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Introduction: Matcha, a finely powdered form of green tea, has recently gained global popularity due to its vibrant green color, distinctive taste, and versatile applications in various food products. Despite its promising nutritional profile, matcha has not received significant attention in the academic community compared to traditional green tea. Purpose of work: The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of matcha's biological properties and its potential health benefits. Methods and materials: A review of the literature available in the PubMed database and Google Scholar, the following keywords were searched: "matcha", "catechin", "EGCG", "cognitive function", "green tea" State of knowledge: Existing studies have demonstrated that matcha exhibits anticancer properties, enhances cognitive function, improves cardio-metabolic health, and modulates the gut microbiome. Moreover, matcha is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Summary: This review summarizes the latest research findings on matcha green tea and its potential health benefits. While animal studies have shown promising results, our knowledge of matcha's effects on human health remains limited. Further randomized controlled trials are necessary to fully elucidate its potential health-promoting effects. Therefore, we advocate for continued research into matcha's properties and its integration into dietary practices to promote overall health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex Sims. is a medicinal plant used by the locals of Meghalaya. However, its mechanism of action has not been well elucidated. Hence, this study investigated the effect of P. fulgens on IRS1 and Akt. The interaction of the various polyphenols present in P. fulgens with the IR tyrosine kinase and IRS1 PTB domain was studied using auto dock. Changes in expression of antioxidant enzymes, IRS-1, Akt and behavior of normal, diabetic, and diabetic mice treated mice were assessed after 14 days of treatment. Morphological changes in the liver tissue were determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Results: The effect of P. fulgens on blood glucose was time and dose dependent. Treatment with P. fulgens, Cat, E, CE, CEP and metformin improved the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glycogen, IRS-1 and Akt. The Forced Swimming test showed an altered behavior in diabetic mice. The altered mobility was reverted back to near normal on treatment with P.fulgens, Cat, E, CE, CEP and metformin. The morphological aberrations seen in diabetic animals considerably improved in the treated diabetic group. Conclusion: P. fulgens and its phytochemicals-catechin and epicatechin are potent sources of antidiabetic drugs, possibly mediating their effects through upregulation of insulin IRS-1 and Akt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infusions prepared from some Quercus L. species are used in folk medicine for medicinal purposes and consumed as tea. Quercus pontica K. Koch was selected in this study, for which no phytochemical isolation studies have been performed so far. Quercetin 3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6”“-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6”’-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, phlorizin, rosmarinic acid, and catechin were isolated from the titled plant for the first time. Some polyphenolic compounds have been shown to inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. However, there is no study on the any activities of Quercus species in the literature. In this study, we demonstrated that the extract has in vitro pan-HDAC inhibition activity. Through a virtual screening study, the compounds were found to inhibit HDAC7 more strongly than the other HDAC isoforms; therefore, the HDAC7 inhibition activities were studied in vitro. Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-(6’”-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) showed the best anti-HDAC7 activity with 37% and 41% inhibition at 500 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative Chardonnay wine flavored with black tea was prepared under optimal ultrasound conditions at 450.0 W for 22.6 min, and its physicochemical features, antioxidant power, total phenolic content, and volatile composition were systematically examined. A total of 165 phenolic and non-phenolic substances were characterized, including 27 newly formed phenolic substances and 10 non-phenolic substances that were not found in both black tea and Chardonnay wine. Catechin was found to be the phenolic compound with the largest amount detected, which was responsible for the potentiated antioxidant activities. The wine exhibited a profile of 44 volatile compounds, with 13 volatiles as odor-active compounds. Black tea infusion resulted in a decline in fruity, fermented and spicy aromas, but an increase in green and citrus odors, while ultrasound processing further intensified these odors. This study anticipated that ultrasound technology could hold promise for crafting flavored wines with heightened functionalities and appealing flavor profiles. Ultrasound-assisted infusion of black tea potentiated the antioxidant activity and enriched the volatile and phenolic profiles of Chardonnay wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable tannins are environmentally friendly tanning agents. However, they generally impart a dark colour to the tanned leather and highly contribute to the organic load in wastewaters. In this study, we employed a purification protocol separately on chestnut tannin (CT) and sulfited quebracho tannin (QT) to obtain the purified fractions (PCT and PQT). These samples were characterised by GPC, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and HPLC–DAD techniques and applied for tanning tests. Through the purification process, non-tannin components and smaller molecules such as gallic acid, glucopyranose, and catechin were effectively removed from CT and QT, which consequently led to the reduced moisture content, pH value, and lighter colour of purified fractions. The crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT showed desirable light shades. Moreover, the organic loads in PCT and PQT tanning wastewater were reduced by 13.5% and 19.1%, respectively, when compared to those in traditional CT and QT tanning wastewater. Additionally, the physical and mechanical characteristics of crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT were comparable to those processed with CT and QT. Thus, purification of vegetable tannins may serve as a feasible strategy for producing light-colored vegetable-tanned leather while minimizing organic pollutant discharge during the vegetable tanning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies are concerned with the stabilization of polymers using natural polymeric polyphenols. There are no literature reports on the use of poly(flavonoids) produced by bio-chemical polymerization as stabilizers. The aim of the research was to analyse the stabilizing potential (anti-ageing UV) of poly(catechin) and poly(naringenin) in polymer compositions based on the thermoplastic elastomer of ethylene-norbornene copolymer (TOPAS Elastomer E-140). Poly(flavonoids) were obtained in a polymerization reaction with a cross-linking compound and then introduced into cyclic olefin copolymer TOPAS. For comparison, materials with monomeric catechin and naringenin were also prepared. The scope of research included the thermal analysis of the polymer compositions (Oxidation induction time OIT, Thermogravimetry TG), determination of carbonyl indices and ageing coefficients K (based on changes in mechanical properties) after UV ageing (400 h). In addition, the colour change after ageing of the samples was investigated. Samples containing polymeric forms of catechin and naringenin were more susceptible to degradation than samples with monomeric flavonoids. Inferior stabilizing properties of poly(flavonoids) were associated with steric hindrances and limited availability of hydroxyl groups to provide the antioxidant activity of the polymeric compounds. The work extends the literature data by providing an analysis of the stabilizing effect of synthetic poly(flavonoids) in polymer compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves of large‐leaved lime, Tilia platyphyllos Scop. (Malvaceae), harbor colonies of Eriophyes tiliae (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae), capable of modifying the leaf structure (inducer of nail‐galls) and physiology. The aerial organs of T. platyphyllos have traditionally been consumed for their high antioxidant capacity, related to the rich polyphenol profile. Here, we investigated the polyphenol profiles and antioxidant activity of T. platyphyllos non‐galled leaves and galls to determine the changes induced by the mite in a Chilean environment with high ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Phenolic compound identification in the methanol extracts of non‐galled leaves and galls was carried out through HPLC. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was quantified through spectrophotometry, and it was compared with the standards of the three major phenolic compounds of both organs. Nine phenolic compounds were detected in non‐galled leaves and galls, with no differences between the two organs, except for the absence of gallic acid in galls. The concentration of phenolic compounds did differ significantly between the two conditions. In leaf galls, epicatechin and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside concentrations and antioxidant capacity increased significantly compared to non‐galled leaves. As chlorogenic acid and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside are active phenols responding to UV radiation stress, their concentration in T. platyphyllos leaves could be a response to the high UV radiation occurring in Chile during spring and summer. The phenolic compounds detected here have been reported to be potent antioxidants, that are probably potentiated by E. tiliae for its own protection against UV‐B radiation, as the two most abundant compounds in the galls exhibited the highest capacity to reduce ABTS and DPPH radicals. However, we do not rule out the participation of phenolics in protection against natural enemies of the gall mite, as chlorogenic acid and epicatechin are powerful antifeedants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow tea (YT), a slightly-fermented tea originated from Ming Dynasty with distinctive "Three yellows," mild-sweet smell, and mellow taste attributed to the unique yellowing process. Based on current literature and our previous work, we aim to comprehensively illustrate the key processing procedures, characteristic chemical compounds, health benefits and applications, as well as the interlocking relationships among them. Yellowing is the most vital procedure anchored on the organoleptic quality, characteristic chemical components, and bioactivities of YT, which is influenced by temperature, moisture content, duration, and ventilation conditions. Pheophorbides, carotenoids, thearubigins and theabrownins are the major pigments contributing to the "three yellows" appearance. Alcohols, such as terpinol and nerol, are attributed to the refreshing and sweet aroma of bud and small-leaf YT, while heterocyclics and aromatics forming during roasting result in the crispy rice-like large-leaf YT. Hygrothermal effects and enzymatic reactions during yellowing result in the decline of astringent substances. Meanwhile, multiple bioactive compounds such as catechins, ellagitannins, and vitexin, endow YT with antioxidant, anti-metabolic syndrome, anti-cancer, gut microbiota regulation, and organ injury protection effects. Future studies focusing on the standard yellowing process technology, quality evaluation system, and functional factors and mechanisms, possible orientations, and perspectives are guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of various characteristic components of tea—theaflavins, catechins, thearubigins, theasinensins, theanine, catechin (C), catechin gallate (CG), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin (GC), and gallocatechin gallate (GCG)—on acrylamide formation. The results revealed that most of tea's characteristic components could significantly eliminate acrylamide, ranked from highest to lowest as follows: GC (55.73%) > EC (46.31%) > theaflavins (44.91%) > CG (40.73%) > thearubigins (37.36%) > ECG (37.03%) > EGCG (27.37%) > theabrownine (22.54%) > GCG (16.21%) > catechins (10.14%) > C (7.48%). Synergistic elimination effects were observed with thearubigins + EC + GC + CG, thearubigins + EC + CG, thearubigins + EC + GC, theaflavins + GC + CG, and thearubigins + theaflavins, with the reduction rates being 73.99%, 72.67%, 67.62%, 71.03%, and 65.74%, respectively. Tea's components reduced the numbers of persistent free radicals to prevent acrylamide formation in the model system. The results provide a theoretical basis for the development of low-acrylamide foods and the application of tea resources in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is a highly metabolically active organ, and one of the causes of its dysfunction is the damage caused by drugs and their metabolites as well as dietary supplements and herbal preparations. A common feature of such damage is drugs, which allows it to be defined as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this review, we analysed available research findings in the global literature regarding the effects of green tea and/or its phenolic compounds on liver function in the context of protective action during prolonged exposure to xenobiotics. We focused on the direct detoxifying action of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the liver, the impact of EGCG on gut microbiota, and the influence of microbiota on liver health. We used 127 scientific research publications published between 2014 and 2024. Improving the effectiveness of DILI detection is essential to enhance the safety of patients at risk of liver damage and to develop methods for assessing the potential hepatotoxicity of a drug during the research phase. Often, drugs cannot be eliminated, but appropriate nutrition can strengthen the body and liver, which may mitigate adverse changes resulting from DILI. Polyphenols are promising owing to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as their prebiotic effects. Notably, EGCG is found in green tea. The results of the studies presented by various authors are very promising, although not without uncertainties. Therefore, future research should focus on elucidating the therapeutic and preventive mechanisms of polyphenols in the context of liver health through the functioning of gut microbiota affecting overall health, with particular emphasis on epigenetic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Due to the high level of organic acids – primarily citric acid – black, red, and white currants have an excessively sour taste, making taste adjustment during processing challenging. This study investigated and evaluated the effects of an inoculation dose of the acid‐reducing yeast Issatchenkia terricola WJL‐G4 on several aspect such as physicochemical properties, chromaticity, active substances, and antioxidant capacity. A sensory evaluation was also conducted. RESULTS: The results indicated that, when the inoculation dose increased from 2% to 12%, the total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity in currant juice decreased. A low inoculation dose (2–4%) was beneficial for preserving the total phenol and total flavonoid content. Although the levels of most phenolic compounds decreased, the concentrations of caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, and epicatechin were significantly higher than the control after fermentation. Overall acceptability and taste scores of fermented currants improved compared with those of the control group. CONCLUSION: This experiment provided an effective solution, with a theoretical basis, to the problems of the sour taste and harsh flavor of currant juice. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Green tea catechins are efficient absorbers of reactive oxygen species in vitro and can also act as in vivo antioxidants. However, low bioavailability and degradation of catechins during storage and digestion are the key limitations for their use, thus being a hindrance for getting the maximum benefit for one's health. To a certain extent, this problem can be solved using encapsulation. This paper focuses on stability of maltodextrin‐encapsulated green tea catechins subjected to thermal treatment in air. A positive effect of encapsulation on the stability of green tea catechins during thermal treatment was shown. Catechi stabilisation is shown to occur due to catechin–polysaccharide interaction; diffusion hindrance has almost no effect on stability of the resulting particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid, and galegine content and antioxidant activity, as well as the in vitro antidiabetic potential of different extracts of Galega officinalis using the solvent extraction method. The results demonstrated that the highest yield of extraction (28.05%) and galegine content (17.40 ± 0.04 μg/g of sample) was obtained using water as the solvent (p < .05). However, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (138.35 ± 0.63 mg GAE per gram of dried GOEs) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (189.12 ± 1.47 mg catechin per gram of dried GOEs) were extracted using A90 (acetone–water, 90:10) solvent. A90 extract exhibited the highest inhibition of sucrase activity (91.42%) (p < .05). Also, the inhibitory activity of A90 against α‐amylase (59.96%), α‐glucosidase (54.3%), and maltase (62.73%) was significantly higher than that of A70 (acetone–water, 70:30) and E20 (ethanol–water, 20:80) (p < .05). According to antioxidant activity results, the highest ABTS•+ (360.5 ± 15.69 μmol Trolox eq per gram of dried GOEs), hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activity (3657.75 ± 21.56 μmol histidine eq per gram of dried GOEs), and FRAP assay (558.18 ± 20.26 μmol FeSO4 eq per gram of dried GOEs) were related to A90, while the best DPPH radical‐scavenging activity and metal‐chelating activity were related to A70 (302.66 ± 2.42 μmol Trolox equivalents per gram of dried GOEs) and E20 (36.5 ± 1.02 μmol EDTA eq per gram of dried GOEs), respectively. Taken together, A90 appears to be the best solvent to get Galega officinalis extract with the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are widely used to extract bioactive components from plant biomass; however, hydrophilic DES and bioactive component isolation methods have not been developed. In this study, we synthesized hydrophilic DES (CL‐CA‐DES) using citric acid and choline chloride. We combined this with environmentally friendly anion‐ and cation‐exchange resin column chromatographic isolation methods. This approach extracted and isolated four polyphenolic compounds (catechins, epicatechins, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2) from raspberry root and efficiently recovered the hydrophilic DES. CL‐CA‐DES extracted significantly higher contents of catechin and procyanidin B2 from raspberry root compared to other solvents. It also extracted substantially higher contents of epicatechin compared to butyl alcohol, 70% ethanol, and water, but there was no significant difference when compared with acetone and ethyl acetate. Additionally, CL‐CA‐DES extracted significantly higher contents of procyanidin B1 compared to butyl alcohol, water, and ethyl acetate, with no significant difference when compared with 70% ethanol and acetone. The isolation efficiency of the bioactive components in the raspberry root extract by anion‐ and cation‐exchange resin column chromatography was higher than that of the organic solvent extraction and precipitation generation methods, and the method was effective in recovering CL‐CA‐DES with a recovery rate higher than 60%. In conclusion, this study developed a new method for the efficient recovery of hydrophilic CL‐CA‐DES, which can be used for isolating polyphenolic compounds from raspberry root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vicia faba L. is a leguminous plant with seeds rich in nutritional compounds, such as polyphenols and L-dopa, a dopamine precursor and first-line treatment for Parkinson's symptoms. Recently, its by-products have been revalued as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds. In this study, aqueous extracts of Lucan broad bean pod valves (BPs) were characterized to evaluate their potential use as adjuvants in severe Parkinson's disease. L-dopa content, quantified by LC-UV, was much higher in BPs than in seeds (28.65 mg/g dw compared to 0.76 mg/g dw). In addition, vicine and convicine, the metabolites responsible for favism, were not detected in pods. LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap/MS2 allowed the identification of the major polyphenolic compounds, including quercetin and catechin equivalents, that could ensure neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. ESI(±)-FT-ICR MS was used to build 2D van Krevelen diagrams; polyphenolic compounds and carbohydrates were the most representative classes. The neuroprotective activity of the extracts after MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells was also investigated. BP extracts were more effective than synthetic L-dopa, even at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL, due to the occurrence of antioxidants able to prevent oxidative stress. The stability and antioxidant component of the extracts were then emphasized by using naturally acidic solutions of Punica granatum L., Ribes rubrum L., and gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) as extraction solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The galloyl group in catechins was confirmed to be crucial for their health benefits. However, whether the catechins' galloyl group had a contribution to their anti-inflammation remains unclear. This study investigated the anti-inflammation properties and mechanisms of catechins in RAW264.7 cells by using ELISA, fluorometry, flow cytometer, Western blot, and molecular docking. Results showed that the galloyl group enhanced the inhibitory abilities of catechins on inflammatory cytokines (NO, PGE2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and ROS release in LPS-induced cells. This suppression was likely mediated by delaying cells from the G0/G1 to the S phase, blocking COX-2 and iNOS via the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB pathway with PU.1 as an upstream target. The research proved that the existence of galloyl groups in catechins was indispensable for their anti-inflammatory capacities and offered a theoretical basis for the anti-inflammatory mechanism of galloylated catechins. Future research is needed to verify the anti-inflammatory effects of catechins in various sources of macrophages or the Caco-2/RAW264.7 cell co-culture system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera Abel, one of the most valuable woody oil plants, has been widely cultivated for extracting edible oil. The shell of C. oleifera is a by-product generated in the processing of edible oil extraction. However, there is still limited research on the maturity and high-value resource utilization of shell by-products. We found that the C. oleifera 'Huashuo' (HS) fruit shells contained a high content of catechins. Abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhanced the accumulation of catechins in C. oleifera fruit shells, providing a basis for production and application of the catechins in fruit shells of C. oleifera. We further found that 500 μM ABA and 900 μM MeJA significantly promoted the accumulation of catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) in fruit shells. Following treatment with 900 μM MeJA, the expressions of CoPAL1, CoC4H1, CoC4H2, CoC4H3, Co4CL1, Co4CL2, CoF3′H1, CoLAR1, CoLAR2, CoLAR3, CoANR2, and CoANRL2 were significantly upregulated, while after 500 μM ABA treatment the expressions of CoPAL3, CoCHS1, CoCHS4, CoF3′H1, CoDFR, CoLAR1, CoLAR2, CoLAR3, CoANS1, CoANR1, and CoANR2 increased dramatically. These results indicate that appropriate concentrations of ABA and MeJA activate C and EC biosynthesis and promote their accumulation in fruit shells. Our results provide new ideas and guidance for promoting the resource utilization of C. oleifera fruit shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review of current knowledge on the impact of selected food products on the risk of glaucoma. Materials and Methods: Review and summary of research studies available in open-source format on Google Scholar, PubMed. Conclusions: There is ample evidence confirming the impact of food products on the risk of developing glaucoma or exacerbating its symptoms. However, further research is necessary to determine the extent of their interference with this disease entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Roasting is an essential step in making roasted teas, and its role in producing flavors has been widely studied. However, the variation of potential hazardous compounds during the tea roasting process is still vague. The present study established an effective method based on liquid chromatography‐triple quadrupole‐tandem mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine the variation of acrylamide (AA), 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF), and free amino acids during the tea roasting process. Meanwhile, the effects of several tea polyphenols on the formation of AA and 5‐HMF were investigated by a wet‐to‐dry thermal model reaction.Medium‐temperature roasted teas had the highest levels of AA and 5‐HMF, with ranges of 0.13–0.15 μg g−1 and 68.72–123.98 μg g−1, respectively. Quantitative results showed that the levels of monosaccharides and amino acids decreased during roasting, which might contribute to the formation of 5‐HMF and AA. Meanwhile, the decrease of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin (EC) might be related to their inhibitory effects on 5‐HMF and AA. Thermal model reaction results showed that EGCG and EC significantly inhibited 5‐HMF formation with a decline rate of 33.33% and 72.22%, respectively, mainly by trapping glucose. Gallic acid (GA) also had an inhibitory effect on the formation of AA (decreased by 92.86%) and 5‐HMF (44.44%), mainly through impeding the preliminary reaction of asparagine and glucose.The roasting temperature determined the levels of AA and 5‐HMF in teas. Catechins inhibited the formation of 5‐HMF and AA mostly through trapping monosaccharides, while the inhibitory effect of GA was achieved by impeding the reaction. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study aimed at the solution of stability problems of extra virgin olive oil rich (oil:aqueous phase ratio = 50:50) model oil‐in‐water emulsions prepared with pectin using green tea (GTE) and grape seed extracts (GSE), and (+)‐catechin (CAT). Olive oil‐in‐water emulsion prepared with pectin at 0.5% (w/v) without phenolics lost 36% of its stability within 1 day. GTE at 1% (w/v) caused a limited increase in emulsion stability while emulsions with GSE at ≥0.25% or CAT at 1% maintained >90% of their stability after 14 days. GSE and CAT reduced the emulsion droplet size (2.6‐ and 1.9‐fold) while GTE increased the emulsion droplet size (1.5‐fold). Emulsions with GSE showed the smallest and most densely packed lipid droplets. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity in emulsions were obtained with CAT followed by GSE and GTE. This work is significant in that it showed the possibility of using GSE to obtain stable extra virgin olive oil emulsion‐based functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology offers promising avenues for enhancing drug delivery systems, particularly in HIV‐1 treatment. This study investigates a nanoemulsified formulation combining epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with dolutegravir (DTG) for managing HIV‐1 infection. The combinatorial interaction between EGCG and DTG was explored through cellular, enzymatic, and molecular studies. In vitro assays demonstrated the potential of a dual drug‐loaded nanoemulsion, NE‐DTG‐EGCG, in inhibiting HIV‐1 replication, with EGCG serving as a supplementary treatment containing DTG. In silico molecular interaction studies highlighted EGCG's multifaceted inhibitory potential against HIV‐1 integrase and reverse transcriptase enzymes. Further investigations are needed to validate the formulation's efficacy across diverse contexts. Overall, by integrating nanotechnology into drug delivery systems, this study represents a significant advancement in managing HIV‐1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Boron structures play a crucial role in biological treatments due to their unique chemical properties. They are used in pharmaceuticals for their potential as enzyme inhibitors and as anti-inflammatory agents. Boron-containing compounds are also explored in drug delivery systems, leveraging their ability to cross cell membranes effectively. Additionally, boron-based materials are studied for their applications in biomaterials, such as wound healing and tissue engineering, highlighting their diverse applications in biological treatments. Methods: The study aims to elucidate the biological properties of catechin, a natural phenolic compound, by modifying it with phenylboronic acid. The Catechin-based boronic compound (CBC) was synthesized. The antioxidant and enzyme activity were studied. Histopathological experiments to vital organs and molecular docking studies were also conducted. Results and Discussion: The (CBC) showed meaningful antioxidant and enzyme activity when compared to standards. The effect of the (CBC) on tissues was demonstrated by in vivo experiments. Histopathological evaluation of vital organs in male Sprague Dawley rats was demonstrated by Hematoxylin–Eosin staining. The study has supported the antioxidant property of (CBC), also has a natural origin based on its structure. Besides, the antiurease and antityrosinase activities of catechin were tested for the first time. Furthermore, in silico approaches also supported the acceptable biological activity results that were experimentally examined. The interactions of AChE, BChE, urease, and tyrosinase enzymes with the (CBC) were investigated theoretically via molecular docking, and the binding parameter values were also shared. The (CBC) demonstrated radical scavenging activity. The in vivo experiments on rats were carried out and the (CBC) showed no negative effects on the vital organs. It was seen that the experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. Conclusions: The analysis of the crystal structures of AChE, BChE, urease, and tyrosinase enzymes in relation to the compound (CBC) yielded striking results, highlighting the compound's promising potential as a therapeutic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple beneficial effects have been attributed to green tea catechins (GTCs). However, the bioavailability of GTCs is generally low, with only a small portion directly absorbed in the small intestine. The majority of ingested GTCs reaches the large intestinal lumen, and are extensively degraded via biotransformation by gut microbiota, forming many low-molecular-weight metabolites such as phenyl-γ-valerolactones, phenolic acids, butyrate, and acetate. This process not only improves the overall bioavailability of GTC-derived metabolites but also enriches the biological activities of GTCs. Therefore, the intra- and inter-individual differences in human gut microbiota as well as the resulting biological contribution of microbial metabolites are crucial for the ultimate health benefits. In this review, the microbial degradation of major GTCs was characterized and an overview of the in vitro models used for GTC metabolism was summarized. The intra- and inter-individual differences of human gut microbiota composition and the resulting divergence in the metabolic patterns of GTCs were highlighted. Moreover, the potential beneficial effects of GTCs and their gut microbial metabolites were also discussed. Overall, the microbial metabolites of GTCs with higher bioavailability and bioactive potency are key factors for the observed beneficial effects of GTCs and green tea consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Chinese pistachio (Pistacia chinensis), an important horticultural plant species, holds great ornamental value with beautiful leaves and fruits. Seedling propagation of this tree species is restricted by its erratic seed germination; however, the germination mechanism is ambiguous. The aim of this study was to determine the germination mechanism from a novel perspective based on the multi-omics data. Methods The multi-omics technique combined with hormone content measurement was applied to seed germination of Chinese pistachio. Key Results Due to its great accumulation during seed germination, catechin stood out from the identified metabolites in a broadly targeted metabolomic analysis. Exogenous catechin at 10 mg L−1 significantly improved the germination of Chinese pistachio seeds. An interesting result of hormone analysis was that the improving effect of catechin could be attributed to an increase in gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) content rather than a decrease in abscisic acid (ABA) content before germination. Treatments with paclobutrazol (PAC, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) and PAC + catechin also showed that the promoting effect of catechin on seed germination depends on GA biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis and qRT‒PCR further revealed that catechin induced the expression of PcGA20ox5 to activate GA biosynthesis. Several transcription factors were induced by catechin and GA treatments, such as TCP, bZIP and C3H, which may play an important regulatory role in GA biosynthesis in a catechin-mediated way. Conclusions Catechin promotes seed germination via GA biosynthesis in Chinese pistachios. This study proposes a novel mechanism by which catechin promotes seed germination via the GA pathway, which provides new insight into a comprehensive understanding of seed dormancy and germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Schinus terebinthifolia (ST) is a plant belonging to the cashew family Anacardiaceae, native to subtropical and tropical South America. ST is commonly called Brazil pepper and aroeira. Several reports have been made on the biological activities of ST, but studies on leaf extracts, especially lectins, have mainly been reported. Objectives: Our study analyzed the active compounds, antioxidant activities, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, elastase inhibitory, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of S. terebinthifolia (ST) bark extract. Results: Hot water extracts showed the strongest electron donating ability (84.46%) and tyrosinase inhibitory activity (67.1%). Eighty percent ethanol extract showed the highest reducing power, total phenolic, xanthine oxidase (91.7%) and elastase inhibitory ability (85.44%). Catechin, α–amyrin, β–amyrone and 11-Oxo-.α-amyrin were identified through HPLC and GCMS analysis, while eighty percent extract contained the highest amount of catechin. Catechin, α–amyrin, and β–amyrone are considered to be the main xanthine oxidase inhibitors, while β–amyrone is considered to be the main inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and elastase. Conclusion: Through this study, we reported the basic information that S. terebinthifolia bark extract was used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, anti-gout, and skin disease improvement material. S. terebinthifolia bark extract could be used as an anti-gout natural drug or cosmetic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface tests were used to determine the optimal conditions for Bacillus subtilis solid-state fermentation of highland barley bran. The polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of the fermented bran were also assessed. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions for highland barley bran were 10% inoculum, a liquid–feed ratio of 1.80, a fermentation temperature of 30 °C, and a fermentation time of 93.5 h. Under these conditions, the polyphenol content of highland barley bran was 12.43 mg/g. After fermentation, the ferulic acid content of the bran decreased, catechol and gallic acid contents increased significantly, and catechins shifted from the bound state to the free state. In addition, solid-state fermentation improved the antioxidant capacity of highland barley bran, and the DPPH• radical scavenging rate, Fe ion-reducing capacity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of highland barley bran increased after fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudocereal originally grown in the Andean region of South America. This study focused on investigating the changes in phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity in white and red quinoa varieties after short-term fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v®. During fermentation, pH and lactic acid formation were monitored every three hours until pH was below 4.6. The quinoa phenolic profile was quantified via LC–UV–MS. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP) were determined via spectrophotometric methods. The findings showed that fermentation resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.001) in TPC from 4.68 to 7.78 mgGAE·100 g−1 for the white quinoa and from 5.04 to 8.06 mgGAE·100 g−1 for the red quinoa variety. Gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid detected in unfermented quinoa samples (averaging 229.5 μg·g−1). Fermented white quinoa showed an 18-fold increase in epicatechin, while catechin was found only in fermented red quinoa (59.19 μg·g−1). Fermentation showed a significantly positive impact on the iron-reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of quinoa (p < 0.05). Red quinoa had a higher FRAP antioxidant capacity than the white variety; a similar trend was observed with the DPPH assay. There was a significant correlation (r > 0.9, p < 0.05) between TPC and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, short-time lactic fermentation effectively increased phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in both quinoa varieties. Overall, red quinoa showed higher polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity compared to the white variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the quality of hand-shaken green tea prepared through rapid and natural cooling methods. Cooling is crucial in preserving green tea's flavor, aroma, and nutritional components. In the rapid cooling method, green tea is freshly brewed at an initial temperature of 95 °C for 25 min, and then rapidly cooled to 18 °C for 25 min. Conversely, the natural cooling method involves brewing tea at the same initial temperature and time, but allowing it to cool gradually to 30 °C over approximately 4–5 h at room temperature. This study's findings indicate that the rapid cooling method produced green tea with a more vibrant color and improved clarity versus the natural cooling method. Sensory analysis revealed that the taste and aroma of the hand-shaken green tea prepared using rapid cooling were perceived to be more refreshing and invigorating. However, the natural cooling method preserved a higher level of chemical components, including individual catechin caffeine, total polyphenol, soluble solids, reducing sugar, and total tannins. The essential amino acid content of the rapidly and naturally cooled green tea infusions was 6.85 and 13.55 μg/mL, respectively. The γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content was 439.82 and 457.31 μg/mL, respectively. This study's findings suggest that rapid cooling during the preparation of hand-shaken green tea enhances its overall quality. The vibrant color, improved clarity, refreshing taste, and invigorating aroma make it a preferable choice for tea enthusiasts who seek an enhanced sensory experience and excellent quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical sensing platform based on in-situ acetylene black (AB) template growth ZIF-8 for trace catechin detection in green tea was proposed. Here, the ZIF-8/AB/carbon paper (CP) electrode was constructed by two-step in-situ growth method and hydrothermal method. The characterization showed that AB molecule was well distributed in ZIF-8 pore with large surface area. ZIF-8/AB/CP electrode showed good electrochemical performance for catechin detection, which benefited from the ZIF-8 with larger surface and AB with excellent conductivity. The results showed that ZIF-8/AB/CP electrode was linear in the range of 0.01–200 µM, and the low detection limit for catechin detection was 43.7 nM. ZIF-8/AB/CP also had good reproducibility, anti-interference ability and stability. In addition, the sensor achieved hight-recovery and accuracy in detecting catechin in green tea. As far as we know, our work first reported that ZIF-8/AB composite was synthesized by in-situ growth method as an electrochemical sensing material for the detection of catechin in green tea, which will provide some theoretical analysis and experimental experience for designing and developing electrochemical sensor for the analysis of trace catechin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current work was to compare the (poly)phenol profile (free, soluble-conjugate, and insoluble-bound) and antioxidant activity of date palm seed flour using different extraction methods (conventional vs. ultrasoundassisted extraction [UAE]) and to determine the most critical variables in the extraction of (poly)phenols through UAE using the Plackett-Burman design experiment. Using the Plackett-Burman design, seven factors, namely, ethanol concentration, liquid:solid ratio (mL/g), sonotrode, amplitude (%), extraction time, extractant pH, and extraction cycle, were studied. After the factors were studied using conventional extraction methods, 23 compounds were quantified, with protocatechuic acid and catechin being the predominant (poly)phenols. Furthermore, the distribution of (poly)phenols within the cell varied, with glycosylated quercetins and caffeoyl shikimic acids predominantly found in free forms. Ultrasound-assisted extraction demonstrated efficiency in extracting free and soluble-conjugate (poly)phenols. However, it showed limitations in extracting insoluble-bound (poly)phenols. Nevertheless, similar amounts of total (poly)phenols were shown after conventional extraction and UAE, that is, 259.69 ± 43.54 and 189.00 ± 3.08 mg/100 g date seed flour, respectively. The Plackett-Burman design revealed the liquid- solid ratio as a crucial factor affecting (poly)phenol extraction, with higher ratios yielding better results. The sonotrode choice also influenced the extraction efficiency, highlighting that the sonotrode with a smaller diameter but higher displacement amplitude showed the best polyphenol recovery and antioxidant activity values. The nature of (poly)phenols influenced the studied extraction variables differently, emphasizing the complexity of the extraction process. In this line, pure water was sufficient to extract flavan-3-ols after UAE, whereas ethanol was a crucial factor in extracting quercetin. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing extraction methods for maximizing (poly)phenol recovery from date palm seed flour for various applications in food and pharmacology industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Blackberry seeds, as a by‐product of processing, have potential bioactive substances and activities. A response surface method was used to determine the optimal conditions of blackberry seed extracts (BSEs) with high 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity by ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE). The composition and antioxidant capacity of BSEs were further analyzed.The optimal conditions were material‐to‐liquid ratio of 0.07 g mL−1, ethanol concentration of 56%, extraction temperature of 39 °C and ultrasonic power of 260 W. Using these conditions, the extraction yield and total polysaccharide, phenolic and anthocyanin contents in BSEs were 0.062 g g−1 and 633.91, 36.21 and 3.07 mg g−1, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of BSEs exhibited characteristic peaks associated with polysaccharide absorption. The antioxidant capacity, DPPH and 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of BSEs were 1533.19, 1021.93 and 1093.38 mmol Trolox equivalent g−1, respectively. The delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, paeoniflorin‐3‐O‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐O‐arabinoside contents in BSEs were 3.05,12.76 and 1895.90 ± 3.45 μg g−1. Five polyphenols including gallic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin and caffeic acid were identified and quantified in BSEs with its contents at 8850.43, 5053.26, 4984.65, 1846.91 and 192.40 μg g−1.These results provide a method for preparing BSE containing functional components such as polysaccharides, phenols and anthocyanins through UAE, and BSEs have potential application in food industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the effects of different baking treatments on the quality of Yongchuan Xiuya (YCXY) green tea. It was found that a long time baking at low temperature was beneficial to keep green colour, faint scent, mellow and fresh taste quality, whereas baking under high temperature was adverse to the quality. Baking treatments slightly regulated (−)‐epigallocatechin, (−)‐epicatechin, (−)‐gallocatechin gallate, total chlorophyll and carotenoid. As the baking temperature rose, the content of tea polyphenols, gallic acid, catechins, caffeine, soluble sugar and polyphenols/amino acids ratio obviously decreased. A total of 40 kinds of volatiles were detected in these six tea samples. A model for aroma type discrimination was successfully established based on partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA). Ten kinds of volatile substances were the key characteristic markers for the faint scent, chestnut aroma and high‐fired aroma types of YCXY green tea. 1‐hexanol, hotrienol and dimethyl sulfide were furtherly used to discriminant aroma type based on Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catechins, as powerful flavonoids with antioxidant properties, are crucial for the preservation of the human body against free radicals and for promoting overall health. Research has shown that the presence of catechins in urine is linked to a reduced risk of gastric and esophageal cancer. This study introduces an innovative approach using a novel nano‐composite material, composed of magnetic graphene oxide coated with a biocompatible O‐carboxymethyl chitosan/acrylic acid copolymer, for extracting catechins from human urine. The extracted catechins were then analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry‐selected ion monitoring analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the analytical figures of merit for catechin and epicatechin were linear dynamic range: 0.5–1000 ng/mL, R2 of 0.9991; limit of detection equal to 0.1 ng/mL; relative standard deviation: 4.1 and 3.1 (C = 50 ng/mL, n = 3); and relative recovery was 94%, respectively. The application of this method holds significant promise for advancing clinical and toxicological studies, as well as establishing potential associations between tea consumption and disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Total carotenoid amounts of rocket samples were established between 120.56 μg g−1 (fresh) and 130.06 μg g−1 (microwave). In addition, total phenol and flavonoid results of rockets dried in microwave and oven were found between 655.53 (oven) and 1790.96 mg GAE/100 g (fresh) to 254.03 (oven) and 1668.83 mg/100 g (fresh), respectively. Also, radical scavenging activities (DPPH and FRAP) of rocket samples were measured between 7.55 (oven) and 25.45 mmol kg−1 (fresh) to 35.59 (oven) and 66.74 mg g−1 (fresh), respectively. Gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin and rutin were the main phenolic compounds found in rocket samples. Catechin contents of rockets dried in microwave and oven systems were recorded between 349.60 (oven) and 442.47 mg/100 g (fresh). Gallic acid and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of rocket samples were monitored between 52.84 (oven) and 952.15 mg/100 g (fresh) to 30.92 (oven) and 282.15 mg/100 g (fresh), respectively. The protein amounts of rockets were determined between 11.00% (microwave) and 11.60% (oven). P and K values of fresh and dried rockets were found between 3148.36 (oven) and 3752.33 mg kg−1 (fresh) to 39 363.75 (microwave) and 36 883.41 mg/kg (fw), respectively. Also, Ca and Mg results of fresh and dried‐rockets were found between 26 739.33 (microwave) and 29 534.48 mg kg−1 (fresh) to 3125.32 (microwave) and 3431.70 mg kg−1 (fresh), respectively. The highest S (14 665.30 mg kg−1) was detected in rocket sample dried in microwave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Salix species occurring in Finland have not been well studied for their antimicrobial potential, despite their frequent use for lung and stomach problems in traditional medicine. Thus, twig extracts of three species of Salix that are found naturally in Finland and one cultivated species were screened for their antimicrobial properties against human pathogenic bacteria. S. starkeana and S. x pendulina were screened for antibacterial effects for the first time. (2) Methods: An agar diffusion and a microplate method were used for the screenings. Time-kill effects were measured using a plate-count and a microplate method. A DPPH-method using a qualitative TLC-analysis was used to detect antioxidant compounds in antimicrobial extracts. Metabolites from a S. myrsinifolia extract showing good antibacterial effects were identified using UPLC/QTOF-MS. (3) Results: A methanol extract of S. starkeana was particularly active against B. cereus (MIC 625 µg/mL), and a methanol extract of S. myrsinifolia showed good activity against S. aureus and B. cereus (MIC 1250 µg/mL) and showed bactericidal effects during a 24 h incubation of B. cereus. Moreover, a decoction of S. myrsinifolia resulted in good growth inhibition against P. aeruginosa. Our UPLC/QTOF-MS results indicated that proanthocyanidins (PAs), and especially the dimer procyanidin B1 (m/z 577) and other procyanidin derivatives, including highly polymerized proanthocyanidins, were abundant in S. myrsinifolia methanol extracts. Procyanidin B1 and its monomer catechin, as well as taxifolin and p-hydroxycinnamic acid, all present in S. myrsinifolia twigs, effectively inhibited B. cereus (MIC 250 µg/mL). (4) Conclusions: This study indicates that Finnish Salix species contain an abundance of antibacterial condensed tannins, phenolic acids and other polyphenols that deserve further research for the antibacterial mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, to optimize the creation of new neuroprotective agents based on bioflavonoids, we applied information technologies; these include docking analysis to calculate the binding of candidate molecules to the pharmacological target protein transthyretin as well as a program of virtual screening of NO scavengers. As a result of this approach, the substance catechin was isolated from candidate molecules—quercetin, catechin, Epicatechin gallate, Epicatechin, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B2, Procyanidin B3, and Catechin-3-gallate—according to docking analysis. As a result of virtual screening, catechin was identified as a potential NO scavenger (55.15% prediction). The results of the prediction were confirmed by in vitro experiments. Course administration of catechin to animals with experimental multiple sclerosis (MS) against the background of methylprednisolone administration completely eliminated lethal cases, reduced the number of diseased animals by 20% as well as prevented the development of severe neurological symptoms by 20% (compared to the methylprednisolone group) and by 60% compared to the control group. Course administration of catechin with methylprednisolone leads to a decrease in the neurodegradation markers in the cytosol of rats, with EAE: NSE by 37% and S-100 by 54.8%. The combined administration of methylprednisolone significantly exceeds the combination of methylprednisolone with the reference drug mexidol by the degree of NSE reduction. The obtained results indicate a significant neuroprotective effect of ocular combinations of methylprednisolone and catechin. The above-mentioned confirms the correctness of the bioflavonoid selection with the help of a virtual screening program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of catechin‐loaded Chitosan‐Alginate nanoparticles (NPs) on cognitive function in an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)‐induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Catechin‐loaded Chitosan‐Alginate nanocarriers were synthesized through ionotropic gelation (IG) method. Physio‐chemical characterization was conducted with the Zetasizer Nano system, the scanning electron microscope, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experiments were performed over 21 days on six groups of male Wistar rats. The control group, AlCl3 treated group, Catechin group, nanocarrier group, treatment group 1 (AlCl3 + Catechin), and treatment group 2 (AlCl3 + nanocarrier). A behavioral study was done by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. In addition, the level of oxidative indices and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was determined by standard procedures at the end of the study. AlCl3 induced a significant increase in AChE activity, along with a significant decrease in the level of Catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the hippocampus. Moreover, the significant effect of AlCl3 was observed on the behavioral parameters of the MWM test. Both forms of Catechin markedly improved AChE activity, oxidative biomarkers, spatial memory, and learning. The present study indicated that the administration of Catechin‐loaded Chitosan‐Alginate NPs is a beneficial therapeutic option against behavioral and chemical alteration of AD in male Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexification of in vitro models requires the compatibility of cells with the same medium. Since immune cells are the most sensitive to growth conditions, growing intestinal epithelial cells in their usual medium seems to be necessary. This work was aimed at comparing the sensitivity of these epithelial cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli but also to dietary polyphenols in both DMEM and RPMI-1640 media. Co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells were grown for 21 days in the two media before their stimulation with a cocktail of TNF-α (20 ng/mL), IL-1β (1 ng/mL), and IFN-γ (10 ng/mL) or with LPS (10 ng/mL) from E. coli (O111:B4). The role of catechins (15 µM), a dietary polyphenol, was evaluated after its incubation with the cells before their stimulation for 6 h. The RPMI-1640 medium did not alter the intensity of the inflammatory response observed with the cytokines. By contrast, LPS failed to stimulate the co-culture in inserts regardless of the medium used. Lastly, catechins were unable to prevent the pro-inflammatory response observed with the cytokines in the two media. The preservation of the response of this model of intestinal epithelium in RPMI-1640 medium is promising when considering its complexification to evaluate the complex cellular crosstalk leading to intestinal homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel style of flavored wine was developed via infusion of either black tea or green tea into Chardonnay wine. The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phenolic substances in green/black tea‐infused Chardonnay wine were investigated. Catechin, caffeine, and epicatechin gallate, originating from the tea, displayed high absorption rates with apparent permeability coefficient values above 10 × 10−6 cm/s in a human Caco‐2 intestinal cell model. A paracellular pathway was proposed to drive the transport of catechin and epicatechin gallate, while the possible transport pathway of caffeine is passive transcellular diffusion route. Co‐supplementation of flavonoids of quercetin or naringenin (20 µM) could further enhance the uptake of catechin and epicatechin gallate, but reduce the absorption of caffeine. Great in vitro and cellular antioxidant capacities were witnessed in the tea‐macerated wine samples. The wine samples also neutralized the negative impact of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (25 µM) on glutathione S‐transferase and glutathione levels, apoptosis induction, and intracellular malondialdehyde levels. RNA sequencing with limma method revealed a total of 1473 and 406 differentially expressed genes in the 21‐day‐old Caco‐2 intestinal cells treated with the green and black tea‐macerated wines for 5 h respectively, indicating metabolic changes in the cells from the different wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop an efficient method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from green tea waste (GTW) toward its potential application in the food industry. GTW, which is generated during the harvesting and processing of green tea products, accounts for a global annual loss of nearly 1 million tonnes. Notably, this waste is rich in polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins, which are renowned for their significant health benefits. We assessed the optimization of catechin extraction from GTW employing hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), and ethanol extraction (EthE) techniques at different sample‐to‐solvent ratios (1:100, 1:50, and 1:20 w/v). The extraction temperature was set at 80°C for both HWE and UAE; however, for EthE, the temperature was slightly lower at 70°C, adhering to the boiling point of ethanol. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the extraction efficiency by quantifying various catechins (i.e., catechin, epicatechin [EC], epicatechin gallate [ECG], epigallocatechin [EGC], and epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]). In terms of the concentration for individual catechins, EC was found to be the highest concentration detected, ranging from 30.58 ± 1.17 to 37.95 ± 0.84 mg/L in all extraction techniques and ratios of solvents, followed by EGCG (9.71 ± 1.40–20.99 ± 1.11 mg/L), EGC + C (7.95 ± 0.66–12.58 ± 0.56 mg/L), and ECG (1.85 ± 0.71–6.05 ± 0.06 mg/L). The findings of DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl) free radical assay illustrated that HWE demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency at all ratios, ranging from 61.41 ± 1.00 to 70.36 ± 1.47 mg/L. The 1:50 ratio exhibited the highest extraction yield (25.98% ± 0.75%) compared to UAE (24.16% ± 0.95%) and EthE (22.59% ± 0.26%). Moreover, this method of extraction (i.e., HWE) produced the highest total catechins and %DPPH reduction. Consequently, HWE was the most efficient method for extracting catechins from GTW, underscoring its potential for valorizing waste within the food manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on Cistus monspeliensis L. aerial parts (AP) and roots (R) extracts, investigating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of the two organs in comparison. At dosages between 1.56 and 6.25 µg/mL, both extracts showed a protective effect against LPS inflammatory stimulus on a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Interestingly, only R was able to significantly reduce both IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA gene expression in the presence of LPS. Moreover, the treatment of a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) with AP and R at 6.25 µg/mL increased the cell survival rate by nearly 20% after H2O2 insult. However, only R promoted mitochondria survival, exhibited a significantly higher production of ATP and a higher activity of the enzyme catalase than the control. Both AP and R had similar primary metabolites; in particular, they both contained 1-O-methyl-epi-inositol. Labdane and methoxylated flavonoids were the most characteristic compounds of AP, while R contained mainly catechins, gallic acid, and pyrogallol derivatives. Considering the importance of elemental composition in plants, the inorganic profile of AP and R was also investigated and compared. No potentially toxic elements, such as Pb, were detected in any sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves and branches of rabbiteye blueberry are rich in proanthocyanidins, which are thought to have different physiological activities depending on their structure and degree of polymerization. In this study, we analyzed the constituents of the leaves and branches of rabbiteye blueberry to determine the seasonal variations in polyphenol and proanthocyanidin (PAC) contents as well as their mean degrees of polymerization (mDP). Total PAC content was determined using two methods: The p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) method, which measures monomeric PAC, showed an increase from spring to summer in both leaves and branches. On the other hand, using the butanol/HCl method, which measures only polymerized PAC, the PAC content of leaves increased from spring to summer but those of branches remained low throughout the year, showing no significant increase or decrease. Furthermore, analysis of the mDP of PAC showed increases from spring to summer in the leaves of 'Kunisato 35 gou'. Although the highest value (8.0) was observed in October, values around 4 remained throughout the year in the branches. Since differences in polymerization degree affect absorption in the body and physiological properties such as antioxidant capacity, selecting the appropriate harvest time and plant organs for each purpose is expected to ensure the quality of processed blueberry foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tea polyphenols have different beneficial effects on vascular endothelium through the controlled production of nitric oxide (NO), regulation of cell proliferation, and antioxidant system. Recently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been proposed as the gaseous signaling molecule in the vascular endothelium. In this study, we investigated the differences in biological functions with tea polyphenols through NO and H2S production in vascular endothelium. Objective: Providing high potential therapeutic effect on vascular endothelium with theaflavin. Results: Theaflavin significantly stimulated H2S production in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) by 1.51-fold compared to the control, while EGCG showed no effect. Both EGCG and theaflavin increased NO production (1.63 and 2.16-fold vs control), eNOS (1.45- and 1.74-fold vs control), p-eNOS (1.41-, 2.01-fold vs control), wound healing (1.30- and 1.75-fold vs control), and oxidative stress-induced reduction of cell viability (89.0 and 94.0% vs control). The potency of theaflavin was found to be higher than that of EGCG. Upon treatment with 100 μM DL-propargylglycine (PPG) to inhibit cystathionine-γ-lyase activity, all cell responses were suppressed in both EGCG and theaflavin treatments, and the reduction rate in the theaflavin treatment was higher than that of the control and EGCG treatments in all responses. Conclusion: These results indicate that the protective effect of VECs is dependent on NO production and that both EGCG and theaflavin have therapeutic potential for VECs. Theaflavin has a relatively higher therapeutic potential than EGCG due to its ability to increase H2S production, which in turn affects NO production and biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to characterize the lyophilized aqueous extracts of barley variety Esmeralda and Perla ungerminated and germinated for 3, 5, and 7 days. Significant changes were observed in both barley varieties, particularly in the freeze-dried extracts of 7 days (P7, E7) compared to ungerminated barley extracts (P0, E0). There was an increase in the total content of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and phenols. The freeze-dried extract P7 exhibited the highest content of total sugars, reducing sugars, and oligosaccharides, with values of 269.52, 23.95, and 853.8 mg/g dry weight (dw) respectively. The increase in protein and amino acid content was similar in P7 and E7. Additionally, a concentration of total phenols and flavonoids was observed to be 18.17 mg GAE/g and 2.54 mg QE/g in P7, and 21.73 mg and 2.8 mg QE/g in E7. Ferulic acid and catechin were the predominant compounds in all extracts. E7 showed a 327% increase in DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to ungerminated barley. On the other hand, in the ABTS assay, a 624% increase in antioxidant activity was observed in P5 extracts, and the capacity for Fe (II) ion oxidation increased by 134% in P7 extracts. These findings suggest that barley germination can enhance its nutrient profile and antioxidant capacity. The obtaining of aqueous extracts indicates the relevance for easy consumption, which has significant implications for human health, as barley-derived foods could provide additional health benefits or even the consumption of aqueous extracts as a base for a potential beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Study of Black Tea's Anticancer Properties Using an In Vivo Model. Black tea contains compounds such as polyphenols, theaflavins, caffeine, L-theanine, and EGCG, which have been linked to potential anticancer properties. These compounds have been shown to prevent the growing of cancer cell and encourage involuntary cell death in laboratory studies. However, more study is required to conclude the exact anticancer properties of black tea in humans. Black tea's anti-carcinogenic qualities stem from its ability to regulate oxidative damage to endogenous antioxidants, mutagens, and biomolecules' antioxidant gene transcription pathways, among other things. Nonetheless, adding black tea to a healthy diet may have overall health benefits. Regular use of black tea, which is high in phytochemicals and may help prevent and treat cancer, has been connected regulation of several molecular targets, including 5-Lipoxygenase, Cyclooxygenase-2, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription, Activator Protein 1, and MAPK. Black tea's anti-cancer action is supported in vivo; nevertheless, its impact on human trials is unknown, even if further clinical investigations at the molecular level are required to comprehend this feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is the second largest nonalcoholic beverage in the world due to its characteristic flavor and well‐known functional properties in vitro and in vivo. Global tea production reaches 6.397 million tons in 2022 and continues to rise. Fresh tea leaves are mainly harvested in spring, whereas thousands of tons are discarded in summer and autumn. Herein, pruned tea biomass refers to abandon‐plucked leaves being pruned in the non‐plucking period, especially in summer and autumn. At present, no relevant concluding remarks have been made on this undervalued biomass. This review summarizes the seasonal differences of intrinsic metabolites and pays special attention to the most critical bioactive and flavor compounds, including polyphenols, theanine, and caffeine. Additionally, meaningful and profound methods to transform abandon‐plucked fresh tea leaves into high‐value products are reviewed. In summer and autumn, tea plants accumulate much more phenols than in spring, especially epigallocatechin gallate (galloyl catechin), anthocyanins (catechin derivatives), and proanthocyanidins (polymerized catechins). Vigorous carbon metabolism induced by high light intensity and temperature in summer and autumn also accumulates carbohydrates, such as soluble sugars and cellulose. The characteristics of abandon‐plucked tea leaves make them not ideal raw materials for tea, but suitable for novel tea products like beverages and food ingredients using traditional or hybrid technologies such as enzymatic transformation, microbial fermentation, formula screening, and extraction, with the abundant polyphenols in summer and autumn tea serving as prominent flavor and bioactive contributors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex Sims. is a medicinal plant used by the locals of Meghalaya. However, its mechanism of action has not been well elucidated. Hence, this study investigated the effect of P. fulgens on IRS1 and Akt. The interaction of the various polyphenols present in P. fulgens with the IR tyrosine kinase and IRS1 PTB domain was studied using auto dock. Changes in expression of antioxidant enzymes, IRS-1, Akt and behavior of normal, diabetic, and diabetic mice treated mice were assessed after 14 days of treatment. Morphological changes in the liver tissue were determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Results The effect of P. fulgens on blood glucose was time and dose dependent. Treatment with P. fulgens, Cat, E, CE, CEP and metformin improved the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glycogen, IRS-1 and Akt. The Forced Swimming test showed an altered behavior in diabetic mice. The altered mobility was reverted back to near normal on treatment with P.fulgens, Cat, E, CE, CEP and metformin. The morphological aberrations seen in diabetic animals considerably improved in the treated diabetic group. Conclusion P. fulgens and its phytochemicals-catechin and epicatechin are potent sources of antidiabetic drugs, possibly mediating their effects through upregulation of insulin IRS-1 and Akt.

In this study, the catechin structure was modified with Halogen and Nitrogen base at C-6 and C-8 Positions in Ring A. Pharmacokinetic parameters affirm the drug-likeness property of the designed compounds. Molecular Docking was performed for all the compounds towards the myostatin inhibition target (PDB: 3HH2). Such desirable quality of modified Catechin will create a spark in the novel drug discovery using acting as a bioenhancer. As a result, the present research is aimed to offer an overview of the structural simulation of Cl, F, I, NH2, NO2, and Br at C-6 and C-8 positions in A Ring A of Catechin. This preliminary evidence creates an impact on the novelsemi0synthetic drug discovery for the therapeutic management of sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catechins are the predominant form of flavonoids present in plants and have high antioxidant capacity, but their usage is limited in clinical practice due to low bioavailability. Nano formulation of catechin was prepared by using sodium alginate polymer to address the bioavailability problem. Nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. In vivo antioxidant property of alginate-coated catechin nanoparticles was assessed against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatopathy in a rat model. Rats were randomly divided into ten groups, with six rats (n = 6) in each group. Carbon tetrachloride @ 4 ml/Kg body weight was used to cause subacute hepatotoxicity in rats; Group I (healthy control), Group II (disease control), Group III (blank catechin), Group IV (blank alginate), Group V (Silymarin), Group VI and Group VII (Alginate coated catechin nanoparticles, two different dose intervals), Group VIII, Group IX, Group X (Alginate coated catechin nanoparticles, Three different doses). Oxidative stress assay, histopathological examination, and May-Grünwald staining were done on the 28th day of the trial. Haemato-biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers on the 28th day in the rats of Group VI showed significant improvement as compared to other groups. Significant improvement in the healing pattern of gross tissues of the liver was observed in Group VI. May-Grünwald Giemsa staining depicted prominent regenerative changes in liver cells in Group VI. The study concluded that the alginate coating of catechin improves the bioavailability and depicted better regeneration of hepatocytes.