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Rapid response, namely, low latency, is fundamental in search applications; it is particularly so in interactive search sessions, such as those encountered in conversational settings. An observation with a potential to reduce latency asserts that conversational queries exhibit a temporal locality in the lists of documents retrieved. Motivated by this observation, we propose and evaluate a client-side document embedding cache, improving the responsiveness of conversational search systems. By leveraging state-of-the-art dense retrieval models to abstract document and query semantics, we cache the embeddings of documents retrieved for a topic introduced in the conversation, as they are likely relevant to successive queries. Our document embedding cache implements an efficient metric index, answering nearest-neighbor similarity queries by estimating the approximate result sets returned. We demonstrate the efficiency achieved using our cache via reproducible experiments based on Text Retrieval Conference Conversational Assistant Track datasets, achieving a hit rate of up to 75% without degrading answer quality. Our achieved high cache hit rates significantly improve the responsiveness of conversational systems while likewise reducing the number of queries managed on the search back-end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eurasian Jays (Garrulus glandarius) typically store seeds on the ground in shallow caches, promoting tree recruitment. However, speculation exists that Eurasian Jays occasionally store a portion of seeds in microhabitats unsuitable for proper germination. Here, we report that unexpected caching sites in Eurasian Jays can be much more widespread than previously considered and despite their accidental character it seems to be a durable aspect of Eurasian Jay's hoarding behavior. Out of 259 removed acorns of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), we localized 31 consumed and 222 stored acorns. Six experimental acorns (3% of stored acorns) were found stored by jays in unexpected caching sites: (i) above the ground on individuals of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), (ii) inside the woody stems of Reynoutria sp. individuals, (iii) in a rotten trunk, and (iv) among ruin debris. Our findings suggest the need to revise our understanding of so-called unexpected caching in Eurasian Jays. This highlights a previously overlooked aspect of oak-jay interactions, offering a valuable piece to the puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The caching mechanism of federated learning in smart cities is vital for improving data handling and communication in IoT environments. Because it facilitates learning among separately connected devices, federated learning makes it possible to quickly update caching strategies in response to data usage without invading users' privacy. Federated learning caching promotes improved dynamism, effectiveness, and data reachability for smart city services to function properly. In this paper, a new caching strategy for Named Data Networking (NDN) based on federated learning in smart cities' IoT contexts is proposed and described. The proposed strategy seeks to apply a federated learning technique to improve content caching more effectively based on its popularity, thereby improving its performance on the network. The proposed strategy was compared to the benchmark in terms of the cache hit ratio, delay in content retrieval, and energy utilization. These benchmarks evidence that the suggested caching strategy performs far better than its counterparts in terms of cache hit rates, the time taken to fetch the content, and energy consumption. These enhancements result in smarter and more efficient smart city networks, a clear indication of how federated learning can revolutionize content caching in NDN-based IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern cloud-native OLAP databases adopt a storage-disaggregation architecture that separates the management of computation and storage. A major bottleneck in such an architecture is the network connecting the computation and storage layers. Computation pushdown is a promising solution to tackle this issue, which offloads some computation tasks to the storage layer to reduce network traffic. This paper presents FlexPushdownDB (FPDB), where we revisit the design of computation pushdown in a storage-disaggregation architecture, and then introduce several optimizations to further accelerate query processing. First, FPDB supports hybrid query execution, which combines local computation on cached data and computation pushdown to cloud storage at a fine granularity. Within the cache, FPDB uses a novel Weighted-LFU cache replacement policy that takes into account the cost of pushdown computation. Second, we design adaptive pushdown as a new mechanism to avoid throttling the storage-layer computation during pushdown, which pushes the request back to the computation layer at runtime if the storage-layer computational resource is insufficient. Finally, we derive a general principle to identify pushdown-amenable computational tasks, by summarizing common patterns of pushdown capabilities in existing systems, and further propose two new pushdown operators, namely, selection bitmap and distributed data shuffle. Evaluation on SSB and TPC-H shows each optimization can improve the performance by 2.2 × , 1.9 × , and 3 × respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an in-depth review of software-defined named data networking (SD-NDN), a transformative approach in network architectures poised to deliver substantial benefits. By addressing the limitations inherent in traditional host-centric network architectures, SD-NDN offers improvements in network performance, scalability, and efficiency. The paper commences with an overview of named data networking (NDN) and software-defined networking (SDN), the two fundamental building blocks of SD-NDN. It then explores the specifics of integrating NDN with SDN, illustrating examples of various SD-NDN models. These models are designed to leverage SDN for NDN routing, caching, and forwarding. The paper concludes by proposing potential strategies for further integration of SDN and NDN and some open research questions. These proposed strategies aim to stimulate further exploration and innovation in the field of SD-NDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike conventional CPU caches, non-datapath caches, such as host-side flash caches which are extensively used as storage caches, have distinct requirements. While every cache miss results in a cache update in a conventional cache, non-datapath caches allow for the flexibility of selective caching, i.e., the option of not having to update the cache on each miss. We propose a new, generalized, bimodal caching algorithm, Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO), for managing non-datapath caches. Being generalized has the benefit of allowing any datapath cache replacement policy, such as LRU, ARC, or LIRS, to be augmented by FOMO to make these datapath caching algorithms better suited for non-datapath caches. Operating in two states, FOMO is selective—it selectively disables cache insertion and replacement depending on the learned behavior of the workload. FOMO is lightweight and tracks inexpensive metrics in order to identify these workload behaviors effectively. FOMO is evaluated using three different cache replacement policies against the current state-of-the-art non-datapath caching algorithms, using five different storage system workload repositories (totaling 176 workloads) for six different cache size configurations, each sized as a percentage of each workload's footprint. Our extensive experimental analysis reveals that FOMO can improve upon other non-datapath caching algorithms across a range of production storage workloads, while also reducing the write rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated upscaling current data caching and prefetching strategies for online databases in Nigeria, with a focus on practical implications. The research design adopted for this study was the descriptive survey. The population comprised of all undergraduate's library students in public tertiary institutions in Ekiti State. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to select 200 library students from Ekiti State University in the study area. The instrument used for data collection was a structured 4 Likert type questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents to find out the effectiveness of caching and prefetching techniques on online databases. The instrument was both face and content validated by two experts from the department of Library studies in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti State. The reliability of the instrument was ensured using Pearson Product Moment Correlation formula which yielded a coefficient of 0.99. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. The result showed that the current caching and prefetching techniques employed in online databases are highly effective; the different access patterns have effect on the effectiveness of caching and prefetching techniques in online databases and there are impacts of cache coherence mechanisms on the efficiency of caching and prefetching techniques in online databases. It was therefore recommended that the inclusion of caching and prefetching in curriculum is important across all educational level in Nigeria, with a clear emphasis on the practical implications. In addition, caching and perfecting have come under fire for focusing mostly on computer science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving constraint satisfaction problems often involves a large amount of redundant exploration stemming from the existence of subproblems whose information can be reused for other subproblems. Subproblem dominance is a general notion of reusability that arises when one subproblem imposes more constraints on the remaining part of the search than another subproblem and allows the search to reuse the solutions of the dominating subproblem for the dominated subproblem. The search can exploit subproblem dominance by storing the subproblems that have been explored in a cache and abandoning the current subproblem whenever the cache contains a subproblem that dominates it. While using caching makes it possible to solve problems where subproblem dominance arises orders of magnitude faster, storing all of these subproblems can require a substantial amount of memory, making it impractical in many cases. This paper analyses the dominance between different subproblems for various constraint problems, revealing that only a relatively small number of subproblems dominate other subproblems. Based on these findings, two types of strategies are proposed for reducing the number of subproblems stored in the cache: limiting the number of subproblems that can be stored in the cache and periodically cleaning up the cache. An experimental evaluation demonstrates that these strategies provide an effective instrument for reducing the memory consumption of caching, allowing it to be used on a larger scale. However, there is a trade-off between saving memory and reducing redundant exploration, as removing subproblems from the cache may prevent dominance from being detected for certain subproblems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of 5G/6G and AI enables an environment of Internet of Everything (IoE) which can support millions of connected mobile devices and applications to operate smoothly at high speed and low delay. However, these massive devices will lead to explosive traffic growth, which in turn cause great burden for the data transmission and content delivery. This challenge can be eased by sinking some critical content from cloud to edge. In this case, how to determine the critical content, where to sink and how to access the content correctly and efficiently become new challenges. This work focuses on establishing a highly efficient content delivery framework in the IoE environment. In particular, the IoE environment is re-constructed as an end-edge-cloud collaborative system, in which the concept of digital twin is applied to promote the collaboration. Based on the digital asset obtained by digital twin from end users, a content popularity prediction scheme is firstly proposed to decide the critical content by using the Temporal Pattern Attention (TPA) enabled Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. Then, the prediction results are input for the proposed caching scheme to decide where to sink the critical content by using the Reinforce Learning (RL) technology. Finally, a collaborative routing scheme is proposed to determine the way to access the content with the objective of minimizing overhead. The experimental results indicate that the proposed schemes outperform the state-of-the-art benchmarks in terms of the caching hit rate, the average throughput, the successful content delivery rate and the average routing overhead.

Caching food for later retrieval is vital for many animals' survival, but little is known about how this behaviour varies among individuals in the wild. If individuals consistently differ in where, when and how they store food, it could indicate that caching is subject to selection. In this study, we experimentally quantified the repeatability and relationship between different aspects of caching behaviour over two winter seasons in a wild population of toutouwai, Petroica longipes. Individuals were repeatable both within and between years in the number of cache sites they created, the distance they travelled to cache and food item handling time prior to caching. All three of these caching behavioural measures were positively correlated with one another, suggesting that toutouwai exhibit a caching syndrome analogous to a behavioural syndrome, with individuals ranging between 'clump caching' and 'scatter caching'. The number of food items that birds ate prior to caching and latency to begin cache retrieval were also consistently correlated, indicating a second 'fast - slow' syndrome linking cache retrieval to satiation level. In both syndromes most individuals were normally distributed between the behavioural extremes, indicating that birds tended to partake in intermediate caching rather than clustering at either end of the continuum. We posit that this distribution may be the result of stabilizing selection that balances the costs and benefits of each extreme. • Toutouwai are repeatable in numerous aspects of food-storing behaviour. • Different measures of caching behaviour consistently correlate with one another. • Individuals fall along an axis between 'scattering' and 'clumping' caching types. • An intermediate caching type may be maintained by stabilizing selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content-Centric Networking (CCN) has emerged as the most convenient architecture for efficient traffic management in contrast to the IP-based Internet. The in-network caching characteristic of CCN reduces server load and traffic in the network. Furthermore, it enhances end-user Quality-of-Service (QoS) by reducing content retrieval delay. Towards this, the proposed research focuses on the in-network caching capability of CCN-enabled IoT networks to improve content distribution and reduction of load from servers. In CCN-enabled IoT networks, content caching can be performed in any node of the fog layer that exists between the cloud server and IoT devices. To effectively utilize the available caching resources, it is crucial to determine the suitable fog node during content placement decisions. In this direction, a novel fuzzy hyper-edge clustering and content popularity-based caching scheme is proposed for CCN-based IoT networks. The proposed fuzzy clustering scheme dynamically partitions the network into overlapping clusters based on node connectivity. The proposed scheme overcomes the limitations of existing techniques where the number of clusters needs to be fixed initially. The proposed scheme considers the cluster information and content access frequency parameters for content placement decisions. Using the proposed heuristics, the scheme cooperatively caches the popular contents in the fog nodes near IoT devices. The performance of the proposed strategy is examined using extensive simulations on a realistic network configuration. Experiments are performed on the standard Abilene topology, and performance is measured using metrics such as cache hit ratio, average network hop count, and average network delay on cache sizes 50 and 100. The simulation results are recorded at 1, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000 Simulation Time Units (STU). The results show that the proposed caching solution outperforms recent state-of-the-art techniques such as LCE, PDC, CPNDD, HPHC, and CSDD, making it suitable for CCN-enabled IoT networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mobile edge computing (MEC) environment, the edge caching can provide the timely data response service for the intelligent scenarios. However, due to the limited storage capacity of edge nodes and the malicious node behavior, the question of how to select the cached contents and realize the decentralized security data caching faces challenges. In this paper, a blockchain-based decentralized and proactive caching strategy is proposed in an MEC environment to address this problem. The novelty is that the blockchain was adopted in an MEC environment with a proactive caching strategy based on node utility, and the corresponding optimization problem was built. The blockchain was adopted to build a secure and reliable service environment. The employed methodology is that the optimal caching strategy was achieved based on the linear relaxation technology and the interior point method. Additionally, in a content caching system, there is a trade-off between cache space and node utility, and the caching strategy was proposed to solve this problem. There was also a trade-off between the consensus process delay of blockchain and the caching latency of content. An offline consensus authentication method was adopted to reduce the influence of the consensus process delay on the content caching. The key finding was that the proposed algorithm can reduce latency and can ensure the security data caching in an IoT environment. Finally, the simulation experiment showed that the proposed algorithm can achieve up to 49.32%, 43.11%, and 34.85% improvements on the cache hit rate, the average content response latency, and the average system utility, respectively, compared to the random content caching algorithm, and it achieved up to 9.67%, 8.11%, and 5.95% increases, successively, compared to the greedy content caching algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT networks can provide many benefits and opportunities, although their implementation poses challenges. Cloud-only storage of IoT data would be very costly and time-consuming. In this paper, a new scheme is proposed for caching IoT content on the edge with SDN-based processing capability. The proposed scheme considers a global SDN controller, which coordinates cache decisions across the entire IoT network. The Moth-Flame Optimization-Cluster Head Selection (MFO-CHS) algorithm is used to cluster devices where the selected cluster heads send the IoT data to the edge nodes for caching. In addition, by utilizing edge caching capabilities and using MFO to select and cache the appropriate contents on edge nodes, the proposed Moth-Flame Optimization-Edge Caching (MFO-EC) algorithm can provide data with lower latency on upcoming requests. Caching can also help ensure reliability and availability since intermittent connections and power limitations affect IoT devices. Caching decisions regarding IoT characteristics are not made intelligently in the default caching scheme for maximizing device longevity and managing the possibility that content producers may become unreachable. This scheme considers several metrics, and the proposed moth-flame optimization (MFO) algorithms, MFO-CHS, and MFO-EC algorithms, which are nature-inspired paradigms for the edge caching problem called "MFO-SDN-EC", Moth-Flame Optimization-Software-defined Networking -Edge Caching, are used to select the best options regarding considered criteria and improve the QoS in the SDN based IoT environment. Based on simulations, our proposed caching method can reduce energy consumption by 45%, decrease the average response time by 49%, and also increase cache-hit rates. Furthermore, our results demonstrate our algorithm's superiority over several current approaches in terms of assessment measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The named data vehicular sensor network (NDVSN) has become an increasingly important area of research because of the increasing demand for data transmission in vehicular networks. In such networks, ensuring the quality of service (QoS) of data transmission is essential. The NDVSN is a mobile ad hoc network that uses vehicles equipped with sensors to collect and disseminate data. QoS is critical in vehicular networks, as the data transmission must be reliable, efficient, and timely to support various applications. This paper proposes a QoS-aware forwarding and caching algorithm for NDVSNs, called QWLCPM (QoS-aware Forwarding and Caching using Weighted Linear Combination and Proximity Method). QWLCPM utilizes a weighted linear combination and proximity method to determine stable nodes and the best next-hop forwarding path based on various metrics, including priority, signal strength, vehicle speed, global positioning system data, and vehicle ID. Additionally, it incorporates a weighted linear combination method for the caching mechanism to store frequently accessed data based on zone ID, stability, and priority. The performance of QWLCPM is evaluated through simulations and compared with other forwarding and caching algorithms. QWLCPM's efficacy stems from its holistic decision-making process, incorporating spatial and temporal elements for efficient cache management. Zone-based caching, showcased in different scenarios, enhances content delivery by utilizing stable nodes. QWLCPM's proximity considerations significantly improve cache hits, reduce delay, and optimize hop count, especially in scenarios with sparse traffic. Additionally, its priority-based caching mechanism enhances hit ratios and content diversity, emphasizing QWLCPM's substantial network-improvement potential in vehicular environments. These findings suggest that QWLCPM has the potential to greatly enhance QoS in NDVSNs and serve as a promising solution for future vehicular sensor networks. Future research could focus on refining the details of its implementation, scalability in larger networks, and conducting real-world trials to validate its performance under dynamic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data caching is a promising technique to alleviate the data traffic burden from the backhaul and minimize data access delay. However, the cache capacity constraint poses a significant challenge to obtaining content through the cache resource that degrades the caching performance. In this paper, we propose a novel two-tier caching mechanism for data caching on mobile user equipment (UE) and the small base station (SBS) level in ultra-dense 6G heterogeneous networks for reducing data access failure via cache resources. The two-tier caching enables users to retrieve their desired content from cache resources through device-to-device (D2D) communications from neighboring users or the serving SBS. The cache-enabled UE exploits millimeter-wave (mmWave)-based D2D communications, utilizing line-of-sight (LoS) links for high-speed data transmission to content-demanding mobile UE within a limited connection time. In the event of D2D communication failures, a dual-mode hybrid system, combining mmWave and microwave μ Wave technologies, is utilized to ensure effective data transmission between the SBS and UE to fulfill users' data demands. In the proposed framework. the data transmission speed is optimized through mmWave signals in line-of-sight (LoS) conditions. In non-LoS scenarios, the system switches to μ Wave mode for obstacle-penetrating signal transmission. Subsequently, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) approach to optimize cache decisions through the approximation of the Q action-value function. The proposed technique undergoes iterative learning, adapting to dynamic network conditions to enhance the content placement policy and minimize delay. Extensive simulations demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed approach in significantly reducing network delay compared with benchmark schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The responsiveness of a web application with minimum latency time and maximum web pages loading speed is determined by its overall performance. When dealing with a large number of users and amount of data, the performance of web applications is significantly affected by ways of data processing, storage and access. This paper identifies the significance of data caching process to speed up access to relational database. The study examines approaches to improve the performance of web applications through the joint use of MySQL relational database management system (DBMS) and Redis NoSQL DBMS. The practical part of the study presents a description of a web application built based on Java and Spring Boot framework. The paper proposes the implementation of the caching strategies that take into account the principles of aspect-oriented programming. Made experiments on performance testing of the developed web application with and without caching are presented. The presented results of the study allowed us to conclude that it is possible to improve the performance of web applications by the optimal use of caching strategies when performing database queries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an Enhanced Edge-Linked Caching (EELC) scheme for Internet of Things (IoT) environments under Information-Centric Networking (ICN), employing an advanced use of Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), a form of deep reinforcement learning, to inform the caching decisions of edge nodes. The rapid proliferation of IoT devices has led to significant challenges in managing content efficiently within networks, particularly in terms of scalability, latency, and energy consumption. Traditional IP-based architectures are inadequate in addressing these challenges, necessitating a shift towards a content-centric approach provided by ICN. By leveraging PPO, EELC dynamically adapts to changing IoT network conditions, optimizing caching strategies to enhance energy efficiency and improve network responsiveness. In our simulation, we verify the performance of EELC in comparison to the Edge-Linked Caching (ELC) and Leave Copy Everywhere (LCE) approaches under different cache sizes and Zipf-distributed content requests. EELC performs far better than ELC under energy efficiency, cache hit ratios, and server hit reduction in all tested scenarios. This indicates that EELC could be a potential approach for significantly improving network efficiency and responsiveness in IoT networks.

Information-centric networking (ICN) is one of promising networking architectures to replace IP because its notable feature, in-network caching, is expected to reduce about a one-third of the forever increasing Internet traffic. However, the existing ICN router implementations with caches cannot come with the rapid increase of terabit-scale network bandwidth. An implementation on hardware-based router platforms like programmable switches is promising, but due to their limited memory capacity, cache stores should be located at external devices like computers. This makes packets being sent from and to the switch to cache them at the computers, which increases the number of ports for connecting them called external ports. That is, the number of ports for connecting the switch and external networks is reduced, and as a result, the packet forwarding rate is degraded. We analytically and experimentally show that a naive implementation decreases both the packet forwarding rate and the number external ports to almost half in the condition that the cache hit ratio is about 30%. To solve this bottleneck, this paper proposes the two algorithms, the cache admission and lazy response ones, to reduce the number of packets sent between the switch and the computers. In order to validate them, we evaluate the forwarding rate improvement by developing an analytical model and a prototype ICN router implementation on a programmable switch with computers. The evaluation shows that the proposed algorithms almost double the forwarding rate compared to a naive implementation without the proposed algorithms under realistic request patterns to data packets. The paper’s contributions are two-fold: realistic implementation and comprehensive performance evaluation. First, we implement a terabit-class ICN router with cache functionality on a Tofino switch which provides 3.2 terabit/s (Tbps) forwarding rate with two pipelines. The implemented router achieves 1.075 Tbps forwarding rate in the condition that just one pipeline of the Tofino switch is used and that the cache hit ratio is about 30%. As far as we know, this prototype implantation is one of the first full-fledged ICN routers on a Tofino switch. Second, the performance of the proposed router is both analytically and experimentally evaluated, and the both results show the similar packet forwarding rate under realistic request patterns following the Zipf distribution, which the Internet traffic is believed to follow. Finally, the paper is extended from the conference paper so that the proposed algorithms are evaluated both analytically and experimentally, whereas they are mainly evaluated by simulation in that paper.

The fundamental objective of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Named Data Networking (NDN) architectures is to facilitate the provision of communication services. The existing Internet infrastructure presents various challenges associated with its location-based architecture, including those related to latency, bandwidth, and power consumption. This paper explains the NDN-based IoT caching architecture and discusses the caching module, focusing on the selection of an optimal caching approach to address the issues above. This study selected two distinct caching categories, namely centrality-based and probability-based approaches. The selection of these caching strategies was based on their prominence within the research community. In order to determine the most optimal caching strategies, the Icarus network simulator is employed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the selected strategies. The evaluation of the performance is conducted based on several key metrics, including the hit ratio, content retrieval latency, and average hop count. The Popularity-Aware Closeness Centrality strategy and the Efficient Popularity-Aware Probabilistic Caching strategy demonstrated superior performance when employing centrality-based caching and probabilistic-aware caching categories, respectively, in order to enhance network performance.

Caching plays an important role in reducing latency and increasing the overall performance of fog computing systems. With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing, fog computing has become an essential paradigm for addressing the challenges related to latency-sensitive and bandwidth-intensive applications. The integration of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and Fog Computing (ICN-Fog) has emerged as a promising solution for meeting the demands of low-latency and high-throughput applications in rapidly growing IoT devices. A step was taken by ICN-Fog to reduce latency and achieve higher data communication and information gathering for fog computing. Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, the Firefly Optimization Technique was introduced as an effective optimization algorithm to enhance the caching technique. In this study, we aim to improve several performance metrics, such as the cache hit ratio, internal link load, and average query duration. To achieve these enhancements, we propose a unique solution inspired by the Firefly Optimization Technique. This technique applies to the ICN-Fog caching model, which was utilized to intelligently determine cache placement and network topology adaptations. CloudSim was employed to execute a simulation of the proposed strategy. The results of the experiments suggest that the Multi-Objective Firefly Algorithm (MOFA) outperforms the compared algorithms in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness in identifying the optimal caching technique.

The task of gathering data from nodes within mobile ad hoc wireless sensor networks presents an enduring challenge. Conventional strategies employ customized routing protocols tailored to these environments, with research focused on refining them for improved efficiency in terms of throughput and energy utilization. However, these elements are interconnected, and enhancements in one often come at the expense of the other. An alternative data collection approach involves the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In contrast to traditional methods, UAVs directly collect data from mobile nodes, bypassing the need for routing. While existing research predominantly addresses static nodes, this paper proposes an evolutionary based, innovative path selection approach based on future position prediction of caching enabled mobile ad hoc wireless sensor network nodes for UAV data collection, aimed at maximizing node encounters and gathering the most valuable information in a single trip. The proposed technique is evaluated for different movement models and parameter configurations.

Caching technology is essential for enhancing content transmission rates and reducing data transmission delays in heterogeneous networks, making it a crucial component of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, during data transmission and caching model training, the security of information is destroyed by untrusted third parties. In addition, the flexibility of storage locations presents another bottleneck in heterogeneous network caching technology. Deep learning (DL) is an important method for improving caching performance due to its powerful learning capabilities. Nonetheless, the DL process is vulnerable to various attacks, including white-box and black-box attacks, disclosing private information. Therefore, this study proposes a DL-based caching framework aimed to enhance security in heterogeneous networks based on differential privacy-preserving technology. Moreover, we utilize a boosting integrated method to improve caching accuracy. Simulated experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework ensures security and accuracy in the heterogeneous network caching process, outperforming existing solutions.

The deployment of 5G has exposed capacity constraints in realizing the key vision of the Internet of Everything (IoE). Therefore, the researchers are exploring potentials of Digital Twin Network (DTN) in wireless networks. DTN is a novel technology to create virtual replicas of physical environment for testing, optimizing, and managing wireless networks. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and DTN appears to be a promising approach to address communication systems by providing an efficient environment for testing and improving AI models before deployment in real networks for effective network management, optimal resource allocation, and precise behavior prediction. Therefore, AI-enabled DTN in 6G represents a compelling avenue to address multifaceted challenges faced by wireless networks. In this comprehensive work, we offer a holistic survey that delves into the state-of-the-art approaches for AI-enabled DTNs in 6G. Firstly, we discuss the evolution of wireless networks and concept of AI-enabled DTN in 6G. Secondly, we discuss the role of AI-enabled DTN in 6G and driving advancements in fundamental components of 6G including resource allocation, caching, data offloading, and data security. Thirdly, we conduct a detailed discussion on key enabling technologies for realizing the capabilities of AI-enabled DTN in 6G. Fourthly, several applications of AI-enabled DTN in 6G are discussed for the practical relevance and significance in various industries such as smart cities, healthcare, and transportation etc. Finally, we provide lessons learned and highlight existing challenges and research directions to embark on further research efforts in the realm of AI-enabled DTN in 6G.

Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) technology holds great promise, but also poses significant challenges to the limited computing power of in-vehicle devices and the capacity of Roadside Units (RSUs). At the same time, the highly mobile nature of vehicles and the frequent changes in the content of requests from vehicles make it critical to offload applications to edge servers and to effectively predict and cache the most popular content, so that the most popular content can be cached in advance in the RSU. And also considering protecting the privacy of vehicle user vehicular users (VUs), traditional data-sharing methods may not be suitable for this work, so we use an asynchronous Federated learning (FL) approach to update the global model in time and at the same time can protect the personal privacy of VUs. Unlike the traditional synchronous FL, asynchronous FL no longer needs to wait for all vehicles to finish training and uploading local models before updating the global model, which avoids the problem of long training time. In this paper, we propose an in-vehicle edge computing caching scheme based on asynchronous federated learning and deep reinforcement learning(AFLR), which prefetches possible popular contents in advance and caches them in the edge nodes or vehicle nodes according to the vehicle’s location and moving direction while reducing the latency of the content requests. After extensive experimental comparisons, the AFLR scheme outperforms other benchmark caching schemes.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has pushed the Internet of Things (IoT) into a new stage. Facing with the explosive growth of data and the higher quality of service required by users, edge computing and caching are regarded as promising solutions. However, the resources in edge nodes (ENs) are not inexhaustible. In this paper, we propose an incentive-aware blockchain-assisted intelligent edge caching and computation offloading scheme for IoT, which is dedicated to providing a secure and intelligent solution for collaborative ENs in resource optimization and controls. Specifically, we jointly optimize offloading and caching decisions as well as computing and communication resources allocation to minimize the total cost for tasks completion in the EN. Furthermore, a blockchain incentive and contribution co-aware federated deep reinforcement learning algorithm is designed to solve this optimization problem. In this algorithm, we construct an incentive-aware blockchain-assisted collaboration mechanism which operates during local training, with the aim to strengthen the willingness of ENs to participate in collaboration with security guarantee. Meanwhile, a contribution-based federated aggregation method is developed, in which the aggregation weights of EN gradients are based on their contributions, thereby improving the training effect. Finally, compared with other baseline schemes, the numerical results prove that our scheme has an efficient optimization utility of resources with significant advantages in total cost reduction and caching performance.

The IoT encompasses objects, sensors, and everyday items not typically considered computers. IoT devices are subject to severe energy, memory, and computation power constraints. Employing NDN for the IoT is a recent approach to accommodate these issues. To gain a deeper insight into how different network parameters affect energy consumption, analyzing a range of parameters using hyperparameter optimization seems reasonable. The experiments from this work's ndnSIM-based hyperparameter setup indicate that the data packet size has the most significant impact on energy consumption, followed by the caching scheme, caching strategy, and finally, the forwarding strategy. The energy footprint of these parameters is orders of magnitude apart. Surprisingly, the packet request sequence influences the caching parameters' energy footprint more than the graph size and topology. Regarding energy consumption, the results indicate that data compression may be more relevant than expected, and caching may be more significant than the forwarding strategy. The framework for ndnSIM developed in this work can be used to simulate NDN networks more efficiently. Furthermore, the work presents a valuable basis for further research on the effect of specific parameter combinations not examined before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in PHP is gaining traction due to its flexibility and control. This research paper delves into the best practices for optimizing OOP in PHP. The primary focus is on strategies such as designing classes, leveraging inheritance, and implementing caching to expedite processes. The paper also emphasizes the importance of other optimization techniques such as polymorphism, method access optimization, property access optimization, and memory management. Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, enabling more flexible and dynamic code. Method and property access optimization involve using the most efficient ways to access methods and properties of objects, while memory management ensures that resources are used effectively. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive guide to optimizing PHP OOP, covering a wide range of techniques and strategies. It serves as a valuable resource for PHP developers looking to improve the performance and efficiency of their object-oriented applications. By employing tactics like class design, inheritance, caching, and profiling, developers can harness the full potential of OOP in PHP and build robust, high-performing applications. This paper is a must-read for anyone interested in PHP OOP and its optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fog computing (FC) is a concept that encompasses cloud paradigm-like amenities to the edge of the network. The fog layer that complements the cloud-based concept aids in strengthening the standards of services (QoS) in time-sensitive activities. One such application of FC arises in the deployment of content delivery networks for reducing the latency in transferring content to customers and enhancing the user experience. This paper presents a fog-based system where fog nodes act as caches for content storage. Appropriate placement of cache nodes is important for fast content distribution to users and maintaining the QoS. Another challenge is to minimize energy expenditure while deploying caches at scale. To deal with these issues, a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) and popularity-based caching strategy in content distribution fog networks are suggested in this work. The content is sorted based on its past popularity and then CDS based rules have been developed to recommend the most ideal fog nodes (FNs) to place popular content or files. The selection of fog nodes as caches is performed based on factors of storage capacity, energy consumption, and user density (i.e., the number of neighbors of a fog node). Experiment outcomes authenticate the efficiency of the anticipated scheme without caching and random method of cache placement. In comparison to the without caching and random method, the proposed method produces better fog nodes as cache nodes, incurs a lower energy consumption and consumes less bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of 5G+ services, it has become increasingly convenient for mobile users to enjoy high-quality multimedia content from CDN driven streaming and catch-up TV services (Netflix, iPlayer) in the (post-) COVID over-the-top (OTT) content rush. To relieve ISP owned fixed-line networks from CDN streamed multimedia traffic, system ideas (e.g., Wi-Stitch in [45]) have been proposed to (a) leverage 5G services and enable consumers to share cached multimedia content at the edge, and (b) consequently, and more importantly, reduce IP traffic at the core network. Unfortunately, given that contemporary multimedia content might be a monetized asset, these ideas do not take this important fact into account for shared content. We present EdgeMart--a content provider (CP) federated, and computationally sustainable networked (graphical) market economy for paid-sharing of cached licensed (OTT) content with autonomous users of a wireless edge network (WEN). EdgeMart is a unique oligopoly multimedia market (economy) that comprises competing networked sub-markets of non-cooperative content sellers/buyers--each sub-market consisting of a single buyer connected (networked) to only a subset of sellers. We prove that for any WEN-supported supply-demand topology, a pure strategy EdgeMart equilibrium exists that is (a) nearly efficient (in a microeconomic sense) indicating economy sustainability, (b) robust to edge user entry/exit, and (c) can be reached in poly-time (indicating computational sustainability). In addition, we experimentally show that for physical WENs of varying densities, a rationally selfish EdgeMart economy induces similar orders of multimedia IP traffic savings when compared to the ideal (relatively less practical), altruistic, and non-monetized "economy" implemented atop the recently introduced Wi-Stitch WEN-based content trading architecture. Moreover, the EdgeMart concept helps envision a regulated edge economy of opportunistic (pay per licensed file) client services for commercial OTT platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Named Data Networking (NDN) is gaining a significant attention in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) due to its in-network content caching, name-based routing, and mobility-supporting characteristics. Nevertheless, existing NDN faces three significant challenges, including security, privacy, and routing. In particular, security attacks, such as Content Poisoning Attacks (CPA), can jeopardize legitimate vehicles with malicious content. For instance, attacker host vehicles can serve consumers with invalid information, which has dire consequences, including road accidents. In such a situation, trust in the content-providing vehicles brings a new challenge. On the other hand, ensuring privacy and preventing unauthorized access in vehicular (VNDN) is another challenge. Moreover, NDN's pull-based content retrieval mechanism is inefficient for delivering emergency messages in VNDN. In this connection, our contribution is threefold. Unlike existing rule-based reputation evaluation, we propose a Machine Learning (ML)-based reputation evaluation mechanism that identifies CPA attackers and legitimate nodes. Based On ML evaluation results, vehicles accept or discard served content. Secondly, we exploit a decentralized blockchain system to ensure vehicles' privacy by maintaining their information in a secure digital ledger. Finally, we improve the default routing mechanism of VNDN from pull to a push-based content dissemination using Publish-Subscribe (Pub-Sub) approach. We implemented and evaluated our ML-based classification model on a publicly accessible BurST-Asutralian dataset for Misbehavior Detection (BurST-ADMA). We used five (05) hybrid ML classifiers, including Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, and Gaussian Naive Bayes. The qualitative results indicate that Random Forest has achieved the highest average accuracy rate of 100%. Our proposed research offers the most accurate solution to detect CPA in VNDN for safe, secure, and reliable vehicle communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing end-to-end latency is a key requirement for efficient and reliable new services offered by next-generation mobile networks. In this context, it is critical for mobile network operators (MNOs) to enable faster communications over backhaul transport networks between next-generation base stations and core networks. However, MNOs will need to make new investments and optimize many points of their current transport infrastructure to serve next-generation services well. In addition, even if MNOs make these investments, there may always be faults and performance degradation in transport networks. This paper presents a new approach to reduce the dependence of MNOs services on the quality of transport networks and rely on software updates on radio access network and core network components. A hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP)-based user plane that can be cached and accelerated is proposed, making it an ideal solution to combat transport problems in next-generation mobile networks. Numerical tests validate our proposed approach and underscore the significant improvements in transfer time, throughput, and overall performance achieved by leveraging HTTP caching and acceleration techniques. More specifically, GPRS tunneling protocol-user plane (GTP-U) is, on average, 35% slower than HTTP, with the performance difference increasing as the data size grows, primarily due to additional overhead and GTP-U encapsulation time. Additionally, HTTP caching with a size of 20 MB provides a 9.5% acceleration in data transfer time, with an average increase of approximately 9% when the data size exceeds 20 MB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive growth of diversified smart devices and continuous data generation poses a challenge to communication architectures. To deal with this problem, communication networks consider fog computing as one of promising technologies that can improve overall communication performance. It brings on-demand services proximate to the end devices and delivers the requested data in a short time. Fog computing faces several issues such as latency, bandwidth, and link utilization due to limited resources and the high processing demands of end devices. To this end, fog caching plays an imperative role in addressing data dissemination issues. This study provides a comprehensive discussion of fog computing, Internet of Things (IoTs) and the critical issues related to data security and dissemination in fog computing. Moreover, we determine the fog-based caching schemes and contribute to deal with the existing issues of fog computing. Besides, this paper presents a number of caching schemes with their contributions, benefits, and challenges to overcome the problems and limitations of fog computing. We also identify machine learning-based approaches for cache security and management in fog computing, as well as several prospective future research directions in caching, fog computing, and machine learning.

This paper presents an in-depth review of software-defined named data networking (SD-NDN), a transformative approach in network architectures poised to deliver substantial benefits. By addressing the limitations inherent in traditional host-centric network architectures, SD-NDN offers improvements in network performance, scalability, and efficiency. The paper commences with an overview of named data networking (NDN) and software-defined networking (SDN), the two fundamental building blocks of SD-NDN. It then explores the specifics of integrating NDN with SDN, illustrating examples of various SD-NDN models. These models are designed to leverage SDN for NDN routing, caching, and forwarding. The paper concludes by proposing potential strategies for further integration of SDN and NDN and some open research questions. These proposed strategies aim to stimulate further exploration and innovation in the field of SD-NDN.

Unlike conventional CPU caches, non-datapath caches, such as host-side flash caches which are extensively used as storage caches, have distinct requirements. While every cache miss results in a cache update in a conventional cache, non-datapath caches allow for the flexibility of selective caching, i.e., the option of not having to update the cache on each miss. We propose a new, generalized, bimodal caching algorithm, Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO), for managing non-datapath caches. Being generalized has the benefit of allowing any datapath cache replacement policy, such as LRU, ARC, or LIRS, to be augmented by FOMO to make these datapath caching algorithms better suited for non-datapath caches. Operating in two states, FOMO is selective—it selectively disables cache insertion and replacement depending on the learned behavior of the workload. FOMO is lightweight and tracks inexpensive metrics in order to identify these workload behaviors effectively. FOMO is evaluated using three different cache replacement policies against the current state-of-the-art non-datapath caching algorithms, using five different storage system workload repositories (totaling 176 workloads) for six different cache size configurations, each sized as a percentage of each workload’s footprint. Our extensive experimental analysis reveals that FOMO can improve upon other non-datapath caching algorithms across a range of production storage workloads, while also reducing the write rate.

One of the research directions in Internet of Things (IoT) is the field of Context Management Platforms (CMPs) which is a specific type of IoT middleware. CMPs provide horizontal connectivity between vertically oriented IoT silos resulting in a noticeable difference in how IoT data streams are processed. As these context data exchanges can be monetised, there is a need to model and predict the context metrics and operational costs of this exchange to provide relevant and timely context in a large-scale IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we argue that caching all transient context information to satisfy this necessity requires large amounts of computational and network resources, resulting in tremendous operational costs. Using Service Level Agreements (SLAs) between the context providers, CMP, and context consumers, where the level of service imperfection is quantified and linked to the associated costs, we show that it is possible to find efficient caching and prefetching strategies to minimize the context management cost. So, this paper proposes a novel method to find the optimal rate of IoT data prefetching and caching. We show the main context caching strategies and the proposed mathematical models, then discuss how a correctly chosen proactive caching strategy and configurations can help to maximise the profit of CMP operation when multiple SLAs are defined. Our model is accurate up to 0.0016 in Root Mean Square Percentage Error against our simulation results when estimating the profits to the system. We also show our model is valid using the t-test value tending to 0 for all the experimental scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the easy access to mobile networks and the proliferation of video applications, video traffic is occupying a great portion of the network traffic, which poses a new challenge of how to alleviate the heavy backhaul traffic and ensure the high quality of experience for video services. As a promising solution towards addressing this challenge, video caching in edge networks has recently received significant attention, which mostly considers the video popularity and the user preference for the video. However, few studies consider the user behavior and the user preference for different parts of the video that indeed have an essential impact on caching efficiency. Hence, this article proposes a new caching and resource scheduling scheme for adaptive bitrate videos by incorporating these fine-grained factors. We first model the video service problem as a nonlinear integer programming problem, which can be divided into a cache placement problem and an online resource scheduling problem. Then, we design efficient algorithms based on several techniques, including greedy strategy, relaxation, and rounding, to solve the two problems. Extensive experimental results based on two real-world datasets show that the proposed solution achieves superior performance compared with several state-of-the-art caching approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the rapid development, large volume, and global access of multimedia applications have demanded the shifting of network functionality from the central server to the near user. In recent times, Edge Computing (EC) and Information Centric Networking (ICN) have been presented as arising advances for content dissemination near the end user. The EC aims to provide content locally by reducing the burden of the core networks, while ICN allows content routing and forwarding based on content names directly. The inherent in-network caching feature of ICN facilitates caching by intermediate network nodes. The combined use of EC and ICN can efficiently handle content dissemination and ultimately improves user experience. In this regards, an ICN based edge caching scheme has been proposed for handling multimedia big data traffic in IoT based smart cities, while incorporating four caching attributes in its proposed design. Firstly, a layered network architecture has been presented that offers Device-to-Device (D2D) communication and ICN support at the application layer of Base station (BS) for utilizing caching of the requested content at edge of the network. Secondly, a decision on caching of contents at network nodes in layered network architecture has been presented based on various centrality measures, which supports efficient caching. Thirdly, this work offers caching of content near the delivery path in ICN network tiers, while leveraging near path caching for fast content dissemination. Lastly, reproactive caching where proactive caching is followed by reactive caching for controlling the network traffic during peak hours has been integrated in to the design model. The performance of the proposed scheme has been evaluated by conducting simulations in Icarus- an ICN caching simulator against various caching benchmark schemes. The results received from the experiments have shown significant performance improvement of our proposed scheme for different performance metrics including cache hit ratio, content retrieval delay, content path stretch, and internal link load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data analysis workflows in High Energy Physics (HEP) read data written in the ROOT columnar format. Such data has traditionally been stored in files that are often read via the network from remote storage facilities, which represents a performance penalty especially for data processing workflows that are I/O bound. To address that issue, this paper presents a new caching mechanism, implemented in the I/O subsystem of ROOT, which is independent of the storage backend used to write the dataset. Notably, it can be used to leverage the speed of high-bandwidth, low-latency object stores. The performance of this caching approach is evaluated by running a real physics analysis on an Intel DAOS cluster, both on a single node and distributed on multiple nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Information-Centric Network (ICN) provides a promising paradigm for the upcoming internet architecture, which will struggle with steady growth in data and changes in accessmodels.Various ICN architectures have been designed, including Named Data Networking (NDN), which is designed around content delivery instead of hosts. As data is the central part of the network. Therefore, NDN was developed to get rid of the dependency on IP addresses and provide content effectively. Mobility is one of the major research dimensions for this upcoming internet architecture. Some research has been carried out to solve the mobility issues, but it still has problems like handover delay and packet loss ratio during real-time video streaming in the case of consumer and producer mobility. To solve this issue, an efficient hierarchical Cluster Base Proactive Caching for Device Mobility Management (CB-PC-DMM) in NDN Vehicular Networks (NDN-VN) is proposed, through which the consumer receives the contents proactively after handover during the mobility of the consumer. When a consumer moves to the next destination, a handover interest is sent to the connected router, then the router multicasts the consumer's desired data packet to the next hop of neighboring routers. Thus, once the handover process is completed, consumers can easily get the content to the newly connected router. A CB-PCDMM in NDN-VN is proposed that improves the packet delivery ratio and reduces the handover delay aswell as cluster overhead. Moreover, the intra and inter-domain handover handling procedures in CB-PC-DMM for NDN-VN have been described. For the validation of our proposed scheme, MATLAB simulations are conducted. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme reduces the handover delay and increases the consumer's interest satisfaction ratio. The proposed scheme is compared with the existing stateof-the-art schemes, and the total percentage of handover delays is decreased by up to 0.1632%, 0.3267%, 2.3437%, 2.3255%, and 3.7313% at the mobility speeds of 5 m/s, 10 m/s, 15 m/s, 20 m/s, and 25 m/s, and the efficiency of the packet delivery ratio is improved by up to 1.2048%, 5.0632%, 6.4935%, 6.943%, and 8.4507%. Furthermore, the simulation results of our proposed scheme show better efficiency in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) from 0.071 to 0.077 and a decrease in the handover delay from 0.1334 to 0.129. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) enable vehicles to act as mobile nodes that can fetch, share, and disseminate information about vehicle safety, emergency events, warning messages, and passenger infotainment. However, the continuous dissemination of information from vehicles and their one-hop neighbor nodes, Road Side Units (RSUs), and VANET infrastructures can lead to performance degradation of VANETs in the existing hostcentric IP-based network. Therefore, Information Centric Networks (ICN) are being explored as an alternative architecture for vehicular communication to achieve robust content distribution in highly mobile, dynamic, and errorprone domains. In ICN-based Vehicular-IoT networks, consumer mobility is implicitly supported, but producer mobility may result in redundant data transmission and caching inefficiency at intermediate vehicular nodes. This paper proposes an efficient redundant transmission control algorithm based on network coding to reduce data redundancy and accelerate the efficiency of information dissemination. The proposed protocol, called Network Cording Multiple Solutions Scheduling (NCMSS), is receiver-driven collaborative scheduling between requesters and information sources that uses a global parameter expectation deadline to effectively manage the transmission of encoded data packets and control the selection of information sources. Experimental results for the proposed NCMSS protocol is demonstrated to analyze the performance of ICN-vehicular-IoT networks in terms of caching, data retrieval delay, and end-to-end application throughput. The end-to-end throughput in proposed NCMSS is 22% higher (for 1024 byte data) than existing solutions whereas delay in NCMSS is reduced by 5% in comparison with existing solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand and usage of 360° video services are expected to increase. However, despite these services being highly bandwidth intensive, not much is known about the potential value that basic bandwidth saving techniques such as server or edge-network on-demand caching (e.g., in a CDN) could have when used for delivery of such services. This problem is both important and complicated as client-side solutions have been developed that split the full 360° view into multiple tiles, and adapt the quality of the downloaded tiles based on the user's expected viewing direction and bandwidth conditions. This article presents new trace-based analysis methods that incorporate users' viewports (the area of the full 360° view the user actually sees), a first characterization of the cross-user similarities of the users' viewports, and a trace-based analysis of the potential bandwidth savings that caching-based techniques may offer under different conditions. Our analysis takes into account differences in the time granularity over which viewport overlaps can be beneficial for resource saving techniques, compares and contrasts differences between video categories, and accounts for uncertainties in the network conditions and the prediction of the future viewing direction when prefetching. The results provide substantial insight into the conditions under which overlap can be considerable and caching effective, and inform the design of new caching system policies tailored for 360° video. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mobile edge computing (MEC) environment, the edge caching can provide the timely data response service for the intelligent scenarios. However, due to the limited storage capacity of edge nodes and the malicious node behavior, the question of how to select the cached contents and realize the decentralized security data caching faces challenges. In this paper, a blockchain-based decentralized and proactive caching strategy is proposed in an MEC environment to address this problem. The novelty is that the blockchain was adopted in an MEC environment with a proactive caching strategy based on node utility, and the corresponding optimization problem was built. The blockchain was adopted to build a secure and reliable service environment. The employed methodology is that the optimal caching strategy was achieved based on the linear relaxation technology and the interior point method. Additionally, in a content caching system, there is a trade-off between cache space and node utility, and the caching strategy was proposed to solve this problem. There was also a trade-off between the consensus process delay of blockchain and the caching latency of content. An offline consensus authentication method was adopted to reduce the influence of the consensus process delay on the content caching. The key finding was that the proposed algorithm can reduce latency and can ensure the security data caching in an IoT environment. Finally, the simulation experiment showed that the proposed algorithm can achieve up to 49.32%, 43.11%, and 34.85% improvements on the cache hit rate, the average content response latency, and the average system utility, respectively, compared to the random content caching algorithm, and it achieved up to 9.67%, 8.11%, and 5.95% increases, successively, compared to the greedy content caching algorithm.

Data caching is a promising technique to alleviate the data traffic burden from the backhaul and minimize data access delay. However, the cache capacity constraint poses a significant challenge to obtaining content through the cache resource that degrades the caching performance. In this paper, we propose a novel two-tier caching mechanism for data caching on mobile user equipment (UE) and the small base station (SBS) level in ultra-dense 6G heterogeneous networks for reducing data access failure via cache resources. The two-tier caching enables users to retrieve their desired content from cache resources through device-to-device (D2D) communications from neighboring users or the serving SBS. The cache-enabled UE exploits millimeter-wave (mmWave)-based D2D communications, utilizing line-of-sight (LoS) links for high-speed data transmission to content-demanding mobile UE within a limited connection time. In the event of D2D communication failures, a dual-mode hybrid system, combining mmWave and microwave μWave technologies, is utilized to ensure effective data transmission between the SBS and UE to fulfill users’ data demands. In the proposed framework. the data transmission speed is optimized through mmWave signals in line-of-sight (LoS) conditions. In non-LoS scenarios, the system switches to μWave mode for obstacle-penetrating signal transmission. Subsequently, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) approach to optimize cache decisions through the approximation of the Q action-value function. The proposed technique undergoes iterative learning, adapting to dynamic network conditions to enhance the content placement policy and minimize delay. Extensive simulations demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed approach in significantly reducing network delay compared with benchmark schemes.

Caching is an essential component of Named Data Networking (NDN), enabling efficient and scalable content distribution for future networks. The caching strategy regulates content distribution by deciding which network nodes are most suited to store duplicates of popular data. Hence, cache placement decisions are crucial to the NDN cache strategy. According to a prior study, caching decisions should consider the availability of cache storage for each node, the network's structure, and the content's popularity. However, all those criteria are not considered simultaneously in the decision-making process. Ignoring critical criteria can lead to destructive and ineffective decisions. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) improves NDN efficiency in caching decisions. This paper introduces C3CPS, a novel caching placement strategy based on MCDM using CoCoSo and CRITIC weighting method for enhanced content distribution. C3CPS considers five criteria, including two related to the network topologies, two related to cache storage, and the popularity of the content. Then, C3CPS examines these criteria with the CRITIC method to determine the weight of each criterion and the CoCoSo method to determine the optimal cache node. The ICARUS simulator validates C3CPS. The results show that the C3CPS outperforms other alternative caching techniques on cache hit rate, latency, and path stretch.

Due to the advent of IoT and the increasing interest of billions of Internet users towards video contents, a huge multimedia flows has been generated, and as a consequence, a massive load is applied on the underlying core network. This change can affect the network stability and lead to potential performance degradation (such as congestion and delays). This is because multimedia flows are hungry in bandwidth, and also the classical routing protocols currently used in IoT core network (like OSPF) are not adapted yet to support the heavy and the large scale of multimedia traffics with a good quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we introduce the multicommodity-based routing by proposing two contributions, Maximum Concurrent Flow Protocol (MCFPr) and Cache-based Maximum Concurrent Flow (C-MCF). They are conceived based on the Maximum Concurrent Flow approach in order to optimize the routing of multimedia data in the backbone of IoT networks. Both contributions are studied and compared with the state-of-art approaches under different scenarios showing good results, especially in the number of data packets sent (improvement by 50%), and in the transmission time (50% faster compared to the majority), which makes them promising solutions for a rapid and efficient routing in IoT core networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) has prevailed as the dominant way of video transmission over the Internet. This technology is based on receiving small sequential video segments from a server. However, one challenge that has not been adequately examined is the obtainment of video segments in a way that serves both the needs of the network and the improvement in the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the users. One effective way to achieve this is to implement and study caching and DASH technologies together. This paper investigates this issue by simulating a network with multiple video servers and a video client. It then implements both the peer-to-many communications in the context of adaptive video streaming and the video server caching algorithm based on proposed criteria that improve the status of the network and/or the user. Specifically, we investigate the scenario of delivering DASH-based content with the help of an intermediate server, apart from a main server, to demonstrate possible caching benefits for different sizes of intermediate storage servers. Extensive experimentation using emulation reveals the interplay and delicate balance between caching and DASH, guiding such network design decisions. A general tendency found is that, as the available buffer size increases, the video playback quality increases to some extent. However, at the same time, this improvement is linked to the random cache selection algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data is growing quickly due to a significant increase in social media applications. Today, billions of people use an enormous amount of data to access the Internet. The backbone network experiences a substantial load as a result of an increase in users. Users in the same region or company frequently ask for similar material, especially on social media platforms. The subsequent request for the same content can be satisfied from the edge if stored in proximity to the user. Applications that require relatively low latency can use Content Delivery Network (CDN) technology to meet their requirements. An edge and the data center constitute the CDN architecture. To fulfill requests from the edge and minimize the impact on the network, the requested content can be buffered closer to the user device. Which content should be kept on the edge is the primary concern. The cache policy has been optimized using various conventional and unconventional methods, but they have yet to include the timestamp beside a video request. The 24-h content request pattern was obtained from publicly available datasets. The popularity of a video is influenced by the time of day, as shown by a time-based video profile. We present a cache optimization method based on a time-based pattern of requests. The problem is described as a cache hit ratio maximization problem emphasizing a relevance score and machine learning model accuracy. A model predicts the video to be cached in the next time stamp, and the relevance score identifies the video to be removed from the cache. Afterwards, we gather the logs and generate the content requests using an extracted video request pattern. These logs are pre-processed to create a dataset divided into three-time slots per day. A Long short-term memory (LSTM) model is trained on this dataset to forecast the video at the next time interval. The proposed optimized caching policy is evaluated on our CDN architecture deployed on the Korean Advanced Research Network (KOREN) infrastructure. Our findings demonstrate how adding time-based request patterns impacts the system by increasing the cache hit rate. To show the effectiveness of the proposed model, we compare the results with state-of-the-art techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]