Search

Research on the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for patients with degenerative lumbar pathology awaiting surgery are limited. However, there is evidence to suggest that this psychological therapy may be effective in improving pain interference, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of ACT compared to treatment as usual (TAU) for people with degenerative lumbar pathology who are candidates for surgery in the short term. A total of 102 patients with degenerative lumbar spine pathology will be randomly assigned to TAU (control group) or ACT + TAU (intervention group). Participants will be assessed after treatment and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. The primary outcome will be the mean change from baseline on the Brief Pain Inventory (pain interference). Secondary outcomes will include changes in pain intensity, anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, quality of life, disability due to low back pain (LBP), pain acceptance, and psychological inflexibility. Linear mixed models will be used to analyze the data. Additionally, effect sizes and number needed to treat (NNT) will be calculated. We posit that ACT may be used to help patients cope with the stress and uncertainty associated with their condition and the surgery itself.

An open prospective controlled study was designed to compare the efficacy of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy with the standard treatment in patients with depressive symptoms attended in the primary care setting. A total of 115 patients with depressive symptoms were assigned to receive psychotherapy (75 min) over 9 months (37 to 39 sessions) (n = 70) or the standard care (n = 45). Outcome measures were the differences between baseline and post‐treatment in the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐12) questionnaire in the two study groups. At the end of dynamic group psychotherapy, statistically significant improvements in the mean scores of all questionnaires were observed, whereas in control patients, significant improvements were only observed in the HDRS‐17 scale and in the Mental Component Summary score of the SF‐12. The mean changes after treatment were also higher in the psychotherapy group than in controls in all outcome measures, with statistically significant differences in the mean differences in favour of the psychotherapy group. In summary, implementation of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy run by experienced psychotherapists for patients with depressive symptoms attended in routine primary care centres is feasible and effective. © 2016 The Authors. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy was delivered as a non‐pharmacological intervention to improve depressive symptoms.Statistically significant differences as compared with a control group were observed in 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐12) questionnaire.Implementation of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy run by experienced psychotherapists for patients with depressive symptoms attended in routine primary care centres is feasible and effective.

Social withdrawal is a new mental health problem increasingly common, present in different cultures, whose psychopathology and treatment is not yet established. This study aims to determine the socio-demographic and clinical features and possible clinical subtypes that predict the 12-month outcomes of cases with hikikomori syndrome, a severe form of social withdrawal. Socio-demographic and clinical data at baseline were analysed as well as data obtained for 12 months after at-home treatment in 190 cases. The inclusion criteria were: spending all time at home, avoiding social situations and relationships, significant deterioration due to social isolation, with a minimum duration of 6 months. Six major diagnostic groups were identified: affective, anxiety, psychotic, drug use, personality and other Axis I disorders. The anxiety-affective subgroup demonstrated lower clinical severity, but worse evolution. Less than half of the cases were available for medical follow-up at 12-months. Subjects undergoing intensive treatment had a higher medical follow-up rate and better social networks at 12-months. Therefore, our findings provide data to reach consensus on the specific characteristics of social isolation hikikomori syndrome. The analysis demonstrated the fragility and tendency to relapse and have disengagement, particularly relevant in the anxiety-affective subgroup, suggesting that intensive treatments are more effective.

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por síntomas de inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. Los modelos clásicos acerca de la neuroanatomía del trastorno apuntan a alteraciones en los circuitos fronto-estriado-cerebelares. Los estudios de neuroimagen estructural apoyan parcialmente estos modelos. Sin embargo, casi todos estos estudios se basan en el análisis de regiones seleccionadas a priori (procedimiento que se conoce como ROI, acrónimo inglés de regiones de interés: "region of interest"). Estudios más recientes basados en aproximaciones globales apuntan a que las alteraciones estructurales no se limitan a los circuitos fronto-estriado-cerebelares, sino que también afectan las regiones temporales, parietales y cinguladas.El objetivo de la presente tesis es el de redefinir y aplicar dos métodos de análisis estructural complementarios para identificar los circuitos cerebrales alterados en el TDAH así como para relacionar dichos circuitos con los diferentes subtipos clínicos. Para tal fin, presentaremos y discutiremos dos estudios de resonancia magnética estructural (Carmona et al. 2005; Tremols et al. 2008). Estos dos estudios representan una novedad y mejora de estudios de TDAH previos, por dos razones principales: a) la aplicación por primera vez un estudios basado en la morfometría de vóxeles para comparar el cerebro de niños con TDAH con el cerebro de niños controles no relacionados familiarmente; b) el diseño e implementación de un nuevo método, fácil de aplicar, de segmentación manual del núcleo caudado.Los resultados confirman los datos obtenidos en estudios previos acerca de menor volumen cerebral en niños con TDAH, y localizan esta reducción en determinadas regiones de sustancia gris. A parte de confirmar las alteraciones fronto-estriado-cerebelares hayamos reducciones en áreas parietales, cingulares y temporales. En concreto observamos decrementos volumétricos de sustancia gris en la corteza frontal inferior, el estriado dorsal, la corteza parietal inferior y la corteza cingulada posterior, regiones clásicamente relacionadas con problemas de inhibición, deficits de memoria de trabajo y alteraciones en tareas de atención visuoespacial, respectivamente. También observamos reducciones volumétricas en áreas típicamente emocionales, como la corteza orbitofrontal, el estriado ventral y las estructurales temporales mediales deficits que podrían explicar las disfunciones motivacionales así como las alteraciones en el procesamiento del refuerzo. Curiosamente, las reducciones de sustancia gris en áreas relacionadas con el procesamiento emocional son más pronunciadas en el subtipo hiperactivo-impulsivo, algo menos en el subtipo combinado y casi inexistentes en el subtipo inatento. Esta diferente afectación en función de los subtipos va en la línea de teorías neuroanatómicas actuales acerca del TDAH (Castellanos and Tannock 2002). También observamos déficits de sustancia gris en áreas sensorio-motoras (específicamente en la corteza perirrolándica y el área motora suplementaria), y en el cerebelo. Por un lado, los déficits en áreas sensorio-motoras probablemente reflejan los problemas de psicomotricidad fina que presentan muchos de los niños con TDAH. Sin embargo, el hecho de que estas reducciones sean especialmente prominentes en los subtipos combinado e inatento, sugieren la posibilidad de que estas alteraciones estén especialmente relacionadas con los déficits atencionales. En base a esto, hipotetizamos que las alteraciones en estas regiones producirían un déficit para integrar y actualizar la información procedente del mundo exterior y, a su vez darían lugar a un sesgo a favor del procesamiento de los estados internos resultando en inatención. Por otro lado, las reducciones cerebelares (extensamente observadas en la literatura del TDAH) parecen están relacionadas con los déficits cognitivos, los afectivos y los emocionales. Creemos que la implicación del cerebelo en estas disfunciones estaría vehiculada por el papel de esta estructural como moduladora del flujo de información entre los circuitos fronto-estriatales. Finalmente nuestros hallazgos son los primeros en demostrar alteraciones diferenciales en la cabeza y el cuerpo del núcleo caudado en el TDAH. Esta desigual implicación de las diferentes partes del núcleo caudado explicaría en parte la heterogeneidad de los estudios previos. Como conclusión, las reducciones volumétricas de sustancia gris en áreas cognitivas y emocionales apoyan la implicación de disfunciones en los circuitos fronto-estriatales llamados cool (cognitivos) y hot (emocionales) respectivamente. Hasta la fecha este es el primer estudio neuroanatómico que apoya la existencia de disfunciones tanto cognitvas como emocionales en niños con TDAH. Nuestros hallazgos constituyen la primera evidencia neuroanatómica a favor de los modelos de doble ruta porpuestos por Sonuga-Barke (Sonuga- Barke 2002; Sonuga-Barke 2003).REFERENCIAS: 1. Tremols V, Bielsa A, Soliva JC, Raheb C, Carmona S, Tomas J, et al. (2008): Differential abnormalities of the head and body of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 163:270-278.2. Carmona S, Vilarroya O, Bielsa A, Tremols V, Soliva JC, Rovira M, et al. (2005): Global and regional gray matter reductions in ADHD: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neurosci Lett. 389:88-93.3. Castellanos FX, Tannock R (2002): Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci. 3:617-628.4. Sonuga-Barke EJ (2003): The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 27:593-604.5. Sonuga-Barke EJ (2002): Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD--a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behav Brain Res. 130:29-36., Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disease characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Data from different studies point to ADHD abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits. Structural neuroimaging studies partially support fronto-striatal abnormalities and suggest an important role of the cerebellum. However, nearly all these studies are based on the analysis of apriori selected regions of interest (known as ROI approaches). Recent studies, using more global approaches, found that ADHD structural abnormalities were not limited to fronto-striatal-cerebellar circuits, but also affect temporal, parietal and cingulate regions.The aim of the present dissertation is to refine and apply two complementary methods of structural neuroimaging, in order to identify the brain circuits altered inADHD and relate them to different clinical ADHD subtypes and to known ADHD neuropsychological deficits. For that purpose, two structural MRI studies will be presented and discussed (Carmona et al. 2005; Tremols et al. 2008). The differential contributions of these studies, which represent a novelty and an improvement of previous ADHD studies, are: a) the application for the first time ofvoxel-based morphometry analysis to compare ADHD children with non family related control children; b) the design and application of a new, easy to apply, manual method of caudate nucleus segmentation.The results confirm previous findings about smaller brain volume in ADHD children, and refine this reduction by attributing it to grey matter (GM) volume. We also confirm abnormalities in fronto-striatal-cerebellar circuits as well as in parietal, cingulate and temporal regions. Specifically, we observed reductions in inferior frontal cortex, dorsal striatum, inferior parietal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex; thus explaining inhibition problems, spatial working memory deficits and visuospatial attentional alterations. We also observed GM volume reductions in emotionally driven areas such as orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum and middle temporal structures; thus accounting for dysfunctional delayed reward and motivational deficits. Interestingly, GM volume reductions, related to emotional processes are more prominent in H-I subtype, more preserved in combined subtypes, and relatively undisrupted in inattentive subtypes, which is in agreement with previous ADHD theories (Castellanos and Tannock 2002). We have also found GM deficits in "sensori-motor" areas (specifically in perirolandic cortex and supplementary motor area), and in the cerebellum. On the one hand, deficits in sensori-motor areas probably reflect problems in fine motor coordination. However, the fact that these reductions are especially prominent in combined and inattentive subtypes brings up the possibility that they may be related to attentional dysfunctions.I hypothesized that deficits in these regions may produce a deficit when integrating and updating information from the external world and, in turn, produce a bias toward internal world focusing, thus, resulting in inattention. On the other hand, cerebellar reductions (which are extensively reported in ADHD literature) seem to be related to all cognitive, affective and sensorimotor deficits. The implication of cerebellum in all these dysfunctions may arise from its role as a modulator of the flow of information between fronto-strital circuits. Finally, our findings are also the first to show caudate head and body differential abnormalities in ADHD, which explain previous heterogeneous results, providing a new and reliable method to study striatal structures.As a conclusion, GM volume reductions in emotional and cognitive areas support the implication of both hot (emotional) and cool (cognitive) functions, which agrees with most neuropsychological accounts of ADHD. To our knowledge this is the first time that a neuroanatomical study provides support for the existence of both cognitive and emotional dysfunctions in ADHD children. If these findings are replicated, they will constitute critical evidence for Sonuga-Barke's theory (Sonuga- Barke 2002; Sonuga-Barke 2003) about the dual route model.REFERENCIAS: 1. Tremols V, Bielsa A, Soliva JC, Raheb C, Carmona S, Tomas J, et al. (2008): Differential abnormalities of the head and body of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 163:270-278.2. Carmona S, Vilarroya O, Bielsa A, Tremols V, Soliva JC, Rovira M, et al. (2005): Global and regional gray matter reductions in ADHD: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neurosci Lett. 389:88-93.3. Castellanos FX, Tannock R (2002): Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci. 3:617-628.5. Sonuga-Barke EJ (2003): The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 27:593-604.6. Sonuga-Barke EJ (2002): Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD--a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behav Brain Res. 130:29-36.