Search

En las últimas décadas, la tecnología del plasma no térmico se ha estudiado ampliamente para muchas aplicaciones, entre las cuales, la más prometedora se encuentra en el campo de la medicina. Esta tecnología permite trabajar a temperatura ambiente, con lo cual podemos desarrollar aplicaciones médicas en las que el plasma se aplique a los tejidos humanos. Entre las distintas aplicaciones terapéuticas que se están desarrollando, encontramos el uso del plasma en terapias contra cáncer. Los plasmas no térmicos pueden generar especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno que tienen la capacidad de interactuar con los sistemas biológicos. En particular, estas especies reactivas permiten matar células cancerosas de manera selectiva sin dañar las células sanas presentes en los tejidos circundantes. El tratamiento de tumores internos más inaccesibles requiere utilizar tratamientos indirectos, en los que se utilizan líquidos tratados con plasma para poder administrar las especies reactivas cerca del tumor. Sin embargo, la inyección de estos líquidos en el cuerpo humano para administrar especies reactivas no es eficiente, ya que las especies reactivas contenidas en ellos son eliminadas rápidamente por los fluidos corporales. El uso de un sistema de administración adecuado donde se pueda generar y almacenar las especies reactivas, podría ofrecer una forma prometedora y viable para tratar el cáncer. En este sentido, los hidrogeles son excelentes candidatos para desarrollar estos sistemas de administración de especies reactivas ya que estos, puede implantarse mediante cirugía o inyectarse antes del proceso de reticulación, para liberar localmente, y de manera controlada, las especies reactivas para que interactúen eficazmente con los tumores. En este contexto, en el presente proyecto se estudiaron soluciones de heparina, condroitina y albúmina como posibles medios para la generación y almacenamiento de especies reactivas derivades del plasma. Para ello, tres soluciones con concentraciones diferentes de cada biopolímero (1 %, 5 %, 10 % para heparina y condroitina y 0.5 %, 1 %, 2.5 % para albúmina) fueron tratadas con plasma para evaluar la influencia del biopolímero en la producción de especies reactivas y así poder seleccionar la concentración óptima para cada biopolímero. Después, se produjeron hidrogeles mezclando los biopolímeros con agarosa al 4 %. Las propiedades mecánicas y la microestructura de los distintos hidrogeles conteniendo heparina, condroitina y albúmina se estudiaron mediante reología y microscopía electrónica de barrido, respectivamente. Finalmente, se evaluaron las propiedades de liberación de las especies reactivas de hidrogeles formados con las soluciones de biopolímeros tratados con plasma en condiciones fisiológicas en una solución salina tamponada con fosfato a 37 °C. En les darreres dècades, la tecnologia del plasma no tèrmic s'ha estudiat àmpliament per a moltes aplicacions, entre les quals la més prometedora es troba en el camp de la medicina. Aquesta tecnologia permet treballar a temperatura ambient, d’aquesta manera podem desenvolupar aplicacions mèdiques en què el plasma s'apliqui als teixits humans. Entre les diferents aplicacions terapèutiques que actualment s'estan desenvolupant trobem l'ús del plasma en teràpies contra càncer. Els plasmes no tèrmics poden generar espècies reactives d’oxigen i nitrogen que tenen la capacitat d’interactuar amb sistemes biològics. En particular, aquestes espècies reactives permeten matar cèl·lules canceroses de manera selectiva sense danyar les cèl·lules sanes presents als teixits circumdants. El tractament de tumors interns més inaccessibles requereix utilitzar tractaments indirectes, en què s'utilitzen líquids tractats amb plasma per poder administrar les espècies reactives a prop del tumor. No obstant això, la injecció d'aquests líquids al cos humà per administrar espècies reactives no és eficient, ja que les espècies reactives contingudes en ells són eliminades ràpidament pels fluids corporals. El desenvolupament d'un sistema d'administració adequat on es puguin generar i emmagatzemar les espècies reactives podria oferir una forma prometedora i viable per tractar el càncer. En aquest sentit, els hidrogels són excel·lents candidats per desenvolupar aquests sistemes d'administració d'espècies reactives ja que aquests es poden implantar mitjançant cirurgia o injectarse abans del procés de reticulació, per alliberar localment i de manera controlada, les espècies reactives perquè interactuïn eficaçment amb els tumors. En aquest context, en el present projecte es van estudiar solucions d'heparina, condroitina i albúmina com a possibles mitjans per generar i emmagatzemar espècies reactives derivades del plasma. Per aquest motiu, tres solucions amb concentracions diferents de cada biopolímer (1 %, 5 %, 10 % per a heparina i condroitina i 0.5 %, 1 %, 2.5 % per a albúmina) van ser tractades amb plasma per avaluar la influència del biopolímer en la producció d'espècies reactives i així poder seleccionar la concentració òptima per a cada biopolímer. Després, es van produir hidrogels barrejant els biopolímers amb agarosa al 4 %. Les propietats mecàniques i la microestructura dels diferents hidrogels contenint heparina, condroitin i albúmina es van estudiar mitjançant reologia i microscopia electrònica d'escombrat, respectivament. Finalment, es van avaluar les propietats d’alliberament de les espècies reactives d’hidrogels formats amb les solucions de biopolímers tractats amb plasma en condicions fisiològiques en una solució salina tamponada amb fosfat a 37 °C. Non-thermal plasma technology has been largely studied in the last decades for many applications, and medicine is among the most promising ones. Working at room temperature allows to treat human tissues and to develop medical applications among them the cancer therapy. Non-thermal plasmas can generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that have the ability to interact with biological systems. In particular, they are selective in killing cancer cells without damaging the healthy cells present in the surrounding tissues. Internal cancers require to use indirect treatments and plasma treated liquids. However, the injection of these liquids directly in human body would not be beneficial since the reactive species contained in them would be quickly washed away by the body fluids. Generation and storage of reactive species in suitable delivery systems like hydrogels, could offer a promising and viable way to treat cancers. Indeed, the hydrogels can be implanted by surgery or be injected before crosslinking and release locally the reactive species which can interact effectively with tumours. In this project, solutions of heparin, chondroitin and albumin were studied as possible media for reactive species generation by plasma treatment and storage. Three concentrations of each polymer (1%w/w, 5%w/w, 10%w/w for heparin and chondroitin and 0.5%w/w, 1%w/w, 2.5%w/w for albumin) were plasma treated to assess the influence of polymers on the production of reactive species and to select the optimal concentration for each polymer. Hydrogels were produced by mixing polymers with agarose 4% w/w. The mechanical properties and the microstructure of the hydrogels were studied by rheology and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Finally, the release properties of hydrogels loaded with plasma-generated reactive species were studied in phosphate buffer saline at 37 °C. Incoming

Simple Summary During the past decades the achievements made in treating cancers have significantly improved the survival of patients. However, cancer is still one of the leading causes of mortality. It is suggested that treatment failure is mediated by a subpopulation of tumor cells named cancer stem cells that can survive after treatment and promote cancer relapse. Targeting these cells is important to improve cancer therapy. The aim of our study is to determine the effect of a human ribonuclease variant on breast cancer cells grown in 3D and on cancer stem cells. Moreover, we study its effect on the ability of breast cancer cells to migrate and produce metastasis, responsible for about 90% of cancer deaths. We show that this ribonuclease arrests tumor cells grown in 3D without affecting normal breast cells, and this significantly inhibits cancer stem cell development. Additionally, it reduces the migratory and invasive capacities of tumor cells. Abstract Despite the significant advances in cancer research made in recent years, this disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In part, this is due to the fact that after therapy, a subpopulation of self-renewing tumor cells can survive and promote cancer relapse, resistance to therapies and metastasis. Targeting these cancer stem cells (CSCs) is therefore essential to improve the clinical outcome of cancer patients. In this sense, multi-targeted drugs may be promising agents targeting CSC-associated multifocal effects. We have previously constructed different human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) variants that are cytotoxic for tumor cells due to a non-classical nuclear localization signal introduced in their sequence. These cytotoxic RNases affect the expression of multiple genes involved in deregulated metabolic and signaling pathways in cancer cells and are highly cytotoxic for multidrug-resistant tumor cell lines. Here, we show that these cytotoxic nuclear-directed RNases are highly selective for tumor cell lines grown in 3D, inhibit CSCs’ development and diminish the self-renewal capacity of the CSCs population. Moreover, these human RNase variants reduce the migration and invasiveness of highly invasive breast cancer cells and downregulate N-cadherin expression.

Simple Summary During the last decade, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAP) have been broadly investigated for their therapeutic effect against cancer. CAP sources can be used to treat liquid media, thereby generating plasma-conditioned liquids (PCL). PCL represent a very interesting alternative to direct CAP treatment, because they may allow treatment of malignant tumors located in inner organs of the body by means of an injection, thus avoiding multiple surgeries. Although research on this therapy is still in its early stage, PCL have already demonstrated their potential anticancer effect in different types of cancer in vivo. This review gathers the existing literature involving PCL treatments in vivo, highlighting the differences between the approaches undertaken and the need for establishing standardized protocols in order to better understand the effects of PCL-based therapies in vivo. Abstract Plasma-conditioned liquids (PCL) are gaining increasing attention in the medical field, especially in oncology, and translation to the clinics is advancing on a good path. This emerging technology involving cold plasmas has great potential as a therapeutic approach in cancer diseases, as PCL have been shown to selectively kill cancer cells by triggering apoptotic mechanisms without damaging healthy cells. In this context, PCL can be injected near the tumor or intratumorally, thereby allowing the treatment of malignant tumors located in internal organs that are not accessible for direct cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment. Therefore, PCL constitutes a very interesting and minimally invasive alternative to direct CAP treatment in cancer therapy, avoiding surgeries and allowing multiple local administrations. As the field advances, it is progressively moving to the evaluation of the therapeutic effects of PCL in in vivo scenarios. Exciting developments are pushing forward the clinical translation of this novel therapy. However, there is still room for research, as the quantification and identification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in in vivo conditions is not yet clarified, dosage regimens are highly variable among studies, and other more relevant in vivo models could be used. In this context, this work aims to present a critical review of the state of the field of PCL as anticancer agents applied in in vivo studies.

Microenvironment contributes to follicular lymphoma (FL) pathogenesis and impacts survival with macrophages playing a controversial role. In the present study, using FL primary samples and HK follicular dendritic cells (FDC) to mimic the germinal center, together with mouse models, we have analyzed the three-way crosstalk of FL-FDC-macrophages and derived therapeutic opportunities. Ex vivo primary FL-FDC co-cultures (n = 19) and in vivo mouse co-xenografts demonstrated that FL-FDC crosstalk favors tumor growth and, via the secretion of CCL2 and CSF-1, promotes monocyte recruitment, differentiation, and polarization towards an M2-like protumoral phenotype. Moreover, FL-M2 co-cultures displayed enhanced angiogenesis, dissemination, and immunosuppression. Analysis of the CSF-1/CSF-1R pathway uncovered that CSF-1 was significantly higher in serum from grade 3A FL patients, and that high CSF-1R expression in FL biopsies correlated with grade 3A, reduced overall survival and risk of transformation. Furthermore, CSF-1R inhibition with pexidartinib (PLX3397) preferentially affected M2-macrophage viability and polarization program disrupting FL-M2 positive crosstalk. In vivo CSF1-R inhibition caused M2 reduction and repolarization towards M1 macrophages and antitumor effect cooperating with anti-CD20 rituximab. In summary, these results support the role of macrophages in FL pathogenesis and indicate that CSF-1R may be a relevant prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target cooperating with anti-CD20 immunotherapy. Grants that contributed to this work included: Gilead Sciences Research Funded Agreement, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness & European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “Una manera de hacer Europa” for SAF2014/57708R and SAF2017/ 88275R to PP-G and MCC, RTI2018-094584-B-I00 to DC, CIBERONC (CB16/12/00334 and CB16/12/00225), and finally Generalitat de Catalunya support for AGAUR 2017SGR1009 to DC

Simple Summary The use of targeted drugs has brought about the development of new imaging techniques which are able to assess in vivo processes and changes in vascularization parameters can be captured as part of the antitumor response to antiangiogenic therapies. This pilot study (IMPACT trial, NCT02316327) aimed to explore the capacity of Perfusion-Computed Tomography (pCT) to detect early changes in tumor vascularization in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with an antiangiogenic-based therapy. Our results confirm the feasibility of pCT to capture early changes in tumor vasculature and suggest the potential of blood volume (BV) to early identify differential tumor responses to antiangiogenic therapy. Abstract Background: The role of perfusion computed tomography (pCT) in detecting changes in tumor vascularization as part of a response to antiangiogenic therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. Methods: In this prospective pilot study (IMPACT trial, NCT02316327), we aimed to determine the ability of pCT to detect early changes in blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), and permeability (PMB), and to explore whether these changes could predict the response at day +42 in patients with advanced, treatment-naive, non-squamous NSCLC treated with cisplatin and gemcitabine plus bevacizumab. Results: All of the perfusion parameters showed a consistent decrease during the course of treatment. The BV difference between baseline and early assessment was significant (p = 0.013), whereas all perfusion parameters showed significant differences between baseline and day +42 (p = 0.003, p = 0.049, and p = 0.002, respectively). Among the 16 patients evaluable for efficacy, a significant decline in BV at day +7 from baseline was observed in tumors with no response (p = 0.0418). Conclusions: Our results confirm that pCT can capture early changes in tumor vasculature. A substantial early decline of BV from baseline might identify tumors less likely responsive to antiangiogenic-drugs.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research., We thank all the members of the Boutros lab for insightful discussions. This study was conducted with the support of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research to P.C.B. through funding provided by the Government of Ontario. This work was supported by the Discovery Frontiers: Advancing Big Data Science in Genomics Research program, which is jointly funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Genome Canada and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI). P.C.B. was supported by a Terry Fox Research Institute New Investigator Award and a CIHR New Investigator Award. This work was supported by an NSERC Discovery grant and by Canadian Institutes of Health Research, grant #SVB-145586, to P.C.B. This work was supported by the NIH/NCI under award number P30CA016042 and an operating grant from the National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Network (1U01CA214194-01). We acknowledge the contributions of the many clinical networks across ICGC and TCGA who provided samples and data to the PCAWG Consortium, and the contributions of the Technical Working Group and the Germline Working Group of the PCAWG Consortium for collation, realignment and harmonised variant calling of the cancer genomes used in this study. We thank the patients and their families for their participation in the individual ICGC and TCGA projects.

Metabolic reprogramming, carried out by cancer cells to rapidly adapt to stress such as hypoxia and limited nutrient conditions, is an emerging concepts in tumor biology, and is now recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. In contrast with conventional views, based on the classical Warburg effect, these metabolic alterations require fully functional mitochondria and finely-tuned regulations of their activity. In turn, the reciprocal regulation of the metabolic adaptations of cancer cells and the microenvironment critically influence disease progression and response to therapy. This is also realized through the function of specific stress-adaptive proteins, which are able to relieve oxidative stress, inhibit apoptosis, and facilitate the switch between metabolic pathways. Among these, the molecular chaperone tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1), the most abundant heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family member in mitochondria, is particularly relevant because of its role as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor, depending on the metabolic features of the specific tumor. This review highlights the interplay between metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression, and the role of mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress in this setting, examining the possibility of targeting pathways of energy metabolism as a therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance, with particular emphasis on natural compounds and inhibitors of mitochondrial HSP90s.

// Elisabet Cuyas 1,2,* , Sara Verdura 1,2,* , Salvador Fernandez-Arroyo 3,4 , Joaquim Bosch-Barrera 5 , Begona Martin-Castillo 6 , Jorge Joven 3,4 and Javier A. Menendez 1,2 1 Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain 2 Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain 3 Unitat de Recerca Biomedica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain 4 Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain 5 Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain 6 Unit of Clinical Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Javier A. Menendez, email: // Keywords : cancer stem cells; metabolic maps; tumor heterogeneity Received : July 21, 2017 Accepted : September 29, 2017 Published : October 15, 2017 Abstract Personalized cancer medicine based on the analysis of tumors en masse is limited by tumor heterogeneity, which has become a major obstacle to effective cancer treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are emerging as key drivers of inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. CSC have unique metabolic dependencies that are required not only for specific bioenergetic/biosynthetic demands but also for sustaining their operational epigenetic traits, i.e. self-renewal, tumor-initiation, and plasticity. Given that the metabolome is the final downstream product of all the –omic layers and, therefore, most representative of the biological phenotype, we here propose that a novel approach to better understand the complexity of tumor heterogeneity is by mapping and cataloging small numbers of CSC metabolomic phenotypes. The narrower metabolomic diversity of CSC states could be employed to reduce multidimensional tumor heterogeneity into dynamic models of fewer actionable sub-phenotypes. The identification of the driver nodes that are used differentially by CSC states to metabolically regulate self-renewal and tumor initation and escape chemotherapy might open new preventive and therapeutic avenues. The mapping of CSC metabolomic states could become a pioneering strategy to reduce the dimensionality of tumor heterogeneity and improve our ability to examine changes in tumor cell populations for cancer detection, prognosis, prediction/monitoring of therapy response, and detection of therapy resistance and recurrent disease. The identification of driver metabolites and metabolic nodes accounting for a large amount of variance within the CSC metabolomic sub-phenotypes might offer new unforeseen opportunities for reducing and exploiting tumor heterogeneity via metabolic targeting of CSC.

The development of a single immuno-metabolic adjuvant capable of modulating, in the appropriate direction and intensity, the complex antagonistic and symbiotic interplays between tumor cells, immune cells, and the gut microbiota may appear pharmacologically implausible. Metformin might help solve this conundrum and beneficially impact the state of cancer-immune system interactions Work in the Menendez laboratory is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant SAF2016-80639-P, Plan Nacional de l +D+I, founded by the European Regional Development Fund, Spain) and by an unrestricted research grant from the Fundació Oncolliga Girona (Lliga catalana d’ajuda al malalt de càncer, Girona)

KRAS mutations are an established predictor of lack of response to EGFR-targeted therapies in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, little is known about the role of the rarer NRAS mutations as a mechanism of primary resistance to the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab in wild-type KRAS mCRC. Using isogenic mCRC cells with a heterozygous knock-in of the NRAS activating mutation Q61K, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which mutant NRAS blocks cetuximab from inhibiting mCRC growth. NRASQ61K/+ cells were refractory to cetuximab-induced growth inhibition. Pathway-oriented proteome profiling revealed that cetuximab-unresponsive ERK1/2 phosphorylation was the sole biomarker distinguishing cetuximab-refractory NRASQ61K/+ from cetuximab-sensitive NRAS+/+ cells. We therefore employed four representative MEK1/2 inhibitors (binimetinib, trametinib, selumetinib, and pimasertib) to evaluate the therapeutic value of MEK/ERK signaling in cetuximab-refractory NRAS mutation-induced mCRC. Co-treatment with an ineffective dose of cetuximab augmented, up to more than 1,300-fold, the cytotoxic effects of pimasertib against NRASQ61K/+ cells. Simultaneous combination of MEK1/2 inhibitors with cetuximab resulted in extremely high and dose-dependent synthetic lethal effects, which were executed, at least in part, by exacerbated apoptotic cell death. Dynamic monitoring of real-time cell growth rates confirmed that cetuximab synergistically sensitized NRASQ61K/+ cellsto MEK1/2 inhibition. Our discovery of a synthetic lethal interaction of cetuximab in combination with MEK1/2 inhibition for the NRAS mutant subgroup of mCRC underscores the importance of therapeutic intervention both in the MEK-ERK and EGFR pathways to achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy against NRAS-mutant mCRC tumors.

Background Ribonucleases are promising agents for use in anticancer therapy. Among the different ribonucleases described to be cytotoxic, a paradigmatic example is onconase which manifests cytotoxic and cytostatic effects, presents synergism with several kinds of anticancer drugs and is currently in phase II/III of its clinical trial as an anticancer drug against different types of cancer. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of PE5, a variant of human pancreatic ribonuclease carrying a nuclear localization signal, has been investigated and compared to that of onconase. Methods Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT method and by the tripan blue exclusion assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, caspase enzymatic detection and confocal microscopy. Cell cycle phase analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of different proteins was analyzed by western blot. Results We show that the cytotoxicity of PE5 is produced through apoptosis, that it does not require the proapoptotic activity of p53 and is not prevented by the multiple drug resistance phenotype. We also show that PE5 and onconase induce cell death at the same extent although the latter is also able to arrest the cell growth. We have compared the cytotoxic effects of both ribonucleases in the NCI/ADR-RES cell line by measuring their effects on the cell cycle, on the activation of different caspases and on the expression of different apoptosis- and cell cycle-related proteins. PE5 increases the number of cells in S and G2/M cell cycle phases, which is accompanied by the increased expression of cyclin E and p21WAF1/CIP1 together with the underphosphorylation of p46 forms of JNK. Citotoxicity of onconase in this cell line does not alter the cell cycle phase distribution and it is accompanied by a decreased expression of XIAP Conclusions We conclude that PE5 kills the cells through apoptosis associated with the p21WAF1/CIP1 induction and the inactivation of JNK. This mechanism is significantly different from that found for onconase.

Background Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used in therapy of a wide variety of cancers. The efficiency of treatment with this drug is compromised by the appearance of resistance. Combination treatments of MTX with other drugs that could modulate the expression of genes involved in MTX resistance would be an adequate strategy to prevent the development of this resistance. Methods The differential expression pattern between sensitive and MTX-resistant cells was determined by whole human genome microarrays and analyzed with the GeneSpring GX software package. A global comparison of all the studied cell lines was performed in order to find out differentially expressed genes in the majority of the MTX-resistant cells. S100A4 mRNA and protein levels were determined by RT-Real-Time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Functional validations of S100A4 were performed either by transfection of an expression vector for S100A4 or a siRNA against S100A4. Transfection of an expression vector encoding for β-catenin was used to inquire for the possible transcriptional regulation of S100A4 through the Wnt pathway. Results S100A4 is overexpressed in five out of the seven MTX-resistant cell lines studied. Ectopic overexpression of this gene in HT29 sensitive cells augmented both the intracellular and extracellular S100A4 protein levels and caused desensitization toward MTX. siRNA against S100A4 decreased the levels of this protein and caused a chemosensitization in combined treatments with MTX. β-catenin overexpression experiments support a possible involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in S100A4 transcriptional regulation in HT29 cells. Conclusions S100A4 is overexpressed in many MTX-resistant cells. S100A4 overexpression decreases the sensitivity of HT29 colon cancer human cells to MTX, whereas its knockdown causes chemosensitization toward MTX. Both approaches highlight a role for S100A4 in MTX resistance.

Contains fulltext : 170338.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Background Patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma that progresses after platinum-based chemotherapy have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Methods In this open-label, international, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 542 patients with advanced urothelial cancer that recurred or progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy to receive pembrolizumab (a highly selective, humanized monoclonal IgG4kappa isotype antibody against programmed death 1 [PD-1]) at a dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks or the investigator's choice of chemotherapy with paclitaxel, docetaxel, or vinflunine. The coprimary end points were overall survival and progression-free survival, which were assessed among all patients and among patients who had a tumor PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) combined positive score (the percentage of PD-L1-expressing tumor and infiltrating immune cells relative to the total number of tumor cells) of 10% or more. Results The median overall survival in the total population was 10.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.0 to 11.8) in the pembrolizumab group, as compared with 7.4 months (95% CI, 6.1 to 8.3) in the chemotherapy group (hazard ratio for death, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.91; P=0.002). The median overall survival among patients who had a tumor PD-L1 combined positive score of 10% or more was 8.0 months (95% CI, 5.0 to 12.3) in the pembrolizumab group, as compared with 5.2 months (95% CI, 4.0 to 7.4) in the chemotherapy group (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.88; P=0.005). There was no significant between-group difference in the duration of progression-free survival in the total population (hazard ratio for death or disease progression, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.19; P=0.42) or among patients who had a tumor PD-L1 combined positive score of 10% or more (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.28; P=0.24). Fewer treatment-related adverse events of any grade were reported in the pembrolizumab group than in the chemotherapy group (60.9% vs. 90.2%); there were also fewer events of grade 3, 4, or 5 severity reported in the pembrolizumab group than in the chemotherapy group (15.0% vs. 49.4%). Conclusions Pembrolizumab was associated with significantly longer overall survival (by approximately 3 months) and with a lower rate of treatment-related adverse events than chemotherapy as second-line therapy for platinum-refractory advanced urothelial carcinoma. (Funded by Merck; KEYNOTE-045 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02256436 .).

Systemic treatment of cancer requires tumour-selective therapies that eliminate cancer cells yet preserve healthy tissues from undesired damage. Tumoral transformation is associated with profound effects in translational reprogramming of gene expression, such that tumour-specific translational regulation presents an attractive possibility for generating oncoselective therapies. We recently discovered that mRNA translational control by cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteins (CPEBs) is reactivated in cancer. Here we present a novel approach to restrict genetic-engineered therapies to malignant tissues based on CPEB translational regulation of target mRNAs. We demonstrate that tumour reprogramming of CPEB-mediated mRNA stability and translational regulation modulates tumour-specific expression of viral proteins. For oncolytic adenoviruses, insertion of CPE regulatory sequences in the 3′-untranslated region of the E1A gene provides oncoselectivity, with full potency in cancer cells but attenuated in normal tissues. Our results demonstrate the potential of this strategy to improve oncolytic virus design and provide a framework for exploiting CPE-regulated transgenes for therapy., mRNA translational control by CPEBs is reactivated in cancer. Here, the authors show that the insertion of CPE regulatory sequences in the 3′ UTR of the E1A viral gene induces oncoselectivity, with oncolytic potency in cancer cells but attenuated toxicity in normal tissues.

Targeted therapy drugs, mainly those within the signal transduction inhibitors, are used more chronically than cytotoxic drugs and are metabolised by cytochrome P450 isozymes so patients are at high risk of having drug-drug interactions (DDI). Not only this, as the majority of them are given orally, new drug-drug interactions concerning gastrointestinal absorption can occur (e.g., with proton pump inhibitors). DDI can lead to changed systemic exposure, resulting in variations in drug response of the co-administered. In addition, concomitant ingestion of dietary supplements could also alter systemic exposure of drugs, thus leading to adverse drug reactions or loss of efficacy. In this review, we give an overview of the current existing data of known or suspected DDI between targeted therapy and other medicines. A review of package inserts was performed to identify drug-drug interactions for all targeted antineoplastic agents. Tertiary databases such as Lexicomp®, Drugs, Martindale, Facts and Comparisons®, and AHFS Drug Information were also referenced. This study covered 40 targeted antineoplastic agents (28 signal transduction inhibitors, 9 monoclonal antibodies and 3 other drugs, 2 monoclonal antibody conjugates and 1 fusion protein). Most of targeted therapy drugs are major CYP3A4 substrates with P-gp playing an important role in disposition too. Thus, there is a very common thread here that these agents will likely be sensitive victims to strong CYP3A4/P-gp inhibitors and inducers. It is essential that health care providers monitor patients for potential DDI to avoid a loss in efficacy or risk of greater toxicity from targeted therapy.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: “Puiggalí, A., Del Valle, L.J., Aleman, C. and Pérez, M. (2017) Weighing biointeractions between fibrin (ogen) and clot-binding peptides using microcantilever sensors. Journal of peptide science, (23) 2: 162–171.” which has been published in final form at [doi: 10.1002/psc.2938]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving." Peptides homing tumor vasculature are considered promising molecular imaging agents for cancer detection at an early stage. In addition to their high binding affinity, improved tissue penetrating ability, and low immunogenicity, they can deliver targeted anticancer drugs, thus expanding therapeutic treatments. Among those, CREKA, a linear peptide that specifically binds to clotted-plasma proteins in tumor vessels, has been recently employed to design bioactive systems able to target different cancer types. Within this context, this paper explores the biorecognition event between CR(NMe)EKA, an engineered CREKA-analog bearing a noncoded amino acid (N-methyl-Glu) that is responsible for its enhanced activity, and clotted-plasma proteins (fibrin and fibrinogen) by nanomechanical detection. Specifically, the tumor-homing peptide was covalently attached via epoxysilane chemistry onto silicon microcantilever chips that acted as sensors during dynamic mode experiments. Before that, each step of the functionalization process was followed by contact angle measurements, interferometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy, thus revealing the applied protocol as a suitable strategy. The fibrin(ogen)-binding induced by CR(NMe)EKA was detected by the resonance frequency shift of the cantilevers, and a detection limit of 100¿ng/mL was achieved for both proteins. Even though further development is required, this work reflects the promising application of emerging technologies capable of assisting in the comprehension of biological interactions and their implications in the biotechnological field.

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a widespread and highly conserved post-translational modification catalysed by a large family of enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). PARylation plays an essential role in various cardinal processes of cellular physiology and recent approvals and breakthrough therapy designations for PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy have sparked great interest in pharmacological targeting of PARP proteins. Although, many PARP inhibitors have been developed, existing compounds display promiscuous inhibition across the PARP superfamily which could lead to unwanted off-target effects. Thus the prospect of isoform-selective inhibition is being increasingly explored and research is now focusing on understanding specific roles of PARP family members. PARP-2, alongside PARP-1 and PARP-3 are the only known DNA damage-dependent PARPs and play critical roles in the DNA damage response, DNA metabolism and chromatin architecture. However, growing evidence shows that PARP-2 plays specific and diverse regulatory roles in cellular physiology, ranging from genomic stability and epigenetics to proliferative signalling and inflammation. The emerging network of PARP-2 target proteins has uncovered wide-ranging functions of the molecule in many cellular processes commonly dysregulated in carcinogenesis. Here, we review novel PARP-2-specific functions in the hallmarks of cancer and consider the implications for the development of isoform-selective inhibitors in chemotherapy. By considering the roles of PARP-2 through the lens of tumorigenesis, we propose PARP-2-selective inhibition as a potentially multipronged attack on cancer physiology. The JY laboratory is supported by grants from Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2014-53467-R), Fundació La Marató de TV3 (20134130), and CIBERehd.

Lung cancer (LC) remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, and non-small cell LC (NSCLC) represents 80% of all LC. Oxidative stress and inflammation, autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome system, nuclear factor (NF)-KB, and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) participate in LC pathophysiology. Currently available treatment for LC is limited and in vivo models are lacking. We hypothesized that antioxidants and NF-KB, MAPK, and proteasome inhibitors may exert an antitumoral response through attenuation of several key biological mechanisms that promote tumorigenesis and cancer cell growth. Body and tumor weights, oxidative stress, antioxidants, inflammation, NF-KB p65 expression, fibulins, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor and stroma histology were evaluated in the subcutaneous tumor of LC (LP07) adenocarcinoma) BALB/c mice, with and without concomitant treatment with NF-KB (sulfasalazine), MEK (U0126), and proteasome (bortezomib) inhibitors, and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Compared to LC control mice, in subcutaneous tumors, the four pharmacological agents reduced oxidative stress markers and tumor proliferation (ki-67). Inflammation and NF-KB p65 expression were attenuated by NF-KB and MAPK inhibitors, and the latter also enhanced apoptotic markers. Catalase was induced by the three inhibitors, while bortezomib also promoted superoxide dismutase expression. NF-KB and MEK inhibitors significantly reduced tumor burden through several biological mechanisms that favored tumor degradation and attenuated tumor proliferation. These two pharmacological agents may enhance the anti-tumor activity of selectively targeted therapeutic strategies for LC. Proteasomal inhibition using bortezomib rather promotes tumor degradation, while treatment with antioxidants cannot be recommended. This experimental model supports the use of adjuvant drugs for the improvement of LC treatment. Fil: Mateu-Jimenez, Mercè. Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; España Fil: Fermoselle, Clara. Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; España Fil: Rojo, Federico. Fundación Jiménez Díaz; España Fil: Mateu, Javier. Hospital del Mar; España Fil: Peña, Raúl. Hospital del Mar; España Fil: Urtreger, Alejandro Jorge. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Diament, Miriam. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo"; Argentina Fil: Bal, Elisa Dora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo"; Argentina Fil: Pijuan, Lara. Hospital del Mar; España Fil: Herreros, Antonio. Hospital del Mar; España Fil: Barreiro, Esther. Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; España

BACKGROUND: Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common type of lymphoid cancer in Western Europe. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost utility of rituximab-bendamustine treatment compared with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) treatment as a first-line therapy for patients with advanced FL in Spain. METHODS: A Markov model was developed to estimate the cost effectiveness of rituximab-bendamustine compared with R-CHOP as first-line treatment for patients with advanced FL in the Spanish National Health System (NHS). Transitions between health states (progression-free, including induction and maintenance; first relapse; second relapse; and death) were allowed for the patient cohort in 4-week-long cycles. Clinical data for the extrapolation of progression-free survival curves were obtained from randomized trials. Mortality rates and utilities were obtained from the literature. Outcomes were measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The total costs (€, 2013) included drug costs (ex-factory prices with mandatory deductions), disease management costs and adverse event-associated costs. Costs and outcomes were discounted at a 3 % annual rate. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed using 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations to assess the model robustness. RESULTS: Treatment and administration costs during the induction phase were higher for rituximab-bendamustine (€17,671) than for R-CHOP (€11,850). At the end of the 25-year period, the rituximab-bendamustine first-line strategy had a total cost of €68,357 compared with €69,528 for R-CHOP. Health benefits were higher for rituximab-bendamustine treatment (10.31 QALYs) than for R-CHOP treatment (9.82 QALYs). In the probabilistic analysis, rituximab-bendamustine was the dominant strategy over treatment with R-CHOP in 53.4 % of the simulations. CONCLUSION: First-line therapy with rituximab-bendamustine in FL patients was the dominant strategy over treatment with R-CHOP; it showed cost savings and higher health benefits for the Spanish NHS. This work was performed thanks to financial support from Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals, S.L. (Spain). ES and IO are employed by PORIB, a consultant company specialized in health economic evaluations. JMC is employed by Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals. AR has received honoraria from Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals, for advocacy tasks related to the presentwork and investigational funds and lecture honoraria from Roche Pharma. AS and ALG have received honoraria from Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals, for advocacy tasks related to the present work.

Treball de fi de grau en Biomèdica Tutors: Antoni Ivorra, Quim Castellví In the last years irreversible electroporation techniques (IRE) has started to gain importance exponentially in the medicine field, from being considered as an undesirable side-effect of reversible electroporation treatments to being considered nowadays as a viable treatment against cancer by its right own. IRE treatments are based in electroporation, electrical pulses are delivered to damage the cell membranes and cause the cell death. It has numerous advantages compared with other ablation techniques since is a non-thermal ablation, thus, the tissue scaffold is spared when the treatment is applied. Is possible to predict the extension and shape of the treatment by means of mathematical simulations, the models used to predict that have been experimentally refined. We present an improved method to evaluate in three-dimensions the results of IRE using vegetal models. The technique consists on using a dye solution to enhance the IRE area in sliced potato tubers. After slice digitalization, the electroporated area was automatically identified and the resulting treated volume was calculated. In addition, a threedimensional/nreconstruction of both healthy tissue and IRE volume was generated. The proposed evaluation technique was used to assess different pulse protocols outcomes. Finally, numerical simulations had been carried out to compare the numerical predictions to the experimental observations. The obtained results shows a clearly match between experimental and simulated volumes/nconfirming the reliability of the method proposed.

El tercer càncer més comú avui dia és el càrcer colorectal. Existeixen diverses teràpies per combatre’l com la radioteràpia i la quimioteràpia. L’eficàcia de les teràpies anticancerígenes es pot veure disminuïda o anul·lada per una característica de les cèl·lules cancerígenes, la hipòxia. Ha sorgit recentment una teràpia alternativa per als pacients amb càncer de colon que no pot ser operat. Aquesta utilitza fonts de llum per eliminar el teixit cancerós mitjançant la producció d’oxigen singlet i altres espècies de ERO, s’anomena teràpia fotodinàmica (TF). No obstant, la seva efectivitat també es pot veure afectada per les cèl·lules tumorals hipòxiques. Per millorar la seva eficàcia en el tractament del càncer colorectal s’ha utilitzat la teràpia d’oxigen hiperbàric (TOHB), que elimina l’estat d’hipòxia cel·lular. La combinació de les teràpies ha sigut aplicada utilitzant diverses condicions i el seu efecte s’ha analitzat mitjançant l’assaig MTT i l’anàlisi de cicle cel·lular i de viabilitat cel·lular per citometria. Els resultats obtinguts donen una visió esperançadora de la combinació de TF i TOHB i en anàlisis futurs, s’haurà de corroborar els resultats de la teràpia de TF seguida de TOHB durant 60 minuts.

Projecte final de carrera fet en col.laboració amb Université catholique de Louvain. Ecole Polytechnique de Louvain Breast cancer is one of the major causes of death among women. Nowadays screening mammography is the most adopted technique to perform an early breast cancer detection ahead other procedures like screen film mammography (SFM) or ultrasound scan. Computer assisted diagnosis (CAD) of mammograms attempts to help radiologists providing an automatic procedure to detect possible cancers in mammograms. Suspicious breast cancers appear as white spots in mammograms, indicating small clusters of micro-calcifications. Mammogram sensitivity decreases due some factors like density of the breast, presence of labels, artifacts or even pectoral muscle. The pre-processing of mammogram images is a very important step in the breast cancer analysis and detection because it might reduce the number of false positives. In this thesis we propose a method to segment and classify automatically mammograms according to their density. We perform several procedures including pre-processing (enhancement of the image, noise reduction, orientation finding or borders removal) and segmentation (separate the breast from the background, labels and pectoral muscle present in the mammograms) in order to increase the sensitivity of our CAD system. The final goal is the classification for diagnosis, in other words, finding the density class for an incoming mammography in order tot determine if more tests are needed to find possible cancers in the image. This functionality will be included in a new clinical imaging annotation system for computer aided breast cancer screening developed by the Communications and Remote Sensing Department at the Université Catholique de Louvain. The source code for the pre-processing and segmentation step has been programmed in C++ using the library of image processing ITK and CMake compiler. The performed method has been applied to medio-lateral oblique-view (MLO) mammograms as well as on caniocauldal mammograms (CC) belonging to different databases. The classification step has been implemented in Matlab. We have tested our pre-processing method obtaining a rate of 100% success removing labels and artifacts from mammograms of mini-MIAS database. The pectoral removal rate has been evaluated subjectively obtaining a rate of good removal of 57.76%. Finally, for the classification step, the best recognition rate that we have obtained was 76.25% using only pixel values, and 77.5% adding texture features, classifying images belonging to mini-MIAS database into 3 different density types. These results can be compared with the actual state of the art in segmentation and classification of biomedical images. El cáncer de mama es una de las mayores causas de muerte entre las mujeres. Actualmente, las mamografías digitales son la técnica más adoptada para realizar una previa detección de estos cánceres antes que otros procedimientos como "screen film mammography (SFM)" o escáneres de ultrasonidos. Los programas de diagnóstico automático (CAD) ayudan a los radiólogos proveyéndolos de un procedimiento automático para detectar posibles cánceres en las mamografías. Posibles cánceres aparecen en las mamografías como puntos blancos indicando pequeños grupos de micro-calcificaciones. La sensibilidad de las mamografias decrece debido a algunos factores como la densidad del pecho, presencia de etiquetas o artefactos o incluso de músculo pectoral. El pre-procesado de las mamografías es un paso muy importante en la detección de posibles cánceres de mama ya que puede reducir el número de falsos positivos. En esta tesis proponemos un método para segmentar y clasificar automáticamente las mamografías según su densidad. Hemos realizado varios procedimientos incluyendo, pre-procesado (realce de la imagen, reducción de ruido, descubrimiento de la orientación o supresión de bordes) y segmentación (separar el pecho de fondo, etiquetas y músculo pectoral presente en mamografías) para incrementar la sensibilidad de nuestro sistema CAD. El objetivo final es la clasificación para diagnosis, en otras palabras, encontrar la clase de densidad para una mamografía entrante y determinar si son necesarios más pruebas para encontrar posibles cánceres en las imágenes. Esta funcionalidad va a ser incluida en una nueva aplicación ara anotación de imágenes clínicas desarrollada por el Departamento de Comunicación y Detección Remota de la Universidad Católica de Lovaina. El código fuente para el pre-procesado y la segmentación ha sido desarrollado en C++ utilizando la librería de procesado de imagen ITK y el compilador CMake. El método implementado puede ser aplicado a tanto medio-lateral (MLO) como a caniocauldal mamografías (CC) pertenecientes a diferentes bases de datos. El método de clasificación ha sido implementado en Matlab. Hemos testeado nuestro método de pre-procesado obteniendo una tasa de suceso próxima al 100% en la eliminación de etiquetas y artefactos de la base de datos de mamografías mini-MIAS. La tasa de supresión de músculo pectoral ha sido evaluada de forma subjetiva obteniendo un 57.76%. Finalmente, en el método de clasificación se ha obtenido un 76.25% usando sólo información de los píxeles y un 77.5% usando información de texturas. Los resultados pueden ser comparados con el actual estado del arte en segmentación y clasificación de imágenes biomédicas. El càncer de mama és una de les majors causes de mort entre les dones. Actualment, les mamografies digitals són la tècnica més utilitzada per realitzar una prèvia detecció d'aquests càncers abans que altres procediments com "screen film mammography (SFM)" o escàners d'ultrasons. Els programes de diagnòstic automàtic (CAD) ajuden als radiòlegs proveïnt d'un procediment automàtic per detectar possibles càncers a les mamografies. Possibles càncers apareixen en les mamografies com punts blancs indicant petits grups de micro-calcificacions. La sensibilitat de les mamografies decreix a causa d'alguns factors com la densitat del pit, presència d'etiquetes o artefactes o fins i tot de múscul pectoral. El pre-processat de les mamografies és un pas molt important en la detecció de possibles càncers de mama ja que pot reduir el nombre de falsos positius. En aquesta tesi proposem un mètode per segmentar i classificar automàticament les mamografies segons la seva densitat. Hem realitzat diversos procediments incloent, pre-processat (realç de la imatge, reducció de soroll, descobriment de l'orientació o supressió de vores) i segmentació (separar el pit de fons, etiquetes i múscul pectoral present en mamografies) per incrementar la sensibilitat de nostre sistema CAD. L'objectiu final és la classificació per diagnosi, en altres paraules, trobar la classe de densitat per a una mamografia entrant i determinar si són necessaris més proves per trobar possibles càncers en les imatges. Aquesta funcionalitat serà inclosa en una nova aplicació ara anotació d'imatges clíniques desenvolupada pel Departament de Comunicació i Detecció Remota de la Universitat Catòlica de Lovaina. El codi font per al pre-processat i la segmentació ha estat desenvolupat en C + + utilitzant la llibreria de processat d'imatge ITK i el compilador CMake. El mètode implementat pot ser aplicat a tant mediolateral (MLO) com a caniocauldal mamografies (CC) pertanyents a diferents bases de dades. El mètode de classificació ha estat implementat en Matlab. Hem testejat el nostre mètode de pre-processat obtenint una taxa de succés propera al 100% en l'eliminació d'etiquetes i artefactes de la base de dades de mamografies mini-MIAS. La taxa de supressió de múscul pectoral ha estat avaluada de manera subjectiva obtenint un 57.76%. Finalment, en el mètode de classificació s'ha obtingut un 76.25% usant només informació dels píxels i un 77.5% usant informació de textures. Els resultats poden ser comparats amb l'actual estat de l'art en segmentació i classificació d'imatges biomèdiques.