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27 results on '"Cédric Patapy"'

1. Corrosion mechanisms of Al2O3-SiC-C refractory castables by iron and slag based on post-mortem analysis of industrial samples

Author

Sina Darban, Laurent Cassayre, Simon Chiartano, Laurie Lacarrière, Martin Cyr, Cédric Patapy, and Pascal Prigent

Subjects
Al2O3-SiC-C castables, Post-mortem, Corrosion, Microstructure, Thermodynamics, Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, TP785-869
Abstract

The Al2O3-SiC-C or ASC castables are used in the main runners of blast furnaces. Most of the papers published to date focus on laboratory corrosion tests because access to the post-mortem samples of ASC castables is difficult. However, investigation of post-mortem samples is crucial in reducing the wear of ASC castables. The main runner is divided into the turbulence, middle, and non-turbulence zones. The microstructures of post-mortem samples located in working linings of different zones were investigated by SEM/EDS technique. The thermodynamic simulations were carried out in different systems, such as slag/refractory and iron/refractory, using the FactSage software. The SEM/EDS results showed the formation of phases with low melting points, such as gehlenite and anorthite, together with spinel solid solutions in the matrix and calcium dialuminate near the alumina aggregates. The thermodynamic simulations showed that slag and iron tend to react with alumina and silicon carbide, respectively.

Published
2023
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2. Biodeterioration of concrete in agricultural, agro-food and biogas plants: state of the art and challenges

Author

Alexandra Bertron, Matthieu Peyre Lavigne, Cédric Patapy, and Benjamin Erable

Subjects
cementitious materials, biodeterioration, agricultural effluents, organic acid, biofilm, Building construction, TH1-9745
Abstract

This article reviews the state of knowledge on the mechanisms of deterioration of concrete by agricultural and agro-industrial effluents, notably breeding effluents and biowaste valorised in anaerobic digestion plants. The main physicochemical characteristics of agricultural effluents are first listed in terms of components that are aggressive for cementitious materials. Then, the main mechanisms of deterioration of the cementitious materials exposed to the effluents are presented, as highlighted by laboratory studies (synthetic effluents and / or models, specific experimental devices) or with real effluents. The paper also points out the scientific and technical advances needed to improve the durability of concrete in these environments.

Published
2017
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3. Laboratory Test to Evaluate the Resistance of Cementitious Materials to Biodeterioration in Sewer Network Conditions

Author

Amr Aboulela, Matthieu Peyre Lavigne, Amaury Buvignier, Marlène Fourré, Maud Schiettekatte, Tony Pons, Cédric Patapy, Orlane Robin, Mansour Bounouba, Etienne Paul, and Alexandra Bertron

Subjects
mortar, biodegradation, sewer, sulfuric acid, microorganisms, cementitious materials, Technology, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Microscopy, QH201-278.5, Descriptive and experimental mechanics, QC120-168.85
Abstract

The biodeterioration of cementitious materials in sewer networks has become a major economic, ecological, and public health issue. Establishing a suitable standardized test is essential if sustainable construction materials are to be developed and qualified for sewerage environments. Since purely chemical tests are proven to not be representative of the actual deterioration phenomena in real sewer conditions, a biological test–named the Biogenic Acid Concrete (BAC) test–was developed at the University of Toulouse to reproduce the biological reactions involved in the process of concrete biodeterioration in sewers. The test consists in trickling a solution containing a safe reduced sulfur source onto the surface of cementitious substrates previously covered with a high diversity microbial consortium. In these conditions, a sulfur-oxidizing metabolism naturally develops in the biofilm and leads to the production of biogenic sulfuric acid on the surface of the material. The representativeness of the test in terms of deterioration mechanisms has been validated in previous studies. A wide range of cementitious materials have been exposed to the biodeterioration test during half a decade. On the basis of this large database and the expertise gained, the purpose of this paper is (i) to propose a simple and robust performance criterion for the test (standardized leached calcium as a function of sulfate produced by the biofilm), and (ii) to demonstrate the repeatability, reproducibility, and discriminability of the test method. In only a 3-month period, the test was able to highlight the differences in the performances of common cement-based materials (CEM I, CEM III, and CEM V) and special calcium aluminate cement (CAC) binders with different nature of aggregates (natural silica and synthetic calcium aluminate). The proposed performance indicator (relative standardized leached calcium) allowed the materials to be classified according to their resistance to biogenic acid attack in sewer conditions. The repeatability of the test was confirmed using three different specimens of the same material within the same experiment and the reproducibility of the results was demonstrated by standardizing the results using a reference material from 5 different test campaigns. Furthermore, developing post-testing processing and calculation methods constituted a first step toward a standardized test protocol.

Published
2021
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4. Behavior of calcined clay based geopolymers under sulfuric acid attack: Meta-illite and metakaolin

Author

Laura Diaz Caselles, Bastien Balsamo, Virginie Benavent, Vincent Trincal, Hugo Lahalle, Cédric Patapy, Valérie Montouillout, Martin Cyr, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, Calcined clay, sodium silicate, Sulfuric acid attack, General Materials Science, Building and Construction, Alkali activated material, potassium silicate, Geopolymerization, Durability, Civil and Structural Engineering, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract

International audience; This paper studies the behavior of four different calcined clay-based geopolymers under sulfuric acid attack and gives insights into their degradation mechanisms. Pastes were cast using metakaolin and meta-illite and were activated by two different alkaline solutions. Mineralogical and microscopic characterizations were performed on pastes before and after attack. Results indicated that all pastes were affected by low leaching of alkali cations, and thus by a linkage disequilibrium of the geopolymer network. Meta-illite based geopolymers, which had not been addressed in the literature until now, hold promise for improving the durability of materials in aggressive environments.

Published
2023

5. Report of RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 2: optimization and testing of the robustness of the R3 reactivity tests for supplementary cementitious materials

Author

François Avet, Xuerun Li, Mohsen Ben Haha, Susan A. Bernal, Shashank Bishnoi, Özlem Cizer, Martin Cyr, Sabina Dolenec, Pawel Durdzinski, Johannes Haufe, Doug Hooton, Maria C. G. Juenger, Siham Kamali-Bernard, Diana Londono-Zuluaga, Alastair T. M. Marsh, Milena Marroccoli, Marusa Mrak, Anuj Parashar, Cédric Patapy, Malene Pedersen, John L. Provis, Serge Sabio, Simone Schulze, Ruben Snellings, Antonio Telesca, Michael Thomas, Felipe Vargas, Anya Vollpracht, Brant Walkley, Frank Winnefeld, Guang Ye, Shizhe Zhang, Karen Scrivener, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), and Open access funding provided by EPFL Lausanne. Sabina Dolenec and Marusa Mrak acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P2 − 0273). Participation of Alastair T.M. Marsh and Susan A. Bernal in this study was sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Science Research (EPSRC) Council through Early Career Fellowship EP/R001642/1.

Subjects
Heat release, Technology, Engineering, Civil, Science & Technology, Materials Science, Robustness study, Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, Building and Construction, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, Engineering, ddc:690, Mechanics of Materials, Construction & Building Technology, General Materials Science, Reactivity test, Supplementary cementitious materials, Bound water, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Materials and structures 55(3), 92 (2022). doi:10.1617/s11527-022-01928-6 special issue: "RILEM TC-267 TRM: Development and validation of tests for measuring the reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials", Published by Springer, Dordrecht

Published
2022

6. Synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography investigation of the early hydration of blended cements: A case study on CaCl2-accelerated slag-based blended cements

Author

Mathilde Poirier, Simon Blotevogel, Catherine Noiriel, Anne Bonnin, Judit Kaknics, Margie Olbinado, Laurent Steger, Cédric Patapy, Martin Cyr, Ecocem Ltd, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Swiss Light Source (SLS) (SLS-PSI), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, and ArcelorMittal

Subjects
[SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, microstructure, General Materials Science, Building and Construction, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, low-carbon cement, early hydration, repeatability, image subtraction, In situ X-ray Computed Micro-Tomography, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

International audience; In situ X-ray Micro-Tomography (XMT) analyses with a pixel size of 0.325 µm were conducted on slag-based blended cements containing 75% of Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slags (GGBS) and 25% of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), with or without CaCl2 acceleration. Results show the identification of the main cementitious phases and the need to perform data repeatability tests in order to allow their quantification. Investigation of the early hydration during the first 31 h of hydration by image subtraction showed (i) the dissolution of OPC/GGBS, (ii) the precipitation of hydrates including C-S-H, (iii) the accelerating effect of CaCl2, and (iv) phase-identification based on their specific grey level.

Published
2022

7. Report of RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 3: validation of the R3 reactivity test across a wide range of materials

Author

Diana Londono-Zuluaga, Asghar Gholizadeh-Vayghan, Frank Winnefeld, François Avet, Mohsen Ben Haha, Susan A. Bernal, Özlem Cizer, Martin Cyr, Sabina Dolenec, Pawel Durdzinski, Johannes Haufe, Doug Hooton, Siham Kamali-Bernard, Xuerun Li, Alastair T. M. Marsh, Milena Marroccoli, Marusa Mrak, Yeakleang Muy, Cédric Patapy, Malene Pedersen, Serge Sabio, Simone Schulze, Ruben Snellings, Antonio Telesca, Anya Vollpracht, Guang Ye, Shizhe Zhang, Karen L. Scrivener, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Open access funding provided by EPFL Lausanne. Sabina Dolenec and Marusa Mrak acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P2-0273). Participation of Alastair Marsh and Susan Bernal in this study was sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Science Research (EPSRC) Council through Early Career Fellowship EP/R001642/1.

Subjects
Heat release, Technology, Engineering, Civil, Science & Technology, Materials Science, HYDRATION, Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, Compressive strength, Building and Construction, SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, ddc:690, Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, LIMESTONE, Construction & Building Technology, General Materials Science, Reactivity test, Supplementary cementitious materials, Bound water, hydration, limestone, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Materials and structures = Matériaux et constructions 55(5), 142 (2022). doi:10.1617/s11527-022-01947-3 special issue: "RILEM TC-267 TRM: Development and Validation of Tests for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials", Published by Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

Published
2022

8. Effect of drying temperature on the properties of alkali-activated binders - Recommendations for sample preconditioning

Author

Cédric Patapy, Bastien Balsamo, Martin Cyr, Gabriel Samson, Vincent Trincal, Yoann Jainin, Virginie Benavent, Hugo Lahalle, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Materials science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Slag, Sodium silicate, 02 engineering and technology, Building and Construction, Porosimetry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Geopolymer, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, visual_art, 021105 building & construction, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Materials Science, Mortar, 0210 nano-technology, Sodium carbonate, Metakaolin, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Various durability tests require a drying step to remove free water without altering the chemistry or microstructure of the materials. However, little is known about the effects of drying on alkali-activated materials (AAMs). This study focusses on the drying stage to assess the behaviour of four alkali-activated binders compared with conventional binders: a metakaolin-based geopolymer, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) activated by sodium silicate or by sodium carbonate, and a mixture of metakaolin-GGBS activated by sodium silicate. After a 28-day autogenous cure, mortar and paste samples were dried at temperatures ranging between 20 °C and 125 °C. Micro-structural damage was observed in metakaolin-based AAMs dried at temperatures above 40 °C, but occurred only between 40 and 60 °C for GGBS-based AAMs. SEM observations and MIP porosimetry coupled with mineralogical analyses, allowed AAMs drying mechanisms to be better understood, and recommendations to be made for the preconditioning of these materials.

Published
2022

9. Experimental evidence for the acceleration of slag hydration in blended cements by the addition of CaCl2

Author

Laurent Steger, Simon Blotevogel, Martin Cyr, Laurent Frouin, Cédric Patapy, Ecocem Ltd, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Materials science, Aluminate, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Accelerator, GGBS, macromolecular substances, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry, Chloride, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 021105 building & construction, medicine, General Materials Science, Composite material, Porosity, Inert, Precipitation (chemistry), Reactivity, technology, industry, and agriculture, Slag, Building and Construction, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Compressive strength, chemistry, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, visual_art, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Early age, 0210 nano-technology, medicine.drug
Abstract

International audience; Cements with high substitution rates of ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBS) have the potential to significantly lower CO 2 emissions of concrete, but their early age strength is often below those of traditional OPC cements. One way of mitigating this drawback is to use accelerating admixtures. In this study, the effect of CaCl 2 additions on the hydration of blended cements was investigated by measuring compressive strength, porosity, heat release and propagation of ultrasound in blends containing 70 wt.% of GGBS. The onset of formation of aluminate phases was monitored using in-situ XRD. The effect of CaCl 2 on slag hydration was isolated by replacing GGBS by an inert quartz filler. Results showed that compressive strength values at one, two and seven days were increased by 50% by the CaCl 2 addition. The increases in compressive strength corresponded to a reduction in pore space. GGBS hydration contributed to the heat development, structuration and compressive strength of the blended cements from 15 hours. The addition of CaCl 2 led to an earlier onset of the GGBS reaction, at around 10 hours, and increased the rate of GGBS hydration during the first seven days. The time of onset of the GGBS contribution was also the moment when AFm precipitation started. In CaCl 2-containing blends, Cl was incorporated in AFm.

Published
2021

10. Insights into the local interaction mechanisms between fermenting broken maize and various binder materials for anaerobic digester structures

Author

Matthieu Peyre Lavigne, Cédric Patapy, Cédric Perez, Benjamin Erable, Christine Lors, Alexandra Bertron, Marie Giroudon, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Symbiose : Ecosystèmes microbiens et bioprocédés d’épuration et de valorisation (TBI-SYMBIOSE), Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement (LGCgE) - ULR 4515 (LGCgE), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Lille-Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), ANR-16-CE22-0011,BIBENdOM,Impact BIochimique des effluents agricoles et agroindustriels sur les ouvrages en BEtOn dans la filière de valorisation par Méthanisation (co-digestion anaérobie)(2016), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Carbonation, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Zea mays, 7. Clean energy, biofilm, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, law, Anaerobic digestion, 021105 building & construction, biodeterioration, Anaerobiosis, Waste Management and Disposal, Metakaolin, geopolymer, 2. Zero hunger, Cement, 0303 health sciences, Bacteria, Construction Materials, 030306 microbiology, Chemistry, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Slag, General Medicine, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Pulp and paper industry, cementitious materials, Geopolymer, Portland cement, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, durability, Cementitious
Abstract

International audience; Concrete structures of anaerobic digestion plants face chemically aggressive conditions due to the contact with the complex liquid fraction of the fermenting biowaste. This paper aims to determine the biogeochemical dynamic interaction phenomena at play between the biowaste and cementitious matrices at the local scale, and to identify durable binders in such environments. Binder materials likely to show increased durability – slag and calcium aluminate cement, and a metakaolin-based alkali-activated geopolymer – and a reference Portland cement were inserted into sealed bioeactors during 5 cycles (245 days) of broken maize anaerobic digestion. Cementitious pastes suffered chemical and mineralogical alteration related mainly to carbonation and leaching. However, they had no negative impact on the bioprocess in terms of pH, metabolic evolution of volatile fatty acids and NH4+, planktonic microbial community composition or CH4 production. In all reactors, the microbial community was able to perform the anaerobic digestion successfully. The MKAA was only slightly altered in its outermost layer. Its presence in the biowaste induced lower NH4+ concentrations, a slightly higher pH and a marked shift in the microbial community, but CH4 total production was not affected. Substantial enrichment of acid forming bacteria, especially members of the genus Clostridium, was observed in the biofilm formed on all materials.Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, cementitious materials, geopolymer, durability, biodeterioration, biofilm

Published
2021

11. Glass structure of industrial ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBS) investigated by time-resolved Raman and NMR spectroscopies

Author

Thomas Wattez, Valérie Montouillout, Martin Cyr, Andreas Ehrenberg, Aurélien Canizares, Patrick Simon, Simon Blotevogel, Mathilde Poirier, Cédric Patapy, Abel Danezan, Erwan Chesneau, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecocem Ltd, FEHS, Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No 749809 (Actislag), ANR-11-EQPX-0036,PLANEX,Planète Expérimentation: simulation et analyse in-situ en conditions extrêmes(2011), European Project: RFCS - 749809,Actislag, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Orléans (UO)

Subjects
Materials science, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, symbols.namesake, Paramagnetism, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, General Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, NMR spectra database, Polymerization, Mechanics of Materials, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, symbols, Cementitious, 0210 nano-technology, Luminescence, Raman spectroscopy
Abstract

International audience; Ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBS) are glassy by-products from iron production that are commonly used as supplementary cementitious materials in blended cements. The glass structure of seven industrial GGBS was investigated by Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopies. The complex composition of the slags induced multiple analytical challenges. Under usual continuous excitation, the Raman signal was masked by strong luminescence, so that analysis was carried out on a time-resolved Raman (TRR) device. TRR allowed to eliminate luminescence and resulted in exploitable spectra that showed variations in line with theoretical NBO/T values. The analysis of 27 Al and 29 Si NMR spectra was complicated by the presence of paramagnetic nuclei and the wide variety of environments. Nevertheless, 27 Al NMR showed that Al was present as a network former, mainly in 4-fold coordination and careful analyses of 29 Si NMR spectra allowed the comparison of glass network polymerization of industrial GGBS in line with the theoretical NBO/T based on their composition.

Published
2021

12. Preconditioning of Specimens - Drying Influence on Alkali-Activated and Geopolymer Mortar

Author

Vincent Trincal, Virginie Benavent, Cédric Patapy, Hugo Lahalle, Martin Cyr, Yoann Jainin, and Gabriel Samson

Subjects
Materials science, Alkali activated, Composite material, Geopolymer mortar
Abstract

Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are now seriously considered by the cement industry as an economical alternative to Portland cement, especially for its low CO2 footprint. However, their durability still remain to be assessed in more details. The aim of this study is to focus on the sample preconditioning conditions required for testing, especially the drying stage involved in most of the current tests. Four alkali-activated binders were studied: a geopolymer (Na-silicate activated metakaolin), a Na-carbonate activated slag (GGBS), a Na-silicate activated slag and a Na-silicate activated mixture of 50% metakaolin with 50% GGBS. After an endogenous cure of 28 days at 20°C, mortar specimens were dried at different temperatures (from 20°C to 125°C) until mass stabilization. Drying kinetics and released water contents were evaluated, as well as physical, mechanical and mineralogical analyses at the end of drying. Optimal drying temperature for each alkali-activated binder was determined by coupling mechanical strength measurements and mercury intrusion porosimetry. This study revealed that an inappropriate drying temperature could modify the porosity of some classes of AAM, and reduced the compressive strength by up to 30 to 40%. Antagonistic behaviors were observed in the four alkali-activated materials studied, therefore one should be careful about selecting preconditioning protocols for assessing the properties and the durability of these binders.

Published
2020

13. Effect of TiO2 and 11 minor elements on the reactivity of ground‐granulated blast‐furnace slag in blended cements

Author

Hansjörg Bornhöft, Mathilde Poirier, Lola Doussang, Judit Kaknics, Simon Blotevogel, Laurent Steger, Daniel Hart, Martin Cyr, Cédric Patapy, Joachim Deubener, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institute of Non-Metallic Materials [Clausthal-Zellerfeld], Clausthal University of Technology (TU Clausthal), Ecocem Ltd, ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, ArcelorMittal, Reasearch Fund for Coal and Steal No. 749809, European Project: RFCS - 749809,Actislag, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
Materials science, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Blast-furnace slag (GBFS), [CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Matrix (chemical analysis), Metal, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Materials Chemistry, Reactivity (chemistry), Field strength, 010302 applied physics, Titanium Dioxide, [SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, Slag, Minor Elements, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, Compressive strength, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, visual_art, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ceramics and Composites, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Cementitious, Mortar, [SPI.GCIV.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Matériaux composites et construction, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBS) are glasses (>99%) of the CaO-Al 2 O 3-SiO 2 compositional system and are widely used as supplementary cementitious materials. Differences in reactivity of GGBS were screened by modifying the content of 11 minor elements (namely Ba, Ce, Cs, Cr, Mn, P, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zr). SEM observations showed that most elements entered the silicate glass matrix, only Sn was reduced to its metallic form and P accumulated in minor minerals. Mortar strength tests showed that 2d-compressive strength was reduced by > 50% for a TiO 2 content of 2.5 wt.% in the slag. At 28 days the loss in compressive strength was still > 40%. Calorimetric tests on other element additions showed that network modifiers (Ba, Cs and Sr) and GGBS reactivity are positively correlated, whereas Ce, Cr, V and Zr significantly decreased reactivity. It is shown that these effects can be well estimated by the weighted field strength of the added element.

Published
2020

14. Effective medium theories in electromagnetism for the prediction of water content in cement pastes

Author

Barthélémy Steck, Cédric Patapy, Vincent Guihard, Frédéric Taillade, Julien Sanahuja, Jean-Paul Balayssac, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Matériaux et Mécanique des Composants (EDF R&D MMC), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Permittivity, Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, Homogenization (chemistry), Portlandite, Coaxial probe, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0203 mechanical engineering, Electromagnetism, Dielectric permittivity, Cementitious materials, General Materials Science, Composite material, Water content, Cement, Homogenization, Mechanical Engineering, General Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, Mechanics of Materials, engineering, Cementitious, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Permittivity is a widespread property used to estimate the water content in concrete. To improve the reverse conversion from permittivity measurements to moisture content, we suggest the building of an electromagnetic model of concrete. In this paper, such a model is developed for the case of cement pastes. It relies on electromagnetic homogenization schemes which require an information about the permittivity of the predominant species in the material. Estimating those properties over the frequency range [200 MHz; 1 GHz] was achieved by synthesizing model cementitious binders (C-S-H and portlandite mixtures), by characterizing their macroscopic permittivity with an open-ended coaxial probe and by identifying their intrinsic permittivity with a specific homogenization procedure combining effective medium equations. The identified values are used as inputs for a homogenization procedure estimating the water content in cement pastes. For a wide range of water content, the simulated and measured real parts of permittivity show a good agreement.

Published
2020

15. Ability of the R3 test to evaluate differences in early age reactivity of 16 industrial ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBS)

Author

Lola Doussang, Laurent Steger, Martin Cyr, Andreas Ehrenberg, Simon Blotevogel, Judit Kaknics, Cédric Patapy, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, FEHS, Ecocem Ltd, ArcelorMittal Maizières Research SA, ArcelorMittal, This project has received funding from the European Union (EU) through the Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No 749809., European Project: RFCS - 749809,Actislag, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Cement, Blast furnace, Materials science, Pig iron, Metallurgy, Fineness, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Building and Construction, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, engineering.material, [CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Compressive strength, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 021105 building & construction, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, engineering, General Materials Science, Reactivity (chemistry), Mortar, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a glassy by-product of pig iron production and is commonly used in concrete industry to replace cement and thereby lower the carbon footprint of the material. Large variations in reactivity exist depending on the GGBS physical and chemical features. Here we investigate the ability of three rapid calorimetric methods to evaluate the reactivity of GGBS. On a set of 16 industrial GGBS, we show that 24 h heat release, using the R3-protocol, correlates well with 2d compressive strength of standard mortars using 75 wt% GGBS. The correlation of R3-test results (R2 = 0.87) is better than for traditional reactivity indices calculated from chemical composition. Furthermore, we present data on the repeatability of the test protocol and show that the R3-protocol is very sensitive to sample fineness. Finally, XRD patterns show that slight differences in phase assemblage exist between the most and least reactive GGBS.

Published
2020

16. Investigation of caesium retention by potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate (II) in different pH conditions and potential effect on the selection of storage matrix

Author

Cédric Boher, Martin Cyr, Cédric Patapy, Isabelle Martin, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Orano Projets, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Nuclear waste solution, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Potassium, Inorganic chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Infrared spectroscopy, Hexacyanoferrate II, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, pH value, Hydrolysis, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate (II), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Caesium (noticed Cs), 6. Clean water, Nickel, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Caesium, Chemical stability, Leaching (metallurgy), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; The chemical stability and caesium retention properties of a nonstoichiometric compoundK2-xNix/2[NiFe(CN)6].nH2O (KNiFCN) was studied in different pH conditions. Different solutions with controlled pH were prepared. Leaching tests were done with chemical analysis of the solutions. The compound was characterized before and after exposure by chemical analysis, SEM-BSE, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of KNiFCN without caesium was stable even in presence of 1 g/l HNO3 (pH equal 2) or NaOH (pH equal 13). In presence of caesium trapped on KNiFCN structure, it appears that the increase in caesium content change the KNiFCN structure, thus influencing the retention properties in KNiFCN according to the pH of the solution. The KNiFCN structure was decomposed when the NaOH concentration exceeds 1 g/l (pH equal 14), probably due to the hydrolysis of constitutional elements. A selection of cementitious matrix is the proposed to satisfy stability conditions of this compound.

Published
2019

17. Microstructural evolution/durability of magnesium phosphate cement paste over time in neutral and basic environments

Author

Marwa Glid, Cédric Patapy, Martin Cyr, Hugo Lahalle, Guillaume Renaudin, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Thermogravimetric analysis, crystal structure, Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, 0211 other engineering and technologies, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemically-bonded ceramics, Potassium phosphate, 021105 building & construction, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, pore solution, Porosity, Magnesium phosphate, Cement, Magnesium, aging, Building and Construction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, chemistry, Chemical engineering, durability, Cementitious, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; This study investigates the evolutions of the mineralogy, pore solution and porosity of magnesium potassium phosphate cement pastes (MKPC) over time in neutral and basic environments, media that MKPC pastes might encounter when used as patch repair materials or as stabilization materials for hazardous wastes. Mineralogy evolutions were characterized by X-ray diffraction/Rietveld (XRD) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and completed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) microanalyses. Pore solution compositions (ICP-OES, IC) and the porosity of the materials were also analyzed. The results showed an amorphization of MKPC pastes over time that might be related to structural changes for the K-struvite phase. Achieving chemical equilibrium between the cementitious waters and the MKPC pore solution can result in porosity evolutions within the materials. Transport and mechanical changes might be expected, especially for MKPC pastes kept in basic media, since K-struvite [MgKPO4·6H2O], could be partially dissolved, leading to a higher total pore volume.

Published
2019

18. Cementitious materials in biogas systems: Biodeterioration mechanisms and kinetics in CEM I and CAC based materials

Author

Benjamin Erable, Cédric Patapy, Célestine Voegel, Peyre Lavigne Matthieu, Thomas Verdier, Marie Giroudon, Alexandra Bertron, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CE22-0011,BIBENdOM,Impact BIochimique des effluents agricoles et agroindustriels sur les ouvrages en BEtOn dans la filière de valorisation par Méthanisation (co-digestion anaérobie)(2016), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse - INSA (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE)

Subjects
Carbonation, Oxalic acid, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Cement paste, Durability, chemistry.chemical_compound, Degradation, Biogas, Calcium aluminate cement, 021105 building & construction, Bioreactor, Génie chimique, SEM - Scanning electron microscopy, General Materials Science, Génie des procédés, Building and Construction, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Calcium Aluminate Cement CAC, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulp and paper industry, Anaerobic digestion, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, Leaching (chemistry), chemistry, 13. Climate action, SEM, Degradation (geology), Cementitious, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; In anaerobic digestion plants, biological activities transform biowaste into a renewable energy: the biogas. Thisprocess produces aggressive and complex media in direct contact with the structure. Few studies have focused onthe deterioration of concrete in such environments. In order to support the sustainable development of biogasproduction growing sector, this study intends to provide thorough information on the biowaste chemicalcomposition and on materials biodeterioration mechanisms occurring in biogas plants. Cementitious materialswith various surface compositions (pastes of CEM I, CAC and CEM I treated with oxalic acid) were immersed inthe liquid phase of laboratory bioreactors reproducing anaerobic digestion conditions. Altered depths measurementsin time highlighted the better resistance of the CAC material. The microbial biofilm coverage on thematerial's surface was delayed by the surface pretreatment with oxalic acid and was less dense for the CAC paste.Chemical and mineralogical analyses mainly showed leaching and carbonation phenomena.

Published
2019

19. Influence of dissolved aluminum concentration on sulfur-oxidizing bacterial activity in the biodeterioration of concrete

Author

Matthieu Peyre-Lavigne, Cédric Patapy, Etienne Paul, Orlane Robin, Amaury Buvignier, Mansour Bounouba, Alexandra Bertron, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Symbiose : Ecosystèmes microbiens et bioprocédés d’épuration et de valorisation (TBI-SYMBIOSE), Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CRITT Génie des Procédés Technologies Environnementales (CRITT GPTE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saint-Gobain PAM, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
respirometry, concrete biodeterioration, Aluminate, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Bacterial growth, 01 natural sciences, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Respirometry, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, law, 021105 building & construction, Environmental Microbiology, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Cement, [SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, Ecology, Bacteria, Chemistry, Construction Materials, kinetic parameters, Sulfuric acid, 6. Clean water, Corrosion, Portland cement, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, Chemical engineering, 13. Climate action, Ionic strength, Cementitious, [SPI.GCIV.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Matériaux composites et construction, Oxidation-Reduction, inhibition by aluminum, Sulfur, Food Science, Biotechnology, Aluminum
Abstract

Several studies undertaken on the biodeterioration of concrete sewer infrastructures have highlighted the better durability of aluminate-based materials. The bacteriostatic effect of aluminum has been suggested to explain the increase in durability of these materials. However, no clear demonstration of the negative effect of aluminum on cell growth has been yet provided in the literature. In the present study, we sought to investigate the inhibitory potential of dissolved aluminum on nonsterile microbial cultures containing sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. Both kinetic (maximum specific growth rate) and stoichiometric (oxygen consumption yield) parameters describing cells activity were accurately determined by using respirometry measurements coupled with modeled data obtained from fed-batch cultures run for several days at pH below 4 and with increasing total aluminum (Altot) concentrations from 0 to 100 mM. Short-term inhibition was observed for cells poorly acclimated to high salinity. However, inhibition was significantly attenuated for cells grown on mortar substrate. Moreover, after a rapid adaptation, and for an Altot concentration up to 100 mM, both kinetic and stoichiometric growth parameters remained similar to those obtained in control culture conditions where no aluminum was added. This argued in favor of the impact of ionic strength change on the growth of sulfur-oxidizing microorganism rather than an inhibitory effect of dissolved aluminum. Other assumptions must therefore be put forward in order to explain the better durability of cement containing aluminate-based materials in sewer networks. Among these assumptions, the influence of physical or chemical properties of the material (phase reactivity, porosity, etc.) might be proposed. IMPORTANCE Biodeterioration of cement infrastructures represents 5 to 20% of observed deteriorations within the sewer network. Such biodeterioration events are mainly due to microbial sulfur-oxidizing activity which produces sulfuric acid able to dissolve cementitious material. Calcium aluminate cement materials are more resistant to biodeterioration compared to the commonly used Portland cement. Several theories have been suggested to describe this resistance, and the bacteriostatic effect of aluminum seems to be the most plausible explanation. However, results reported by the several studies on this exact topic are highly controversial. This present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the influence of dissolved aluminum on growth parameters of long-term cultures of sulfur-oxidizing bacterial consortia sampled from different origins. Kinetic and stoichiometric parameters estimated by respirometry measurements and modeling showed that total dissolved-aluminum concentrations up to 100 mM were not inhibitory, but it is more likely that a sudden increase in the ionic strength affects cell growth. Therefore, it appears that the bacteriostatic effect of aluminum on microbial growth cannot explain the better durability of aluminate based cementitious materials.

Published
2019

20. RILEM TC-238 SCM recommendation on hydration stoppage by solvent exchange for the study of hydrate assemblages

Author

Anya Vollpracht, Sui Tongbo, Özlem Cizer, Cédric Patapy, Nele De Belie, Didier Snoeck, Karen Scrivener, Jacek Chwast, Pawel Durdzinski, Barbara Lothenbach, Frank Winnefeld, Doug Hooton, Ruben Snellings, Laurent Steger, Jan Elsen, Johannes Haufe, Yuvaraj Dhandapani, Manu Santhanam, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Magnel Laboratory [Ghent University], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratory for Concrete & Construction Chemistry, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Thun] (EMPA), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), and Mechanics of Materials and Constructions

Subjects
Materials science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Sciences de l'ingénieur, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, 021105 building & construction, General Materials Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering, Cement, Metallurgy, Isopropyl alcohol, Building and Construction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 6. Clean water, Solvent, Thermogravimetry, Portland cement, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Cementitious, Round robin test, 0210 nano-technology, Hydrate
Abstract

This recommendation is an outcome of the work carried out by a working group within the RILEM Technical Committee 238-SCM “Supplementary Cementitious Materials”. The working group studied the effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the pore solution, the microstructure and the hydration product assemblage of hardened Portland cements blended with common supplementary cementitious materials. The recommendation reflects the results of a round robin test programme on common hydration stoppage methods in 10 participating laboratories. Among four different methods tested, solvent exchange by isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) gave the best results in terms of preservation of the cement hydrate assemblage and overall reproducibility of the results [1]. The current protocol is developed based on best laboratory practices of the participating laboratories and literature reports [2–4]. The presented hydration stoppage protocol is recommended for the study of Portland cement-based hydrate assemblages by common material characterization techniques such as thermogravimetry and X-ray powder diffraction.

Published
2018

21. Reactivity tests for supplementary cementitious materials: RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 1

Author

Klaartje De Weerdt, Anuj Parashar, Tongbo Sui, Josée Duchesne, Mohsen Ben Haha, Mathieu Antoni, Maciej Zajac, Xuerun Li, Özlem Cizer, Sabina Kramar, Guang Ye, Cédric Patapy, Manu Santhanam, Shashank Bishnoi, John L. Provis, Sergio Sabio, Brant Walkley, Johannes Haufe, Shizhe Zhang, Anya Vollpracht, Ruben Snellings, Laurent Steger, Maria C.G. Juenger, Frank Winnefeld, Milena Marroccoli, Natalia Mariel Alderete, Felipe Vargas, Yuvaraj Dhandapani, Doug Hooton, Antonio Telesca, Siham Kamali-Bernard, Karen Scrivener, Martin Cyr, Aneeta Mary Joseph, BASF, VITO, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions [Toulouse] ( LMDC ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse ( INSA Toulouse ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Laval University [Québec], Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique ( LGCGM ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes ( INSA Rennes ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), Università degli studi della Basilicata [Potenza] ( UNIBAS ), Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering [PUC], Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Delft University of Technology ( TU Delft ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Università degli studi della Basilicata [Potenza] (UNIBAS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) [81026665], foundation SIM (Strategic Initiative Materials in Flanders), Slovenian Research Agency [P2-0273], National Key RandD Program of China - Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST) [2016YFE0206100, 2017YFB0310905], Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), foundation VLAIO (Flanders Innovation and Entrepreneurship) of Project ASHCEM, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Heat release, Materials science, [ SPI.MAT ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Compressive strength, 02 engineering and technology, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 021105 building & construction, [ SPI ] Engineering Sciences [physics], General Materials Science, Reactivity test, Composite material, Supplementary cementitious materials, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering, Cement, Reproducibility, Building and Construction, Pozzolan, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Strength of materials, Mechanics of Materials, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, Fly ash, Cementitious, 0210 nano-technology, Bound water
Abstract

A primary aim of RILEM TC 267-TRM: “Tests for Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs)” is to compare and evaluate the performance of conventional and novel SCM reactivity test methods across a wide range of SCMs. To this purpose, a round robin campaign was organized to investigate 10 different tests for reactivity and 11 SCMs covering the main classes of materials in use, such as granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, natural pozzolan and calcined clays. The methods were evaluated based on the correlation to the 28 days relative compressive strength of standard mortar bars containing 30% of SCM as cement replacement and the interlaboratory reproducibility of the test results. It was found that only a few test methods showed acceptable correlation to the 28 days relative strength over the whole range of SCMs. The methods that showed the best reproducibility and gave good correlations used the R3 model system of the SCM and Ca(OH)2, supplemented with alkali sulfate/carbonate. The use of this simplified model system isolates the reaction of the SCM and the reactivity can be easily quantified from the heat release or bound water content. Later age (90 days) strength results also correlated well with the results of the IS 1727 (Indian standard) reactivity test, an accelerated strength test using an SCM/Ca(OH)2-based model system. The current standardized tests did not show acceptable correlations across all SCMs, although they performed better when latently hydraulic materials (blast furnace slag) were excluded. However, the Frattini test, Chapelle and modified Chapelle test showed poor interlaboratory reproducibility, demonstrating experimental difficulties. The TC 267-TRM will pursue the development of test protocols based on the R3 model systems. Acceleration and improvement of the reproducibility of the IS 1727 test will be attempted as well. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1269-x

Published
2018

22. Report of TC 238-SCM: hydration stoppage methods for phase assemblage studies of blended cements—results of a round robin test

Author

Doug Hooton, Nele De Belie, Barbara Lothenbach, Jan Elsen, Anya Vollpracht, Jacek Chwast, Sui Tongbo, Johannes Haufe, Didier Snoeck, Ruben Snellings, Laurent Steger, Pawel Durdzinski, Yuvaraj Dhandapani, Özlem Cizer, Frank Winnefeld, Cédric Patapy, Manu Santhanam, Karen Scrivener, Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Magnel Laboratory [Ghent University], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratory for Concrete & Construction Chemistry, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Thun] (EMPA), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
Ettringite, Materials science, Aluminate, Carbonation, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, Sciences de l'ingénieur, Portlandite, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, 021105 building & construction, General Materials Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering, Cement, technology, industry, and agriculture, Building and Construction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 6. Clean water, Portland cement, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, engineering, Round robin test, 0210 nano-technology, Hydrate
Abstract

For many microstructural studies it is necessary to “stop” cement hydration—to remove free water. This paper describes the results of a round robin test on the impact of hydration stoppage methods on the composition of hydrated cements. A regular and a fly ash blended Portland cement hydrated for 90 days were selected. Ten laboratories participated in the round robin test. Four common hydration stoppage methods were studied: (1) oven drying at 105 °C, (2) solvent exchange by isopropanol, (3) vacuum drying and (4) freeze drying. After the stoppage of hydration powder samples were studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Bound water and Ca(OH)2 content were determined based on the TG data. Portlandite and ettringite content were quantified by Rietveld analysis of the XRD data. The goal was to establish interlaboratory reproducibility and to identify the best available protocols for research and standardization purposes. Based on the results of the round robin test three recommendations are made. (1) Oven drying at 105 °C is not recommended. This dehydrates, alters and decomposes calcium aluminate hydrates significantly more than other methods and often produced carbonation artefacts. (2) Isopropanol exchange is the most appropriate hydration stoppage method for the study of the complete hydrate assemblage of cements, including calcium aluminate hydrates such as ettringite and AFm phases. (3) For quantification of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) all tested hydration stoppage protocols are satisfactory, with the exception of oven drying.

Published
2018

23. Evaluation of the resistance of CAC and BFSC mortars to biodegradation: laboratory test approach

Author

Amr Aboulela, Matthieu Peyre-Lavigne, Cédric Patapy, Alexandra Bertron, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, [SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Biodegradation, Pulp and paper industry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Laboratory test, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, lcsh:TA1-2040, 021105 building & construction, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Mortar, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Biodeterioration of cementitious materials in sewer networks is a major concern for health and economic reasons. Essentially, it is due to the biological oxidation of H2S into H2SO4 leading to a local progressive dissolution of the cementitious matrix and the precipitation of expansive products likely to provoke cracks. However, it is widely known that CAC has a better performance in such environments but the mechanisms are not very well understood. Nevertheless, previous studies focused mainly on measuring the mass loss of the specimens accompanied with little information on the chemical alteration of the cementitious matrix. This study aims to compare the performance of CAC and BFSC mortars in sewer conditions using laboratory test (BAC-test). Leaching kinetics were evaluated by concentrations measurements of cementitious cations in the leached solutions and of sulphate production by the microorganisms. Moreover, SEM observations coupled with EDS analyses allowed the identification of the chemical alteration of the cementitious matrix.

Published
2018

24. Biodeterioration mechanisms and kinetics of SCM and aluminate based cements and AAM in the liquid phase of an anaerobic digestion

Author

Matthieu Peyre Lavigne, Alexandra Bertron, Marie Giroudon, Cédric Patapy, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Aluminate, Carbonation, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 020101 civil engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 0201 civil engineering, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biogas, 021105 building & construction, Organic matter, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Metakaolin, Cement, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, Chemistry, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Slag, 6. Clean water, Anaerobic digestion, [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, Chemical engineering, lcsh:TA1-2040, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Abstract

International audience; In biogas structures, concrete faces aggressive media during anaerobic digestion. Biological activities allow the conversion of organic matter into biogas, leading to a medium characterized by a variability of composition in time and space. In order to ensure the sustainability of this expanding industry, solutions for increasing concrete durability are needed. This study aims to analyse the deterioration mechanisms of different binders focusing on the impact of the binder nature on the medium (biochemical composition) during the digestion. Binders with favourable composition to chemically aggressive media were tested: slag cement (CEM III/B), calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and metakaolin-based alkali-activated material (MKAA), and a reference binder: OPC (CEM I). They were exposed to three anaerobic digestion cycles in liquid phase in laboratory bioreactors. The organic acids and ammonium concentrations of the liquid phase were monitored by GC and HPIC. For OPC and slag cement pastes, the chemical and mineralogical changes were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD. Locally, the presence of binder materials has an impact on the kinetics of the digestion reaction, and therefore on the quantities of gas produced. Ammonium concentrations were above the XA3 class range. Under the conditions explored, biodeterioration mainly led to the carbonation of cement pastes.

Published
2018

25. Investigation by neutron diffraction of texture induced by the cooling process of zirconia refractories

Author

Cédric Patapy, René Guinebretière, Marc Huger, Daniel Chateigner, Thierry Chotard, B. Ouladiaff, Fanny Gouraud, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Axe 1 : procédés céramiques, Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Axe 3 : organisation structurale multiéchelle des matériaux (SPCTS-AXE3), Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Laboratoire de cristallographie et sciences des matériaux (CRISMAT), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), ILL, École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Refractories, Neutron diffraction, Metallurgy, Variants, 02 engineering and technology, Edge (geometry), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Corrosion, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Stress (mechanics), Temperature gradient, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Cubic zirconia, Texture (crystalline), Texture, 0210 nano-technology, Cooling process
Abstract

International audience; New fused cast refractories with a high content of zirconia have been developed to face corrosion in glass furnaces. The controlled cooling process is responsible for thermal gradients. So, thermal mismatches appear between core and edge zones of blocks. Besides, the multiphasic nature of ZrO2 based refractories is associated to thermal mismatches during cooling. Finally, the expansive transformation of ZrO2 can lead to stress generation.This paper is an application of neutron diffraction to study texture generated during the cooling process of zirconia based materials. In fact, it is shown that ZrO2 crystallographic variants have particular crystallographic texture regarding the main direction of the thermal gradient in the block. It was hypothesized that a selection of crystallographic variants could be done depending on the field stress. Tensile-compressive tests at high temperature have been done, to reproduce stress environment during the transformation of zirconia.

Published
2014

26. Identification and orientation determination of parent cubic domains from electron backscattered diffraction maps of monoclinic pure zirconia

Author

Alain Hazotte, Michel Humbert, Cédric Patapy, Nathalie Gey, Thierry Chotard, Emmanuel Joussein, Marc Huger, René Guinebretière, Laboratoire d'étude des textures et application aux matériaux (LETAM), Université Paul Verlaine - Metz (UPVM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'Etudes des Matériaux Hétérogènes (GEMH), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Axe 3 : organisation structurale multiéchelle des matériaux, Science des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle (ENSCI)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Diffraction, Materials science, EBSD, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, Cubic crystal system, Orientation (graph theory), 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Cubic zirconia, 010302 applied physics, Mechanical Engineering, Metals and Alloys, Variants, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Phase transformations of zirconia, Crystallography, Transformation (function), Mechanics of Materials, Indirect parent orientation determination, 0210 nano-technology, Monoclinic crystal system, Electron backscatter diffraction
Abstract

International audience; This paper analyses the orientation characteristics of the monoclinic variants inherited in the cubic-tetragonal-monoclinic transformation encountered in the elaboration of zirconia materials through the fusion-solidification process. The possibility of calculating the orientation of the parent cubic crystal from at least two monoclinic variants is also described. Finally this procedure is applied to reconstruct the parent cubic orientation map from the electron backscattered diffraction map of a monoclinic zirconia.

Published
2010

27. Acoustic characterization and microstructure of high zirconia electrofused refractories

Author

Thierry Chotard, Marc Huger, Christian Gault, Cédric Patapy, Groupe d'Etudes des Matériaux Hétérogènes (GEMH), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Institut des Procédés Appliqués aux Matériaux (IPAM), and Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Annealing (metallurgy), 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Corrosion, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Acoustic emission, 0103 physical sciences, Service life, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Cubic zirconia, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Tensile testing
Abstract

A new line of electrofused refractory materials with a very high content of zirconia (HZ) has been developed to satisfy the needs of new generation manufacturing glass furnaces. Such materials are subjected to severe operating conditions (temperature and corrosion) during their manufacturing and service life. These HZ materials required very high temperature casting and a suitable annealing process to prevent defects and cracks during manufacturing. Therefore, a research program has been launched to build numerical tools able to predict the thermo-mechanical behaviour of these materials during one of the most critical phases of manufacturing: the controlled cooling of the refractory blocks after melting and casting. The efficient development of such a tool requires the knowledge of thermo-mechanical properties of these materials with temperature, in conditions close to that occurring during processing. In the framework of this approach, the present paper deals with the characterization of elastic properties of two HZ materials, using two mechanical testing devices i.e. a pulse echography technique and a tensile test device. An innovative acoustic emission device is also used to help in identification of microdamage occurrence. The goal of this study is to investigate the microstructure organisation of materials at very fine scale (

Published
2009

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