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We identify [Se iii] 1.0994 μm in the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 5315 and [Kr vi] 1.2330 μm in three PNe from spectra obtained with the Folded-Port InfraRed Echellette (FIRE) spectrometer on the 6.5 m Baade Telescope. Se and Kr are the two most widely detected neutron-capture elements in astrophysical nebulae, and can be enriched by s-process nucleosynthesis in PN progenitor stars. The detection of [Se iii] 1.0994 μm is particularly valuable when paired with observations of [Se iv] 2.2864 μm, as it can be used to improve the accuracy of nebular Se abundance determinations, and allows Se ionization correction factor (ICF) schemes to be empirically tested for the first time. We present new effective collision strength calculations for Se2+ and Kr5+, which we use to compute ionic abundances. In NGC 5315, we find that the Se abundance computed from Se3+/H+ is lower than that determined with ICFs that incorporate Se2+/H+. We compute new Kr ICFs that take Kr5+/H+ into account, by fitting correlations found in grids of Cloudy models between Kr ionic fractions and those of more abundant elements, and use these to derive Kr abundances in four PNe. Observations of [Se iii] and [Kr vi] in a larger sample of PNe, with a range of excitation levels, are needed to rigorously test the ICF prescriptions for Se and our new Kr ICFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty million people worldwide are affected by dementia, a heterogeneous neurodegenerative condition encompassing diseases such as Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, and Parkinson's. For them, cognitive decline is often the first marker of the pathology after irreversible brain damage has already occurred. Researchers now believe that structural and functional alterations of the brain vasculature could be early precursors of the diseases and are looking at how functional imaging could provide an early diagnosis years before irreversible clinical symptoms. In this preclinical pilot study, we proposed using functional ultrasound (fUS) on the retina to assess neurovascular alterations non-invasively, bypassing the skull limitation. We demonstrated for the first time the use of functional ultrasound in the retina and applied it to characterize the retinal hemodynamic response function in vivo in rats following a visual stimulus. We then demonstrated that retinal fUS could measure robust neurovascular coupling alterations between wild-type rats and TgF344-AD rat models of Alzheimer's disease. We observed an average relative increase in blood volume of 21% in the WT versus 37% for the TG group (p = 0.019). As a portable, non-invasive and inexpensive technique, rfUS is a promising functional screening tool in clinics for dementia years before symptoms., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: This pragmatic, multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to compare the effectiveness, safety, and cost-utility of a custom-made knee brace versus usual care over 1 year in medial knee osteoarthritis (OA)., Design: 120 patients with medial knee OA (VAS pain at rest >40/100), classified as Kellgren-Lawrence grade II-IV, were randomized into two groups: ODRA plus usual care (ODRA group) and usual care alone (UCA group). The primary effectiveness outcome was the change in VAS pain between M0 and M12. Secondary outcomes included changes over 1 year in KOOS (function) and OAKHQOL (quality of life) scores. Drug consumption, compliance, safety of the knee brace, and cost-utility over 1 year were also assessed., Results: The ODRA group was associated with a higher improvement in: VAS pain (adjusted mean difference of -11.8; 95% CI: -21.1 to -2.5); all KOOS subscales (pain: +8.8; 95% CI: 1.4-16.2); other symptoms (+10.4; 95% CI: 2.7-18); function in activities of daily living (+9.2; 95% CI: 1.1-17.2); function in sports and leisure (+12.3; 95% CI: 4.3-20.3); quality of life (+9.9; 95% CI: 0.9-15.9), OAKHQOL subscales (pain: +14.8; 95% CI: 5.0-24.6); and physical activities (+8.2; 95% CI: 0.6-15.8), and with a significant decrease in analgesics consumption at M12 compared with the UCA group. Despite localized side-effects, observance was good at M12 (median: 5.3 h/day). The ODRA group had a more than 85% chance of being cost-effective for a willingness-to-pay threshold of €45 000 per QALY., Conclusions: The ERGONOMIE RCT demonstrated significant clinical benefits of an unloader custom-made knee brace in terms of improvements in pain, function, and some aspects of quality of life over 1 year in medial knee OA, as well as its potential cost-utility from a societal perspective., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest All authors declare no conflict of interests and disclose no financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) this work. The PROTEOR group had no role in the study design or performance, writing of the manuscript, or decision to publish., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The evaluation of the disease severity in hip osteoarthritis (OA) patients being currently based on subjective instruments. It would be of interest to develop more objective instruments, for example based on gait analysis. The aims of this study were to explore if pelvis-thorax coordination parameters could be valuable instrument outcomes to achieve this evaluation by assessing their reliability, discriminant capacity and responsiveness. Methods: Three groups of subjects; healthy, hip OA patients with severe disease (defined as indication to surgery), hip OA patients with less severe disease (no indication to surgery) were included. Hip OA patients with severe disease were evaluated before and 6 months after surgery. Subjects had to perform a gait analysis at comfortable speed, and pelvis-thorax coordination was evaluated. The correlations with clinical and structural parameters, as well as reliability, discriminant capacities and responsiveness, were assessed. Results: The pelvis-thorax coordination in the coronal plane during walking was correlated to clinical and to structural severity in hip OA patients ( R 2 = 0.13). The coronal plane coordination allowed to discriminate healthy subjects from all hip OA patients (sensibility = 0.86; specificity = 0.59). Moreover, when comparing OA patients only, coronal plane coordination allows to discriminate patients with indication of surgery from those with no indication of surgery (sensibility = 0.72; specificity = 0.72). Moreover, the pelvis-thorax coordination demonstrated an excellent reliability and a good responsiveness. Conclusion: Changes in the pelvis-thorax coordination might refer to different mechanisms, from analgesia to motor control plasticity, and might be a possible explanation for the weak correlation between structure and symptoms in hip OA patients. Moreover, such parameter might be used as an objective outcome in hip OA clinical trials. Clinical Trials Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02042586 and NCT01907503., (Copyright © 2020 Moissenet, Naaim, Ornetti, Bourredjem, Binquet, Morisset, Gouteron, Maillefert and Laroche.)

Lower-limb intersegmental coordination is a complex component of human walking. Aging may result in impairments of motor control and coordination contributing to the decline in mobility inducing loss of autonomy. Investigating intersegmental coordination could therefore provide insights into age-related changes in neuromuscular control of gait. However, it is unknown whether the age-related declines in gait performance relates to intersegmental coordination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of aging on the coordination of lower limb kinematics and kinetics during walking at a conformable speed. We then assessed the body kinematics and kinetics from gait analyses of 84 volunteers from 25 to 85 years old when walking was performed at their self-selected speeds. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to assess lower-limb intersegmental coordination and to evaluate the planar covariation of the Shank-Thigh and Foot-Shank segments. Ankle and knee stiffness were also estimated. Age-related effects on planar covariation parameters was evaluated using multiple linear regressions (i.e., without a priori age group determination) adjusted to normalized self-selected gait velocity. Colinearity between parameters was assessed using a variation inflation factor (VIF) and those with a VIF < 5 were entered in the analysis. Normalized gait velocity significantly decreased with aging ( r = -0.24; P = 0.028). Planar covariation of inter-segmental coordination was consistent across age (99.3 ± 0.24% of explained variance of PCA). Significant relationships were found between age and intersegmental foot-shank coordination, range of motion of the ankle, maximal power of the knee, and the ankle. Lower-limb coordination was modified with age, particularly the coordination between foot, and shank. Such modifications may influence the ankle motion and thus, ankle power. This observation may explain the decrease in the ankle plantar flexor strength mainly reported in the literature. We therefore hypothesize that this modification of coordination constitutes a neuromuscular adaptation of gait control accompanying a loss of ankle strength and amplitude by increasing the knee power in order to maintain gait efficiency. We propose that foot-shank coordination might represent a valid outcome measure to estimate the efficacy of rehabilitative strategies and to evaluate their efficiency in restoring lower-limb synergies during walking.

Background: The eccentric (ECC) training, in spite of its potential interest (slightest request of the cardiorespiratory system) compared with the concentric (CON) training, is not applied during the rehabilitation of the chronic heart failure (CHF). The main reasons are the difficulty personalizing the ECC exercises by avoiding the muscle complications and the lack of information concerning the specific effects on the maximal capacities in CHF patients., Aim: To compare - following a prior study on the feasibility and on the functional impacts - the effects on maximal capacities and tolerance in CHF of ECC training tailored by a low rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and those of conventionally tailored CON training., Design: Prospective randomized comparative study., Setting: A Rehabilitation Department in a University Hospital., Population: CHF outpatients with reduced ejection fraction randomized to either ECC (N.=21) or CON training (N.=21)., Methods: ECC and CON training were respectively tailored by a low RPE (RPE between 9 and 11 on the Borg scale) and a heart rate (HR) corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold. Cardiopulmonary exercise test, maximal muscle strength tests (quadriceps, triceps surae) and 6-minute walk test were performed before and after training. Tolerance to training was assessed by RPE, muscle soreness, increase of HR, blood pressure and plasma NT-proBNP., Results: Improvement in peak work rate was similar for both groups (+20%, P<0.01), but VO2 peak and VO2 at the first ventilatory threshold were only increased in the CON group (+13.5%, P<0.01). Maximal strength of the triceps surae was increased in the ECC group only (+23%, P<0.01). Improvement in the walk test distance was similar in both groups, but the corresponding VO2 was only increased after CON training. Tolerance to training was good in both groups, except higher increment of training HR in the CON group (P<0.05)., Conclusions and Clinical Rehabilitation Impact: ECC training tailored by a low RPE is well tolerated in CHF patients and induces an improvement in maximal capacities similar to that with conventional CON training despite lower demands on the cardiorespiratory system, showing a better energetic efficiency, potentially interesting for these patients with reduced energetic reserve.

Objective: Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness and safety of a new custom-made valgus knee brace (OdrA) in medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) in terms of pain and secondary symptoms., Methods: Open-label prospective study of patients with symptomatic medial knee OA with clinical evaluation at 6 and 52 weeks (W6, W52). We systematically assessed pain on a visual analog scale (VAS), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), spatio-temporal gait variables, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesic-sparing effects of the brace and tolerance. Mean scores were compared at baseline, W6 and W52 and the effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated., Results: We included 20 patients with knee OA (mean age 64.2±10.2 years, mean body mass index 27.2±5.4 kg/m2). VAS pain and KOOS were improved at W6 and W52: pain (ES=0.9 at 1 year), amelioration of other symptoms (ES=0.4), and function in activities of daily living (ES=1.1), sports and leisure (ES=1.5), quality of life (ES=0.9) and gait speed (ES=0.41). In total, 76% of patients showed clinical improvement at 1 year. Analgesic and NSAIDs consumption was significantly decreased at W6 and W52. One serious adverse effect noted was lower-limb varices, and observance was deemed satisfactory at 1 year., Conclusion: This new unloader brace appeared to have good effect on medial knee OA, with an acceptable safety profile and good patient compliance., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The clinical evaluation of patients in hip osteoarthritis is often done using patient questionnaires. While this provides important information it is also necessary to continue developing objective measures. In this work we further investigate the studies concerning the use of 3D gait analysis to attain this goal. The gait analysis was associated with machine learning methods in order to provide a direct measure of patient control gait discrimination. The applied machine learning method was the support vector machine (SVM). Applying the SVM on all the measured kinematic trajectories, we were able to classify individual patient and control gait cycles with a mean success rate of 88%. With the use of an ROC curve to establish the threshold number of cycles necessary for a subject to be identified as a patient, this allowed for an accuracy of higher than 90% for discriminating patient and control subjects. We then went on to determine the importance of each trajectory. By ranking the capacity of each trajectory for this discrimination, we provided a guide on their order of importance in evaluating patient severity. In order to be clinically relevant, any measure of patient deficit must be compared with clinically validated scores of functional disability. In the case of hip osteoarthritis (OA), the WOMAC scores are currently one of the most widely accepted clinical scores for quantifying OA severity. The kinematic trajectories that provided the best patient-control discrimination with the SVM were found to correlate well but imperfectly with the WOMAC scores, hence indicating the presence of complementary information in the two., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: In 3D gait analysis, the knee joint is usually described by the Eulerian way. It consists in breaking down the motion between the articulating bones of the knee into three rotations around three axes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation. However, the definition of these axes is prone to error, such as the "cross-talk" effect, due to difficult positioning of anatomical landmarks. This paper proposes a correction method, principal component analysis (PCA), based on an objective kinematic criterion for standardization, in order to improve knee joint kinematic analysis., Methods: The method was applied to the 3D gait data of two different groups (twenty healthy subjects and four with knee osteoarthritis). Then, this method was evaluated with respect to three main criteria: (1) the deletion of knee joint angle cross-talk (2) the reduction of variance in the varus/valgus kinematic profile (3) the posture trial varus/valgus deformation matching the X-ray value for patients with knee osteoarthritis. The effect of the correction method was tested statistically on variabilities and cross-talk during gait., Results: Cross-talk was lower (p<0.05) after correction (the correlation between the flexion-extension and varus-valgus kinematic profiles being annihilated). Additionally, the variance in the kinematic profile for knee varus/valgus and knee flexion/extension was found to be lower and higher (p<0.05), respectively, after correction for both the left and right side. Moreover, after correction, the posture trial varus/valgus angles were much closer to x-ray grading., Conclusion: The results show that the PCA correction applied to the knee joint eliminates the cross-talk effect, and does not alter the radiological varus/valgus deformation for patients with knee osteoarthritis. These findings suggest that the proposed correction method produces new rotational axes that better fit true knee motion.

Background: Non-pharmacological therapies are recommended for the care of knee osteoarthritis patients. Unloader knee braces provide an interesting functional approach, which aims to modulate mechanical stress on the symptomatic joint compartment. We aimed to confirm the biomechanical effects and evaluate functional benefits of a new knee brace that combines a valgus effect with knee and tibial external rotation during gait in medial osteoarthritis patients., Methods: Twenty patients with unilateral symptomatic medial knee osteoarthritis were included and they performed two test sessions of 3D gait analysis with and without the brace at the initial evaluation (W0) and after 5weeks (W5) of wearing the brace. VAS-pain, satisfaction scores, WOMAC scores, spatio-temporal gait parameters (gait speed, stride length, stance and double stance phases, step width), and biomechanical data of the ipsilateral lower limb (hip, knee, ankle and foot progression angles) were recorded at each session., Results: VAS-pain and WOMAC significantly decreased at W5. Walking speed was not significantly modified by knee bracing at W0, but increased significantly at W5. Knee adduction moments and foot progression angles significantly decreased in the terminal stance and push off, respectively, with bracing at W0 and W5. Lower-limb joint angles, moments and powers were significantly modified by wearing the brace at W0 and W5., Conclusion: This new knee brace with distraction-rotation effects significantly alters knee adduction moments and foot progression angles during gait, which might lead to significant functional gait improvements and have carry-over effects on pain at the short term in osteoarthritis patients (<2 months)., Level of Evidence: level IV., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the safety and acute effects of a procedure using perceived exertion during a prior submaximal concentric (CON) test to individualize eccentric (ECC) cycling exercise intensity., Design: Prospective, monocentric open study., Setting: Technological investigation platform at a physical medicine and rehabilitation department in a university hospital., Participants: Healthy subjects (N=18; 15 men, 3 women) aged between 22 and 37 years., Interventions: The subjects performed 3 cycling exercises: (1) incremental CON test to determine the comfortable pedaling power (CPP) corresponding to a Borg scale rating of 12 (rate of perceived exertion); (2) steady-state CON exercise at the CPP workload to determine the corresponding plantar pressure; and (3) steady-state ECC exercise with an imposed resistance corresponding to the CPP plantar pressure., Main Outcome Measures: Rate of perceived exertion on Borg scale, oxygen uptake (V˙o2), heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume using inert gas rebreathing techniques were measured during steady-state CON and ECC exercises. Muscle soreness was rated on a visual analog scale immediately, 24, and 48 hours after the tests., Results: No adverse effects were reported. V˙o2 was about 5 times the resting value during CON exercise, while it was twice that during ECC exercise. Cardiac output was lower during ECC exercise (P<.05). This moderate increase of cardiac output was exclusively linked to a greater increase in stroke volume during ECC exercise than during CON exercise (P<.05)., Conclusions: Moderate-intensity ECC cycling exercise tailored according to perceived exertion during a prior CON test is well tolerated. It corresponds to a limited muscular use of oxygen and to an isolated increase in stroke volume. It appears to be a feasible procedure for preconditioning before ECC training., (Copyright © 2013 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate, in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients, feasibility, safety, compliance and functional improvements of an eccentric (ECC) cycle training protocol personalized by the rate of perceived exertion (RPE; 9-11 Borg Scale), compared to concentric (CON) training at workload corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold., Methods: Thirty patients were randomly allocated to ECC or CON training (20 sessions). Compliance was evaluated with RPE, visual analog scale for muscle soreness and monitoring of heart rate (HR). Functional parameters were measured by the distance walked and the VO(2) uptake during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) before and after training., Results: Two patients were excluded due to adverse effects in each group. RPE was 9-11 in ECC training while it reached 12-14 in CON training. HR remained stable in ECC group during exercise whereas it increased during CON exercise. 6MWT distance improved in both group (ECC: +53 m; CON: +33 m). 6MWT VO(2) uptake remained stable in ECC group whereas it increased in CON group., Conclusion: ECC training tailored by RPE appears to be an efficient and safe alternative for CHF patients. Indeed, it induces functional improvement similar to conventional CON training with lower demand on the cardiovascular system during exercise., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

We present a flexible interactive 3D morpho-kinematical modeling application for astrophysics. Compared to other systems, our application reduces the restrictions on the physical assumptions, data type, and amount that is required for a reconstruction of an object's morphology. It is one of the first publicly available tools to apply interactive graphics to astrophysical modeling. The tool allows astrophysicists to provide a priori knowledge about the object by interactively defining 3D structural elements. By direct comparison of model prediction with observational data, model parameters can then be automatically optimized to fit the observation. The tool has already been successfully used in a number of astrophysical research projects.

Objectives: (1) to investigate the test-retest reliability of 3D gait analysis (3DGA) in hip Osteoarthritis (OA) patients; (2) to find the minimum number of gait trials needed to overcome intrinsic variability; (3) to check the accuracy of angles measured by the 3D system., Design: 23 Patients suffering from hip OA with no other major disease were recruited. We evaluated the reliability of spatio-temporal variables and body angles (lower-limb joints, trunk and pelvis angles) during two sessions of 3DGA using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). The minimum number of trials needed to overcome intrinsic variability was evaluated using an exponential fit model and the Bland and Altman coefficient of repeatability (CoR). The accuracy of measurement was evaluated using a manual goniometer and the recording of 18 different angles., Results: Spatio-temporal variables and most of the kinematic joint and trunk angles calculated demonstrated good to excellent reliability (ICC from 0.77 to 0.97). This was not the case for pelvic angles. The fitting model combined with the CoR showed that 5-10 trials are sufficient to obtain good reliability [ICC>0.7; CoR<2 standard deviation (SD)] for most of the spatio-temporal variables. All body angles showed good reliability (ICC>0.7) and low CoR (<2 SD) after five trials except for the pelvic angles. The reliability of marker positioning was found to be good (ICC>0.7) to excellent (ICC>0.9). Differences between angles measured using 3DGA and angles measured with a manual goniometer were found to be less than one percent., Conclusion: The present study shows that most of variables obtained using 3DGA in hip OA patients are reliable. Moreover, for most variables, 5-10 trials are needed to obtain good reliability and to overcome intrinsic variability, rather than 30 or more, thus improving the feasibility of measurement., (Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe the kinematic adaptations of all lower limb joints in hip osteoarthritis patients during walking., Methods: Patients with unilateral primary hip OA, without associated joint disorders were included. Normal subjects were included as controls. Gait analysis, using a 3-dimensional computerised gait analysis system was used to evaluate the usual spatiotemporal parameters, the peak motion of the hips, knees, and ankles during walking, and the intersegmental coordination of the lower limbs., Results: Eleven patients, mean age =60.5 ± 7 years and nine controls, mean age=60.3 ± 7 years, were included. The gait of hip OA patients was characterised as follows: a reduced stride length, a reduced maximal flexion and extension in the OA hip, a reduced maximal contralateral hip range of motion, an increased ipsi- and contralateral ankle dorsal flexion, a decreased ipsilateral relative temporal phase between the thighs and shanks segments and an increased ipsilateral relative phase between the shanks and foot segments., Conclusion: The present results suggest that hip OA patients use shorter stride length, less contra lateral and especially ipsilateral hip motion, modify ankles motion, and have a different intra-limb coordination pattern compared to control subjects.

Objectives: Kinematic gait analysis consisting of measuring gait parameters (stride length, gait speed, dynamic joint angles) is a potential outcome measure in osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to evaluate its psychometric properties., Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PUBMED and the Cochrane database until January 2008 by selecting manuscripts assessing any psychometric property of gait analysis in knee or hip OA. Were assessed feasibility (cost, time and access); reliability; discriminant capacity by differences between OA and non-OA patients; construct validity by correlation between gait analysis and OA symptoms: pain or functional disability (Lequesne/WOMAC); and responsiveness by improvement of gait analysis after treatment of OA using effect size., Results: Among the 252 articles identified, the final analysis included 30 reports (i.e., 781 knee OA patients and 343 hip OA patients). Gait analysis presents various feasibility issues and there was limited evidence regarding reliability (three studies, 67 patients). Discriminant capacity showed significant reduction of gait speed, stride length and knee flexion in OA patients compared to healthy subjects. Few data were available concerning construct validity (three studies, 79 patients). Responsiveness of gait speed was moderate to large with effect size ranging respectively from 0.33 to 0.89 for total knee replacement, and from 0.50 to 1.41 for total hip replacement., Conclusion: Available data concerning validity and reliability of kinematic gait analysis are insufficient to date to consider kinematic parameters as valuable outcome measures in OA. Further studies evaluating a large number of patients are needed., (Copyright © 2010 Société française de rhumatologie. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: A significant advancement in the management of acute ischemic stroke has been the use of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). French guidelines recommend that stroke patients should be treated in stroke units (SU); however, community hospitals experience practical difficulties in treating their patients because SUs are not sufficient in number. Only one SU is available in the Aquitaine area (southwest of France) and it is located in Bordeaux. To improve quality of care and to provide modern stroke therapy, we decided to assess whether thrombolysis was feasible in our community hospital located in Pau, 200 km from Bordeaux., Methods: Selected patients were treated with rtPA and observed for 24 h in the emergency department. According to French legislation, rtPA therapy was defined as 'off-label use'. National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) was obtained on admission, immediately after treatment and 24 h after treatment., Results: Results from the first 40 patients are reported in this study. They were treated between September 2004 and June 2006. In total, 1169 patients were admitted for stroke during this period. Outcomes and mortality rates were consistent with experience elsewhere., Conclusions: According to the local infrastructural criteria and prerequisites described in this study, thrombolysis is a viable and feasible treatment option for stroke patients in emergency departments of French community hospitals. In the absence of an SU, this type of emergency treatment can be used as an alternative until SUs become more numerous throughout the country.

The encapsulation-dehydration protocol was optimized for an in vitro cultured hybrid Actinidia arguta x A. deliciosa. Shoot tips from 14-d reactivated mononodal microcuttings were embedded, transferred to liquid culture medium whose sucrose concentration was daily increased (0.3, 0.5, 0.75 M) and then kept at 0.75 M for 2 or 4 d. Dehydration on silica gel was monitored to 20+/-1.5% residual water content (dry weight basis), allowing direct quenching in liquid nitrogen and rewarming at room temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis underlined the importance of reversible glass transition in shoots for survival. Regrowth ranged from 85% to 95%. Growing shoot tips showed no phenotypic abnormalities. Rooting was also achieved. This method was routinely applied to diploid A. chinensis and A. eriantha, and to several diploid hybrids, yielding over 70% regrowth. A slight decrease in sucrose molarity (0.65 M) allowed tetraploid A. chinensis and A. chrysantha x A. arguta to survive dehydration, but not quenching in LN. For A. deliciosa cv Hayward and cv Tomuri, normal regrowth after cryopreservation was achieved only after modification of the pre- and post-culture media, highlighting the importance of monitoring plant growth regulator balance, principally at the post-thaw recovery step.

When carefully assessed and analysed, parent report can provide a valuable overall evaluation of children's language at 20 months. Norming information and validity coefficients are presented here for a vocabulary checklist assessment included in the Early Language Inventory. Normative data are provided for fullterm, preterm, and precocious samples, including selected vocabulatory subsets that are indicative of early language learning style. The vocabulary checklist has substantial validity as indexed by correlations with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and particularly with a language subscale derived from that test.