esses custos. O principal objetivo é procurar associações entre trending topics e empresas nas redes sociais e para isso foi criado um protótipo chamado HotRivers. Uma solução que pretende ser acessível, rápida e automatizada. Foram realizadas análises detalhadas para reduzir o tempo e maximizar os recursos disponíveis a preço baixo. O utilizador final recebe uma lista dos trending topics relacionados com a empresa alvo. O HotRivers foi testado com diferentes técnicas de pré-processamento de texto, um método para selecionar tweets chamado Estratégia Centroid e três modelos, uma abordagem de vectores embedding com o modelo Doc2Vec, um modelo probabilístico com Alocação de Dirichlet Latente, e uma abordagem de classificação com uma Rede Neural Convolucional, selecionada para a arquitetura final. A Estratégia Centroid é utilizada nos trending topics para evitar tweets indesejados. Nos resultados destacam-se o trending topic "Nike" que tem uma associação com a empresa Nike e #WorldPatientSafetyDay que tem uma associação com a Universidade dos Hospitais de Portsmouth. Embora o HotRivers não possa produzir uma campanha de marketing completa, pode apontar a direção para a campanha seguinte.