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Cet article offre une première analyse des calendriers lunaires juifs publiés en Italie entre le xviiie siècle et le xxe siècle. Outils d’usage quotidien reliant le travail agricole à la vie communautaire, ainsi qu’instruments pour l’éducation religieuse et politique, ou encore pour la vulgarisation culturelle et scientifique, ces documents montrent toute la centralité de l’articulation des deux temps – temps juif et temps vulgaire – dans la vie sociale, économique, politique et culturelle des Juifs italiens. Les changements apportés dans l’organisation de ces calendriers au fil des siècles reflètent les différents temps et modalités du processus d’émancipation juive, un processus long et non linéaire, fait d’avancées et de retours en arrière. Cet article aborde ainsi les temps des Juifs lors des deux tournants de l’époque révolutionnaire et de l’Unité d’Italie. This article offers a first analysis of the Jewish lunar calendars published in Italy between the 18th century and the 20th century. Tools of daily use linking agricultural work to community life, as well as instruments for religious and political education, or for cultural and scientific popularization, these documents show the centrality of the articulation of the two times—Jewish time and popular time—in the social, economic, political and cultural life of Italian Jews. The changes in the organization of these calendars over the centuries reflect the different times and modalities of the process of Jewish emancipation, a long and non-linear process of back and forth. This article thus deals with the times of the Jews at the two turning points of the revolutionary era and of the Unity of Italy.

Djidja is one of the largest agricultural-producing communes of the department of Zou in Southern Benin. Because of its fodder and water resources, it has become a destination for transhumant livestock farmers. Movements of transhumant herders continue to expand, as does the length of stays in this reception area. The overall objective of the study was to develop the pastoral calendar and transhumance map of the herders staying in this district. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 300 transhumance stakeholders. The survey showed that transhumance in this district was mainly caused by the search for fodder and water resources (78.7%). Seven periods (Seeto, Nduungu Mawdo, Nduungu Pamarel, Jahol, Djaamdè, Dabuundè and Cheedu) were identified in the calendar of transhumant herders in this area with the particularity of two Nduungu periods (rainy season). This particularity is related to the climatic data on the area, which includes four seasons, i.e. two rainy and two dry. The pastoral calendar, itinerary followed and stay periods depended on the available pastoral resources in the place of origin, during herd movements, and in reception areas. Thus, a strong knowledge of transhumant routes, entry and exit points, and settling-down periods for transhumant herders will serve as tools for decision makers in the sustainable management of transhumance and pastoral resources in Southern Benin.

Le mss Escorial, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo, MS O.II.10 a appartenu �� Jean des Murs et pr��sente d���abondantes annotations autographes. Parmi ces notes et compositions, un texte copi�� sur un feuillet rest�� blanc circulait �� Paris dans la deuxi��me moiti�� du XIVe s. Il traite de l���influence du mouvement de la huiti��me sph��re sur la longueur de l���ann��e solaire. Cet article pr��sente une ��tude de ce trait�� ainsi qu���une ��dition �� partir des deux t��moins conserv��s, et une traduction., Escorial, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo, MS O.II.10 belonged to Jean des Murs and displays numerous autograph annotations. Amongst these notes, a text copied on a blank leaf was circulating in Paris in the second half of the fourteenth century. It relates to the motion of the eighth sphere and its influence on the length of the solar year. This article discusses this short treatise and provides an edition based on the two manuscript witnesses, as well as an English translation.

The paper offers a literary and temporal exploration of the Gospel of John to demonstrate the creation of forms of (a)temporality. The analysis is outlined along three temporal modes (narratological, historical and theological/spiritual) to define the manners in which the Gospel constructs different conceptions of time (linear and cyclical) that it tends in turn to negate and transcend. Constructing time serves its negation, which founds the literary genius of the word of Christ becoming text. The article first elaborates upon the linear frequency of signs whose function is to enlighten the identity of Christ and the reality of the kingdom. Secondly, one needs to explore the temporality of the celebration of the Christological Ego, especially in the farewell speeches (Jn 14-17). Finally, these precedent stages allow us to define the possibility for the word to become text as inherent to the nature of Jesus’ speeches understood as spirit and life. This passage from word to text, of writing becoming spirit and life defines what I term a textual incarnation. Once consumed, this textual incarnation opens new horizons of (a)temporality. La présente étude offre un parcours littéraire et temporel de l’Évangile de Jean afin d’explorer les formes d’(a)temporalité qu’il crée. L’analyse porte sur trois modes temporels (narratologique, historique et théologique/spirituel) afin de dégager les manières dont l’évangile construit différentes conceptions du temps (linéaire et cyclique) qu’il tend à dépasser. La construction se voit au service d’une négation qui fonde le génie littéraire de la parole du Christ devenue texte. L’article élabore dans une première partie la linéarité de la fréquence des signes visant à illuminer l’identité du Christ et la réalité du royaume prêché. Dans un second temps, l’étude explore la temporalité de la célébration de l’Ego christologique, en particulier dans les discours d’adieu (Jean 14-17). Enfin, ces deux étapes permettent de définir le passage de la parole au texte comme inhérent à la nature même des discours du Christ entendus comme esprit et vie. Ce passage de la parole au texte, de l’écriture devenant esprit et vie définit une incarnation textuelle, qui, une fois consommée, ouvre des horizons nouveaux d’(a)temporalité. El artículo ofrece una exploración literaria y temporal del Evangelio de Juan para dar cuenta de la creación de formas de (a)temporalidad. El análisis presenta tres modos temporales (narratológico, histórico y teológico/espiritual) de definición de las maneras en que el Evangelio construye diferentes concepciones del tiempo (lineal y cíclico) que tiende a trascender. La construcción del tiempo sirve su negación, una negación que funda el genio literario de la palabra de Cristo convertido en texto. El artículo aborda en primer lugar la frecuencia lineal de los signos cuya función es iluminar la identidad de Cristo y la realidad del reino predicado. En segundo lugar, se explora la temporalidad de la celebración del Ego Cristológico, especialmente en los discursos de despedida (Juan 14-17). Finalmente, estas etapas permiten definir la transición de la palabra convertida en texto como inherente a la naturaleza de los discursos de Jesús, discursos entendidos como espíritu y vida. Este pasaje de la palabra al texto, de la escritura convirtiéndose en espíritu y vida define lo que llamamos una encarnación textual. Una vez consumida, esta encarnación textual abre nuevos horizontes de (a)temporalidad.

Life cycle assessment is usually an assessment tool, which only considers steady-state processes, as the temporal and spatial dimensions are lost during the life cycle inventory (LCI). This approach therefore reduces the environmental relevance of certain results, as it has been underlined in the case of climate change studies. Given that the development of dynamic impact methods is based on dynamic inventory data, it seems essential to develop a general methodology to achieve a temporal LCI. This study presents a method for selecting the steps, within the whole process network, for which dynamics need to be considered while others can be approximated by steady-state representation. The selection procedure is based on the sensitivity of the impacts on the variation of environmental and economic flows. Once these flows have been identified, their respective timescales are compared to the inherent timescales of the impact categories affected by the flows. The timescales of the impacts are divided into three categories (days, months, years) based on a literature review of the ReCiPe method. The introduction of a temporal dynamic depends on the relationship between the timescale of the environmental and economic flows on the one hand and that of the concerned impact on the other hand. This approach is illustrated by the life cycle assessment of palm methyl ester and ethanol from sugarcane. In both cases, the introduction of a temporal dynamic is limited to a small proportion of the total number of flows: 0.1 % in the sugarcane ethanol production and 0.01 % in the palm methyl ester production. Future developments of time integration in the LCI and in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) are also discussed in order to deal with the need of characterization functions and the recurrent problem of waiting times. This work provides a method to select specific flows where the introduction of temporal dynamics is most relevant. It is based on sensitivity analyses and on the relationship between the timescales of the flows and the timescale of the involved impact. The time-distributed LCI generated by using this approach could then be coupled with a dynamic LCIA proposed in the literature.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Rapport interne.; The Gregorian calendar is a luni-solar calendar introduced in 1582 in order to remedy defects of the Julian calendar. It contains some very rare idiosyncrasies and this article studies one of them related to epacts.