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Cereal products comprise a significant portion of the human diet, serving as staple foods in various cultures. However, their high carbohydrate content and low nutritional quality pose several challenges in terms of overall dietary balance and health-related disorders. Besides, the demand for high-protein foods underscores the need for the supplementation of cereal products with sustainable protein-rich ingredients. In recent years, edible insects have emerged as a promising alternative, owing to their exceptional nutritional composition, environmental sustainability, and economic viability. Despite historical precedents of entomophagy and recent endorsements by organizations, insects are rarely industrialized in cereal products. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential use of edible insects in baked goods, noodles, and pasta products to expand their industrial-scale applications. The incorporation of edible insects into these products not only can improve the nutritional values of the final products but also may affect their techno-functional and sensory properties. Thus, it is necessary to optimize the formulation of these value-added products and educate consumers about the potential health benefits of edible insects. Overall, this study elucidates the opportunities and challenges associated with utilizing edible insects as functional ingredients in cereal-based foods, offering insights into future directions for further innovation and market acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we adopt a critical sociological perspective to understanding gender relations and cricket, through the lens of The Hundred – a new, short-form tournament, described by the England and Wales Cricket Board as being part of its long-term commitment to making cricket a gender-equal sport. The Hundred is the first sporting tournament in the world which, from the outset, featured fully aligned competitions for both men's and women's teams, including equal prize money, but not equal pay, which the recent Independent Commission for Equity in Cricket condemned. Drawing on concepts of professionalisation as a gendered process we discuss data from interviews with 33 people working in cricket to consider how gender relations continue to impact opportunities for women in cricket. This article further supports the need to conceptualise professionalisation in sport as gendered by considering the ways The Hundred facilitates opportunities for men's and women's cricket differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class is central to Englishness and English cricket. Conversely, despite the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) making an explicit attempt to address social issues in cricket, class has largely been excluded from ECB policy discourse. In response to this absence, this paper mobilises a Lacanian-inspired logics approach to examine ECB policy discourse from 2015-2023. Through this approach, the paper highlights the hegemony of inclusivity and social cohesion in ECB discourse, a hegemony that has been enabled by a political shift away from class analysis and politics. In response to this absence of class, the paper argues that a fantasmatic logic has emerged within ECB discourse in which the inescapable presence of class in English cricket is reframed as the more manageable problem of social exclusion, which can be overcome through more inclusive practices rather than structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fulfill consumer trends in sustainable and healthy food choices, this study explored the application of edible insects and carob powder as sustainable and nutritious ingredients in developing a high‐protein snack, known as a protein ball. Four formulations were developed and characterized in terms of moisture content, water activity, color, texture, microbial count, and nutritional profile. Finally, the sensory profile was determined using the flash profile method, and the developed product was compared to a commercial product. The effect of replacing the conventional protein source with cricket flour and cocoa with its sustainable alternative, carob, on the measured characteristics was determined. The results showed that cricket flour significantly decreased the lightness color values (from 40 to 30) on the internal surface of the protein ball. Texture remained largely unaffected initially; however, after 2 weeks of storage, cricket flour significantly decreased the hardness (from 15 to 12 N) and chewiness values (from 1.6 to 1.0 N mm). Moreover, cricket flour significantly increased the aerobic count (from 3–4 log to 5 log cfu g−1). The sensory space of the cricket samples was separated from the milk protein samples, mainly related to flavor attributes, while the commercial sample was distinguished by dryness and sweetness. In general, carob powder did not affect the measured parameters compared to cocoa. This study demonstrated the suitability of utilizing cricket flour and carob powder in a high‐protein snack without substantially compromising the product's organoleptic properties. Future research could investigate the consumer acceptability of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cricket is a potential proteinaceous source used for protein hydrolysate (PH) preparation, having several biological activities. Nevertheless, cricket has high lipid contents, which are susceptible to oxidation during PH preparation. Thus, ethanol was used together with vacuum impregnation (VI) to enhance defatting efficacy before PH preparation. Also, bioavailability of the digest of PH after gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion via the Caco-2 monolayer was assessed. Cricket powder was defatted using ethanol for 1–4 h. Lipid contents were decreased with enhancing time until 2 h. Additionally, the defatting efficacy was augmented when ethanol combined with VI at 4 cycles for 2 h (VI-E-2) was implemented. Lowered mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were also observed in the VI-E-2 sample. The VI-E-2 sample was used to prepare PH using Alcalase and Flavourzyme (0.2–0.4 units/g dry sample). PH prepared by Alcalase hydrolysis at 0.2 units/g dry sample (A-0.2) showed the higher ABTS radical-scavenging activity and FRAP, compared to that prepared by Flavourzyme hydrolysis (p < 0.05). Thus, the A-0.2 sample was selected for digestion via the GIT system. The obtained digest (500–1000 μg/mL) had bioavailability of peptides, depending on the levels used. Therefore, PH from defatted cricket powder could be a promising ingredient for food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Northern Ontario communities of North Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, Thunder Bay, and Timmins, immigrants have organized and run cricket clubs. Using a social inclusion framework, we surveyed players and conducted interviews with players and sponsors to ascertain their perspectives on the impact of cricket on newcomer social inclusion. We find evidence that participation in cricket increases newcomers’ sense of social inclusion and social capital, with sponsorship playing a moderating role. Institutional support and the ability to secure sponsorship are limited by the low profile of the sport in Northern Ontario. As teams balance increasing competitiveness with inclusiveness, cricket has the potential to provide opportunities for interculturalism, mutual learning, and cross-cultural understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the involvement of members of South Asian communities in cricket (in Bradford and Leeds, UK). The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) identified that despite the high level of interest in cricket within these communities, relatively few were participating in opportunities provided through ECB structures; instead, they were engaged in various forms of 'informal' cricket. Using data from a small-scale survey and group interviews, this paper speaks to issues of diversity and equality utilizing Rowe's theory of sporting capital framed with insights from Critical Race Theory (CRT). We argue that Rowe's model should be refined by incorporating the concepts of cultural competence and cultural wealth. Doing this can safeguard against deficit models of capital that stress what people lack rather than what they possess. This provides the sporting establishment with better insight to how their sport is perceived and engaged with by those outside the mainstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavlovian conditioning is a ubiquitous form of associative learning that enables animals to remember appetitive and aversive experiences. Animals possess appetitive and aversive conditioning systems that memorize and retrieve appetitive and aversive experiences. Here, we addressed a question of whether integration of competing appetitive and aversive information takes place during the encoding of the experience or during memory retrieval. We developed novel experimental procedures to address this question using crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), which allowed selective blockade of the expression of appetitive and aversive memories by injecting octopamine and dopamine receptor antagonists. We conditioned an odour (conditioned stimulus 1, CS1) with water and then with sodium chloride solution. At 24 h after conditioning, crickets retained both appetitive and aversive memories, and the memories were integrated to produce a conditioned response (CR). Importantly, when a visual pattern (CS2) was conditioned with CS1, appetitive and aversive memories formed simultaneously. This indicates that appetitive and aversive second-order conditionings are achieved at the same time. The memories were integrated for producing a conditioned response. We conclude that appetitive and aversive conditioning systems operate independently to form parallel appetitive and aversive memories, which compete to produce learned behaviour in crickets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the determination of the centre of pressure (COP) on spherical sports objects such as cricket balls and footballs using gyroscope data from Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). Conventional pressure sensors are not suitable for capturing the tangential forces responsible for torque generation. This research presents a novel method to calculate the COP solely from gyroscope data and avoids the complexity of isolating user-induced accelerations from IMU data. The COP is determined from the cross-product of consecutive torque vectors intersecting the surface of the sphere. Effective noise management techniques, including filtering and data interpolation, were employed to improve COP visualisation. Experiments were conducted using a smart cricket ball and a smart football. Validation tests using spin rates between 7.5 and 12 rps and torques ranging from 0.08 to 0.12 Nm confirmed consistent COP clustering around the expected positions. Further analysis extended to various spin bowling deliveries recorded using a smart cricket ball, and a curved football kick recorded using a smart football demonstrated the wide applicability of the method. The COPs of various spin bowling deliveries showed adjacent positions on the surface of the ball, traversing through backspin, sidespin and topspin, excluding the flipper and doosra deliveries. The calculation of the COP on the surface of the soccer ball could only be achieved by increasing the data sampling frequency sevenfold using curve fitting. Knowledge and use of the COP position offers significant advances in understanding and analysing ball dynamics in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant insights have arisen from an extensive review of the current literature, highlighting the importance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in cricket performance analysis and mapping new directions for future research. Despite difficulties such as limited availability of data, processing difficulty, and interpretability issues, incorporating CNNs into cricket statistics is a potential effort made possible by advances in machine learning and deep learning methods. Instructors, players, and data analysts can use CNNs to better comprehend the game, extract meaningful information from video data, and improve decision-making processes. Key findings show that CNNs are effective tools for a variety of cricket analysis tasks involving batting, bowling, fielding, and player tracking. The use of CNNs represents an advancement in cricket analysis, promising to open up new aspects of performance and usher in a data-driven era of cricket genius. Augmenting data, the use of parallelization, explainable AI, and concerns about ethics, provide opportunities to address current challenges can be identified as future advances in sports analysis with CNNs. Embracing technological advancements and mapping out future research directions are critical steps towards realizing this revolutionary potential.

Despite the potential ecological and economic impacts of invasive species, there is a dearth of data on the presence, impacts, and management implications of potentially invasive Orthoptera species. This lack of research and inconsistent data, including risk screenings and impact assessments, is especially evident in Europe. Consequently, assessing the status, distribution, and potential threats of nonnative Orthoptera in Europe remains challenging, impeding the development of effective management strategies. To address this gap, we call for increased efforts to collect and curate data on non‐native and possibly invasive Orthoptera in Europe. Such efforts will improve our understanding of this order's invasion dynamics, facilitate the identification of priority areas for conservation, and support the development of effective management policies and preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of an identity leadership-framed reflective practice intervention on perceptions of leadership, social identity, and psychological safety in cricket. Building on previous evidence, an eight-week design included three intervention group coaches and their athletes (n = 32) and three control group coaches and their athletes (n = 34). Measurements of perceived coach identity leadership, social identity, and psychological safety were completed by cricket athletes at week 0 and week 8 for both groups. Intervention group coaches completed three identity leadership-framed reflective tasks in weeks one, three, and five, while the control group coaches continued their regular practices. Controlling for baseline scores, our analysis indicated that compared to the control group, the intervention group athletes reported significantly greater coach identity leadership behaviours, social identity, and psychological safety following the intervention. Social validation data highlighted shared identity, relationships, and learning as potential mechanisms for the positive results seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined reliability and validity of the Fulltrack AI application to identify cricket ball landing position (line, length). Nine hundred and thirty-two deliveries were compared to 3D motion capture, the criterion measure, with 836 included in analysis (516 bowled (pace = 420, spin = 96), 320 SidearmTM; 301 facing a batter). Agreement analysis indicated an intraclass correlation coefficient of >0.96 for raw and filter 3D line and length data, compared to Fulltrack AI. The coefficient of variation was acceptable for length (<10%) and larger for line (23.82%), albeit with a smaller standard error of measurement (SEM = 0.05 m), improving with outliers removed. Bland−Altman plots confirmed good statistical agreement between devices, with limits of agreement largely within maximal allowable difference values. There are potential practical application considerations, given SEM = 0.47 m for length (diameter of seven cricket balls); with greater variability detecting length closer to the batters-end, and line closer to the bowlers-end. Validity, using a generalised additive model, showed no significant differences between devices (p > 0.05), with no condition-based interaction effects. The Fulltrack AI application enables ecologically valid assessment of bowling performance. Considering the trade-off between this and the accuracy of information is warranted when deciding how best to apply it to coaching environments to support augmented feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance characteristics of fast bowling include high ball release speed, that reduces the shot execution time of the batter, accuracy, ensuring the ball follows the desired trajectory, and deception. This can lead the batter to misjudge the ball speed or path. Previous research has utilised a variety of biomechanical methodologies in order to further understand fast bowling techniques. The aim of this study was to systematically review biomechanical literature related to cricket fast bowling performance and narratively synthesise findings to provide a comprehensive summary of key performance characteristics. The articles were finalised according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORT Discus and Web of Science databases were searched and assessed by title, abstract, full-text and a bibliography assessment of included full-text articles. The search strategy included keywords of cricket fast bowling, biomechanics and performance analysis. A validated scale was developed to evaluate the quality of studies and risk of bias. Across the 15 studies finalised for the review (from 2000--2022), there was consensus in some of the characteristics reported to be associated with ball release speed; however, there was disagreement or limited evidence for others. A faster run-up, efficient and sequential transfer of linear to angular momentum, quick deceleration during the delivery stride with an extended front knee from front foot contact to ball release and delaying the bowling arm leading to ball release were the major techniques variables consensually associated with ball release speed. The lack of standardisation of cohort ability and protocols may have contributed to contradictory findings across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Next-generation sequencing technology can now be used to sequence historical specimens from natural history collections, an approach referred to as museomics. The museomics allows obtaining molecular data from old museum-preserved specimens, a resource of biomolecules largely underexploited despite the fact that these specimens are often unique samples of nomenclatural types that can be crucial for resolving scientific questions. Despite recent technical progress, cricket mitogenomes are still scarce in the databases, with only a handful of new ones generated each year from freshly collected material. Methods: In this study, we used the genome skimming method to sequence and assemble three new complete mitogenomes representing two tribes of the cricket subfamily Eneopterinae: two were obtained from old, historical type material of Xenogryllus lamottei (68 years old) and X. maniema (80 years old), the third one from a freshly collected specimen of Nisitrus vittatus. We compared their genome organization and base composition, and reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the family Gryllidae. Results: Our study not only confirmed that the genome skimming method used by next generation sequencing allows us to efficiently obtain the whole mitogenome from dry-pinned historical specimens, but we also confirmed how promising it is for large-scale comparative studies of mitogenomes using resources from natural history collections. Used in a phylogenetic context the new mitogenomes attest that the mitogenomic data contain valuable information and also strongly support phylogenetic relationships at multiple time scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pairs of adult male crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, fight and immediately determine winner and loser statuses. The winner male repeatedly produces an aggressive (rival) song by rubbing his forewings together. In this study, I removed the plectrum, a sound-producing structure in the forewing, from male crickets and measured their brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) levels immediately after a 10-min aggressive interaction. Pairs of plectrum-removed males fought and established clear winner–loser relationships, like the case of intact males. The plectrum-removed winner males frequently rubbed their forewings together, but were unable to produce song. Aggressive interaction reduced significantly brain 5-HT levels in the plectrum-removed males, regardless of their winner and loser statuses. Furthermore, the reduction of brain 5-HT was detected primarily in the central body, a group of neuropils spanning the midline of the brain. In contrast, in pairs of intact males, aggressive interaction reduced brain 5-HT levels in the loser males, but not in the winner males. Plectrum removal alone did not affect the brain's 5-HT levels. These results suggest that aggressive song emitted by the winner male cricket prevents the reduction of 5-HT levels in his own brain, especially in the central body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare clinical assessment findings between elite athletic populations with and without a clinical diagnosis of posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS). Design: Cross-sectional case-control study. Setting: Elite ballet and sport. Participants: Ten male and female professional ballet dancers and athletes with a clinical diagnosis of PAIS and were matched for age, sex, and activity to 10 professional ballet dancers and athletes without PAIS. Independent variables: Posterior ankle pain on body chart and a positive ankle plantarflexion pain provocation test. Main outcome measures: Single-leg heel raise (SLHR) endurance test, range of motion testing for weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion, passive ankle plantarflexion, and first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion, and Beighton score for generalized joint hypermobility. Participants also completed the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) questionnaire. Results: The group with PAIS achieved significantly fewer repetitions on SLHR capacity testing ( P = 0.02) and were more symptomatic for perceived ankle instability according to CAIT scores ( P = 0.004). Conclusions: Single-leg heel raise endurance capacity was lower, and perceived ankle instability was greater in participants with PAIS. The management of this presentation in elite dancers and athletes should include the assessment and management of functional deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female fecundity is dependent on age and mated status. Young female insects accumulate considerable fat stores to fuel energetically expensive ovary development and egg production. Consequently, younger females are expected to have more stored fat than older females while the latter should have larger eggloads than the former. Mating is expected to increase fecundity because male ejaculates contain fecundity-enhancing substances that stimulate egg development, ovulation and oviposition. We experimentally tested the effect of female age (young versus old) and mated status (virgin versus mated) on fat and eggloads in female Gryllus firmus field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), in addition to testing the prediction that young or mated females have higher resting metabolic rates (RMR) than old or virgin females because the former should be significantly more engaged in the energetically expensive activity of egg production than the latter. As predicted, we found that young females had more fat and fewer eggs than old females and that fat loads negatively correlated with fecundity across all females. Young females also exhibited higher RMR, as expected if egg production is energetically costly. Contrary to expectation, however, mated status had little effect on fat load, egg production or RMR. That mating had little effect on total egg production (i.e. stored and oviposited eggs) challenges the hypothesis that male fecundity-enhancing substances in the ejaculate stimulate egg production. Our experiment also permitted us to examine the validity of two popular indices of body condition, the scaled mass index (SMI) and residual body mass (R i). Neither index accurately represented the true treatment effects of age and mated status on fat load; however, the SMI reflected true fat content in young, but not old, females. • We tested effects of age and mated status on fat and eggloads in female Gryllus firmus. • Young females had more fat and fewer eggs than old females. • Fat loads were negatively correlated with fecundity across all females. • Young females had a higher resting metabolic rate (RMR) than old females. • Mated status had little effect on fat load, egg production or RMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Professional athletes navigate a multitude of unique challenges associated to sport-specific factors (e.g., training, travel and competition) and non-sport factors (e.g., performance pressure, stress and anxiety) that can interfere with healthy sleep behaviors. Sleep plays a key role in proper biopsychosocial development as well as short- and long-term biological, physical, psychological, and cognitive health. As poor sleep quality is known to impair proper brain function, this study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep quality on a professional athlete's ability to train, recover, and perform, as well as their overall emotional and physical well-being. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 40 professional male cricket athletes from the Dutch national cricket team (mean age 26.5 ± 5.1 years). The athletes were monitored across a 22 weeks in-season training period. Sleep quality and overall emotional and physical well-being were assessed using daily sleep diaries and questionnaires which scored the readiness to train, stress levels, fatigue, muscle soreness and flu symptoms respectively. Quality of sleep and subsequent association with the consecutive elements of the well-being questionnaire were assessed through statistical using the student t-test and clinical differences with the methodology of Osoba and colleagues: <5% "no change", 5%-10% "little change"; 10%-20% "moderate change"; and >20% "very much change". Results: The results demonstrated that the professional athletes assessed their sleep quality as average with a mean score of 3.4 out of 5. Lower perceived quality of sleep (<75th percentile) was correlated with a decreased readiness to train (mean score 3.2 [IQR: 3.0-4.0] vs. 3.5 [IQR: 3.0-5.0]; P < 0.001) and increased extent of muscle soreness (2.7 [IQR: 2.0-3.0] vs. 2.3 [IQR: 2-3]; P < 0.001), stress level (mean score 2.3 [IQR: 2.0-3.0] vs. 1.9 [IQR: 1.0-2.0]; P < 0.001) and perceived fatigue (mean score 2.9 [IQR: 2.0-3.0] vs. 2.3 [IQR: 2.0-3.0]; P < 0.001). Likewise, in patients with lower perceived quality of sleep, the proportion of players presenting with flu symptoms increased over 4-fold (4.1% vs. 17%; P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights that good sleep quality positively influences the overall emotional and physical well-being of professional athletes. Our results emphasize the importance of targeted sleep interventions to improve sleep quality and subsequently optimize psychological and physiological wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 19,587 balls bowled by fast bowlers across two One-Day International (ODI) cricket tournaments were analysed, with the aim of exploring the relationship between bowling lengths and foot-based batter decision-making. Initially, a Chi-Square test of independence was used to determine if bowling lengths were associated with the foot-based decision-making of batters. Subsequently, the relationship of specific foot-based strokes with different bowling lengths were further examined through a Logistic Regression. Post-Hoc analysis of standardised residuals from Chi-Square tests suggest an association between foot-based decision-making and dot balls (χ2(1) = 99.798, p <.001). Furthermore, Logistic Regression results reveal that all length zones except the half-tracker length show statistically significant association with front-foot and back-foot strokes. Respective coefficients of these length zones also show an organisation of specific strokes with front-foot stroke dominating lengths close to the batter (yorker, full-toss, half-volley and good length) and back-foot strokes dominating zones further away from the batter (back of a length and short length). The results confirm interdependence between batter-bowler performances and suggest that batters in ODI cricket prefer meeting the ball on the front foot in their search of scoring runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2022, David Dabydeen and Ben Jacob interviewed South African cricketer Keshav Maharaj. Maharaj – South Africa's most successful spin-bowler since the nation's readmission to international sport in 1991 – is the first descendant of an indentured worker, and only the third Indian South African, to play for South Africa's cricket team. In the conversation, Mahraj reflects on the legacies of indentureship, being part of South Africa's post-apartheid generation, his journey to the top of cricket, and his achievements on the international stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Crickets (Order Orthoptera, Infraorder Gryllidea) are under-represented in New Zealand, with a total of eight species identified and formally described thus far. These include three endemic species in the family Trigonidiidae: the trig Trigonidium (Metioche) maoricum (Walker, 1869) and the ground crickets Bobilla nigrova (Swan, 1972) and B. bigelowi (Swan, 1972). Scaly crickets (family Mogoplistidae) are naturally absent in New Zealand, but one species, Ornebius aperta Otte & Alexander, 1983, has established after introduction from Australia in the 1970s. In this work, I re-examine the small crickets (families Trigonidiidae and Mogoplistidae) from New Zealand based on 368 specimens collected throughout the country, their morphology, and their song. In the subfamily Nemobiinae, I provide new diagnostic characters to discriminate between the two native species in the genus Bobilla Otte & Alexander, 1983. Additionally, I identify two species in the genus Pteronemobius Jacobson, 1904; these are P. truncatus (Saussure, 1877) and P. cf. arima Otte & Alexander, 1983, both of which are believed to be recent arrivals from Australia. The latter had been thus far undetected in New Zealand. Finally, I describe two new species of mute Nemobiinae belonging to new monotypic genera, Austronemobius chelatus gen. et sp. nov. and Mutonemobius marmoratus gen. et sp. nov. In the subfamily Trigonidiinae, the species Trigonidium (Metioche) maoricum is moved back to the subgenus Trigonidium (Trigonidium) Rambur, 1838 based on morphology. Amended descriptions are provided for this genus and species. The Australian species Trigonidomorpha sjostedti Chopard, 1925 is synonymised with Trigonidium australianum (Chopard, 1925), and the genus Trigonidomorpha Chopard, 1925 is synonymised with Trigonidium Rambur, 1838. In the family Mogoplistidae, I show that Ornebius aperta has established in the Auckland, Waikato, Taranaki and Coromandel regions. Based on song and morphology of the male terminalia, populations in Northland may belong to a separate species, referred to in this work as Ornebius aff. aperta Otte & Alexander, 1983.

Purpose: To determine whether the most important physical qualities in elite Australian male and female cricket pace bowlers change with age and phase of the cricket season. Methods: An existing longitudinal database (7 cricket seasons) of selected and routinely collected physical testing data from 103 male and 58 female elite Australian pace bowlers age 18–30 years was retrospectively analyzed. Male and female physical testing data from the isometric midthigh pull, 1-repetition-maximum bench pull, run-of-3, and countermovement jump (male only) were analyzed separately by performing linear mixed models on each of the physical qualities. Type III analysis-of-variance tests were conducted to determine if a significant effect existed within the fixed effects of age, season phase, and the age × season phase interaction. Appropriate pairwise comparisons were conducted. Results: Absolute and relative measures of force in the isometric midthigh pull and strength in the 1-repetition-maximum bench pull tests were significantly greater in older male and female pace bowlers. Older male pace bowlers demonstrated significantly faster absolute and relative best run-of-3 times. Conclusions: Most physical qualities across both male and female pace bowlers demonstrated an improvement with age. This is likely due to a training effect and would be anticipated to lead to a gradual enhancement of ball release speed, in accordance with previous research. Future research should look to investigate the relationship between the development of physical qualities and ball release speed among elite male and female pace bowlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]