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At the onset of egg production, physiological changes governing calcium and phosphorus utilization must occur to meet demands for medullary bone formation and eggshell mineralization. The objective of this study was to identify these changes and determine if they are influenced by dietary supplementation with 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (AlphaD3™, Iluma Alliance). Commercial laying hens fed either a control or AlphaD3-supplemented diet beginning at 18 weeks of age were sampled at 18 (n = 8) and 31 weeks (n = 8/diet) to evaluate mRNA expression associated with calcium and phosphorus utilization in kidney, shell gland, ileum, and liver, circulating vitamin D3 metabolites, and bone quality parameters in humerus, tibia, and keel bone. Though diet did not heavily influence gene expression at 31 weeks, several significant differences were observed between 18- and 31-week-old hens. Heightened sensitivity to hormones regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis was observed at 31 weeks, indicated by increased parathyroid hormone receptor 1, calcium-sensing receptor, calcitonin receptor, and fibroblast growth factor 23 receptors in several tissues. Increased renal expression of 25-hydroxylase and vitamin D binding protein ( DBP ) at 31 weeks suggests kidney participates in local vitamin D3 25-hydroxylation and DBP synthesis after egg production begins. Biologically active 1,25(OH)2D3 was higher at 31 weeks, with correspondingly lower inactive 24,25(OH)2D3. Increased expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1 and calbindin in kidney, shell gland, and ileum suggests these are key facilitators of calcium uptake. Elevated renal inorganic phosphorus transporter 1 and 2 and sodium-dependent phosphate transporter IIa at 31 weeks suggests increased phosphorus excretion following hyperphosphatemia due to bone breakdown for eggshell formation. Diet did influence bone quality parameters. Bone mineral density in both humerus and tibia was higher in AlphaD3-supplemented hens at 31 weeks. Tibial bone mineral content increased between 18 and 31 weeks, with AlphaD3-supplemented hens increasing more than control hens. Moreover, control hens exhibited diminished tibial breaking strength at 31 weeks compared to hens at 18 weeks, while AlphaD3-supplemented hens did not. Together, these results indicate supplementation with AlphaD3 enhanced bone mineralization during the medullary bone formation period and elucidate the adaptive pathways regulating calcium and phosphorus utilization after the onset of lay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a vital route to develop new fiber products with various physical‐mechanical properties by which their aggregation structure can be changed via controlling the spinning process parameters. In this study, five groups fiber samples had been obtained by changing the spinneret drawing ratio, two stages drawing ratio and two stages heat‐setting rate. The aggregation structure of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) industrial fibers from different spinning process was analyzed by combination use of thermal analysis, two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) measurements. It was found that, increasing the spinneret drawing ratio and two stages drawing ratio promoted the orientation and crystallinity within a certain range. For the subsequent two stages heat‐setting process, the disorientation of the amorphous chain is simulated by reducing the relaxation rate and heat setting temperature. Finally, a concise three‐dimensional structure model was established to explain the relationship between aggregation structure and property. These results have important reference for the structure and property analysis of polyester industrial fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As advances in heat resistant ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber via ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking, it is worth paying attention to its thermal aging behavior and heat resistance mechanism. UHMWPE fibers in different forms, the fully drawn yarn (FDY) and the UV crosslinked FDY (UVFDY), are subjected to isothermal aging at 135°C. The effects of thermal aging on their surface morphology and mechanical properties are studied and compared initially. The results demonstrate that UVFDY is a kind of a heat‐resistant fiber. Subsequently, to reveal the heat resistance mechanism of UVFDY, its crystalline and orientation structure evolution during thermal aging are further studied. It is indicated that the formation of dense‐packing crystals and disorientation behavior lead to fiber shrink, so that a number of grooves appear on the fiber surface. Since the crosslinked stucture of UVFDY hinders its molecules movement, the crystallization and disorientation behavior of UVFDY are weaker than those of FDY, resulting in UVFDY possesses slighter thermal shrinkage (Ts), fewer grooves and better mechanical properties than those of FDY. Therefore, the heat resistance of the fiber improves effectively after UV crosslinking. This work provides insights into the structure–property relationship of UVFDY during thermal aging, and offers basis data for its application in specific conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the onset of egg production, physiological changes governing calcium and phosphorus utilization must occur to meet demands for medullary bone formation and eggshell mineralization. The objective of this study was to identify these changes and determine if they are influenced by dietary supplementation with 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (AlphaD3™, Iluma Alliance). Commercial laying hens fed either a control or AlphaD3-supplemented diet beginning at 18 weeks of age were sampled at 18 (n = 8) and 31 weeks (n = 8/diet) to evaluate mRNA expression associated with calcium and phosphorus utilization in kidney, shell gland, ileum, and liver, circulating vitamin D3 metabolites, and bone quality parameters in humerus, tibia, and keel bone. Though diet did not heavily influence gene expression at 31 weeks, several significant differences were observed between 18- and 31-week-old hens. Heightened sensitivity to hormones regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis was observed at 31 weeks, indicated by increased parathyroid hormone receptor 1, calcium-sensing receptor, calcitonin receptor, and fibroblast growth factor 23 receptors in several tissues. Increased renal expression of 25-hydroxylase and vitamin D binding protein (DBP) at 31 weeks suggests kidney participates in local vitamin D3 25-hydroxylation and DBP synthesis after egg production begins. Biologically active 1,25(OH)2D3 was higher at 31 weeks, with correspondingly lower inactive 24,25(OH)2D3. Increased expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1 and calbindin in kidney, shell gland, and ileum suggests these are key facilitators of calcium uptake. Elevated renal inorganic phosphorus transporter 1 and 2 and sodium-dependent phosphate transporter IIa at 31 weeks suggests increased phosphorus excretion following hyperphosphatemia due to bone breakdown for eggshell formation. Diet did influence bone quality parameters. Bone mineral density in both humerus and tibia was higher in AlphaD3-supplemented hens at 31 weeks. Tibial bone mineral content increased between 18 and 31 weeks, with AlphaD3-supplemented hens increasing more than control hens. Moreover, control hens exhibited diminished tibial breaking strength at 31 weeks compared to hens at 18 weeks, while AlphaD3-supplemented hens did not. Together, these results indicate supplementation with AlphaD3 enhanced bone mineralization during the medullary bone formation period and elucidate the adaptive pathways regulating calcium and phosphorus utilization after the onset of lay.

The paper investigates the effect of machine setting on breaking strength, breaking elongation, and pick-up percentage of sized yarn properties. The factors considered are concentration of size solution, squeezing pressure and counts of yarn, the aim to develop a regression model that shows the effect of factors on size pick-up percentage, breaking strength regain, and loss in breaking elongation. The experiment is conducted by using 16 Ne and 21 Ne of cotton yarn, 3 Bar and 5 Bar of squeezing pressure, and 1.9% and 6% of size concentration with maize starch as sizing agent. A factorial design with two factors and 5 replicants has been used to design the experiment and analyze the results. The result showed that a slight change in squeezing pressure and concentration significantly affects the pick-up percentage, breaking strength regain and breaking elongation loss while a change of yarn count would not have a significant effect on the pick-up percentage of sized yarn. Furthermore, for achieving optimum properties of the sized yarn the pressure of squeezing, the count of the yarn and the concentration of the solution should be adjusted, and a regression model is developed to investigate the properties of the sized yarn by considering considered factors.

Background: Active bone remodeling processes can be altered by the presence of reactive oxygen species and, therefore, cause leg problems in broiler chickens. The antioxidant activity present in grape seed extract (GSE) could be a viable alternative to high inclusion levels of vitamin E (VE) as a nutritional strategy to improve the antioxidant capacity of birds and, thus, prevent leg abnormalities. Objective: To evaluate the effect of partial substitution of VE with grape GSE on leg health and performance of broiler chickens. Methods: Four hundred and twenty newly-hatched Ross 308 male broiler chickens were distributed into three treatments: 1) Control-AL, a diet containing 40 IU/kg of VE and fed ad libitum (CAL); 2) Control-FR, the CAL diet but offered through a feed restriction program (CFR); and 3) grape seed extract-AL, a diet containing 10 mg/kg of GSE + 10 IU/kg of VE fed ad libitum (GSE-AL). The trial was conducted for 47 days. Feed intake and body weight of the chickens were recorded weekly to evaluate performance. At day 43, gait score (GS), valgus/varus angulation (AngV), foot burn (FB), and hock burn (HB) lesions were evaluated. At day 47, tibia-breaking strength (TBS) and gastrocnemius tendon-breaking strength (GTBS) were evaluated. Results: Birds in the GSE-AL treatment showed reduced (p=0.05) GS compared to the other treatments. No statistical differences (p>0.05) were found in AngV, HB, FB, TBS, TGBS, and growth performance among treatments. Conclusions: These results suggest that GSE may partially replace VE in broiler diets without negative effects on growth performance or leg health. Further research is required to evaluate the potential of grape seed extract to replace VE or other ingredients with antioxidant activity under different rearing conditions and feeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: During the storage irreversible changes occur in eggs that result in a deterioration of their quality. The most significant changes affect the albumen. One of the major proteins of albumen present in egg white is lysozyme, which protects the embryo from microorganisms. This enzyme also contributes to the qualitative characteristics of albumen. It is possible that its polymorphism also affects the quality and stability of the obtained raw material that is, table eggs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential effect of polymorphism in the lysozyme gene and protein on the quality changes during the storage of eggs derived from 2 genetic strains of Japanese quail belonging to various utility types. Eggs from selected females of laying and meat-type breeds were stored for 14 wk. During this period the egg quality traits were evaluated 10 times. DNA was isolated from each female and all exons of the lysozyme gene had been sequenced. In total, fourteen SNPs’ and one 4-bp indel mutation were identified in exons and adjacent intronic sequences, among which SNP1 (1:32140723) resulted in a substitution of lysine with glutamine (Q21K). The results showed that SNP1 (strain S22), as well as the SNP2, SNP5, SNP7, SNP8, SNP10, SNP11, SNP12 and SNP13 were significantly associated with breaking strength during egg storage in both investigated Japanese quail strains. Furthermore, a 3 haplotype blocks containing nine SNPs (2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13) were identified. These blocks displayed 8 distinct haplotypes that had significant association with breaking strength at all storage time points where egg quality analyses were performed. The study also revealed significant effects of breed and storage time on the egg quality traits. These results provide new insights into the genetic basis of egg quality during storage and could be incorporated into the breeding programs involving these strains.

Copyright of Journal of Textiles & Engineers / Tekstil ve Mühendis is the property of Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers & Architects, Chamber of Textile Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Comparative tests of the following fibers are conducted under the same conditions: mineral (basalt, glass), carbon, chemical (polycaproamide, polyacrylonitrile, viscose fibers), and vegetable (bast fibers of linen, hemp, nettle). The diameter of a monofiber, linear density, breaking strength of a roving (a bundle of fibers) and microplastics, breaking tenacity, and gain ratio are assessed. Glass and basalt fibers have the highest linear density of 1200–2500 tex; carbon, 378 tex; chemical, 183 tex (except for PANF, which has 826 tex); and bast vegetable fibers, 440–630 tex. The breaking tenacity for glass rovings and basalt rovings is comparable of 240–264 mN/tex and is the highest of 597 mN/tex for carbon rovings; the gain ratio is 2–2.25. For chemical fibers, the breaking tenacity is 282–323 mN/tex (92 mN/tex in viscose ones) and the gain ratio is 0.5–0.9. Of vegetable fibers, the highest breaking strength of 93–102 mN/tex is in the fibers of linen and hemp, which exceeds this parameter for a viscose fiber; the gain ratio is 1.6 in hemp and 4.39 in linen. In fibers of nettle, the results are the lowest among vegetable fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indicators of adhesion of adhesives based on copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate with acrylamide, methacrylamide, and sodium acrylate and methacrylate to silicate glass and paper products depending on the chemical nature of the comonomer and ratio of the monomer units in a macromolecule are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alterations in feed ingredients and the nutrient matrix to produce reduced-protein diets may affect bone morphology and mineralization in laying hens. This study was implemented to determine the effects of L-arginine (Arg), guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), and L-citrulline (Cit) supplementation to Arg-deficient reduced-protein diets on bone morphology, strength, and mineralization status of laying hens. Individually housed Hy-Line Brown laying hens were evenly distributed to five dietary treatments with 25 replicates per treatment from 20 to 40 wk of age. Treatments consisted of a standard protein diet (17% crude protein, SP), a reduced-protein diet deficient in Arg (13% crude protein, RP), and RP supplemented with Arg (0.35% Arg, RP-Arg), GAA (0.46% GAA equivalent to 0.35% Arg, RP-GAA), or Cit (0.35% Cit equivalent to 0.35% Arg, RP-Cit) to reach the Arg level of SP diets. Birds fed the SP diet had similar bone weight, ash, length, width, Seedor index, breaking strength, and serum mineral concentration, but higher toe B level (P

In this study yarn unevenness, diameter variation, hairiness and strength properties of slub yarns with various slub structures were investigated. The yarns (Ne20) in different slub thickness (1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8), slub length (1 - 3, 5 - 7 and 10 - 12 cm.), slub frequency (0.5, 3 and 6 pcs/m) and slub ramp length (1, 2 and 4 cm.) were produced from PET fibers. The multipopulation slub yarn, which has two-slub length, was also spun. The measurements of the yarns were made on the Fancy Yarn Profile of the Uster Tester 5 and the Uster Tensojet devices. The values of the test result were analyzed and evaluated statically. The slub parameters were found to have a significant effect on the unevenness and strength properties of the yarns. As the slub thickness, slub length and frequency increased, the yarn unevenness, hairiness increased and the yarn strength decreased. Medium ramp length was found suitable for higher breaking strength and elongation of the slub yarns and it was determined that the number of population was found statistically significant for these properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: In order to analyze the relationship between organic matrix and eggshell properties in Muscovy duck eggshells with different qualities, the organic matrices in the eggshells of normal, pimpled, and striped eggs of white-feathered Muscovy ducks were extracted and separated into acid-insoluble, water-insoluble, and facultative-soluble matrix (both acid- and water-soluble). There was no significant difference in calcified shell thickness between normal and pimpled eggs. However, the percentages of acid-insoluble matrix and total matrix were significantly higher, and the breaking strength was significantly lower in pimpled eggs than those in normal eggs. In striped eggs, the percentages of acid-insoluble matrix, facultative-soluble matrix, and total matrix, calcified shell weight, calcified shell thickness, and breaking strength were significantly lower than those in normal eggs. The amount and percentage of 3 organic matrices (water-insoluble matrix, facultative-soluble matrix, and total matrix) were significantly positively correlated with calcified shell thickness in normal eggs rather than striped and pimpled eggs. Our results also demonstrated that there was no linear correlation between the organic components in the 3 Muscovy duck eggshells and the mechanical properties of the eggshells. The lower breaking strength of pimpled eggshells might be due to the unbalanced enrichment of certain proteins, whereas the striped eggs might mainly result from thinner calcified shells and poor balance between different sedimentary layers.

Natural gut harp strings are made from twisted bundles of gut strips, which are dried, ground, and varnished. The effects of varying the twist angle and surface finishing on the mechanical properties of gut harp strings have been explored. Strings were tested over a range of twist angles from 23.5 ∘ to 58.3 ∘ , and with all four combinations of ground or unground and varnished or unvarnished surface finishing. The principal effects of varying the degree of twisting were that the breaking strength and tensile Young's modulus both fell as the twist angle was increased. String makers must therefore make a compromise between sound quality and string strength and durability. Leaving the string unvarnished dramatically increased the sensitivity to changes in humidity, which, in turn, affected the thermal tuning sensitivity and creep behaviour. Grinding the string surface prior to varnishing had no significant effect on the behaviour, but did make some difference to the thermal tuning sensitivity if the string was left unvarnished. Increasing the humidity frequently triggered episodes of additional string creep. There appeared to be a threshold effect, with the additional creep triggered when the string linear density exceeded its previous maximum. When the string was not creeping, there appeared to be a strong coupling mechanism between changes in the linear density and complementary changes in the string tension, such that there was almost no net effect on the string frequency. This behaviour was independent of the twist angle and the surface finishing, suggesting that whatever the coupling mechanism was, it was not dependent on the twisted structure of the string. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a fiber chain was developed to replace a steel chain using high-modulus polyethylene DM20. The pick count, wrapping count, and inner length were selected as the main design variables of the fiber chain and were analyzed to increase the breaking strength. Orthogonal array experiments were conducted, and the results were analyzed with respect to the breaking strength. The analysis revealed that the pick count and wrapping count had meaningful effects at significance levels within 5%. The main effect analysis revealed that a smaller pick count, larger wrapping count, and longer inner length caused the breaking strength to increase. With the wrapping count fixed at 1, a pick count less than -0.65, and an inner length greater than 0.38, the breaking strength was calculated to be greater than 300 kN. These results are expected be important factors in the derivation of an optimal combination of design variables to attain a fiber chain with a targeted strength.

Tensile properties are important to wool fiber because of their direct effect on the mechanical properties of wool yarns and fabrics. Many studies have been conducted to understand these fiber properties of conventional merino (CM) wool, while those of Australian Soft Rolling Skin (SRS) wool are not yet clear. In this work, SRS wool was compared with CM wool to find out the difference in these two types of wool and explore the underlying reasons for this difference. Experimental results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the breaking strength between SRS and CM wool, while the average breaking elongation is slightly higher for SRS wool (37%) than CM wool (34%). SRS wool (2.38 GPa) has a lower modulus than CM wool (2.53 GPa). The lower coefficient of variation of mean fiber diameter (MFD) along fiber length (fiber irregularity) is likely responsible for the higher breaking elongation for SRS wool. These findings add new knowledge to the literature on SRS wool and may have implications for the processing performance of SRS wool.

Ultrasonic welding is a welding method that has been applied for welding nonwoven fabrics, with many advantages such as fast speed, high reliability, easy automation and especially less pollution to the environment. This paper studies the optimization of technological parameters in the welding process such as welding time, pressure, and weld shape on the breaking strength of ultrasonic welding of Polypropylene (PP) nonwovens. To evaluate the influence level and find the reasonable technological parameters domain in the paper, the Taguchi method is used in combination with the face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) response surface method. The research results have determined the regression equations used to calculate the breaking strength for each weld shape as well as the optimal domain for the main technological parameters, ensuring the breaking strength of the weld. There are different degrees of influence of technological parameters (shape of the weld zone, welding time and welding pressure) on the breaking strength of ultrasonic welds. Among them, the influence level of welding time t is 45.31 %, the weld shape is Pattern 2 with the rate of 30.03 %, and the welding pressure is 24.66 %. Carrying out a verification test with the welding parameters: t = 1.6 s, p = 3.1 kgf/cm2, two patterns (Pattern 2 and Pattern 3), the result of breaking strength for patterns was achieved. Pattern 2 has a difference of 1.19 % between the regression equation results and the actual experimental results, while the figure for Pattern 3 is 0.77 %. From these results, it is possible to select the appropriate technological parameters for ultrasonic welding equipment when processing products from nonwoven fabrics to ensure the highest quality and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic is an engineering material that has endeared itself to many sectors especially the building services sector where it is used for floor tiles. Machining is a necessary finishing operation after casting and other forming operations. A very important machining operation performed on ceramic materials such as tiles is grinding to pave way for easy installation, aesthetics and safety. This work investigates the elemental and chemical composition of the raw materials used in the production of the ceramic tiles under investigation and study the effect of different grinding procedures on some mechanical properties of the ceramic tiles. The tiles were ground at two different grinding speeds and two different levels (continuous and intermittent at 2 seconds intervals). Breaking strength, flexural strength, hardness, and surface roughness before and after grinding were analyzed using the Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio. The result revealed that the elements and their respective oxides present in the raw materials were able to give strength, rigidity and support to the ceramic article. Also, grinding was found to affect the mechanical properties of the ceramic tile samples as the breaking strength and flexural strength reduces from 339.77 N for the control sample to as low as 273.30 N and 16.40 N/mm² respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics such as drip rate and muscle toughness are important for evaluating the quality of the fish to be used in the production of frozen sashimi products. This study aimed to characterize the seasonal changes of quality deterioration in the muscles of the spotted mackerel Scomber australasicus and the Pacific mackerel Scomber japonicus in response to the spawning period. We detected muscle deterioration (high drip rate and softening) and an acidic pH when both species neared their spawning seasons. The drip rate was higher and the muscle was softer in the frozen–thawed muscle of the spotted mackerel than those of the Pacific mackerel. Furthermore, in both species, the drip rate weakly correlated with water content (r = 0.34 and 0.23, respectively) and negatively correlated with pH (r = −0.60 and −0.59, respectively); the muscle toughness also correlated with muscle pH (r = 0.41 and 0.44, respectively). These data suggest that (1) changes in drip rate and muscle toughness are seasonal, (2) the drip rate increases with an increase in the water content and with an acidic pH, and (3) muscle toughness is influenced by an acidic pH in the frozen–thawed muscles of both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutrient restriction is a common strategy to prevent metabolic disorders in fast growing broiler chickens, but limited information is available regarding the impact of diets with low protein and energy on leg abnormalities. Objective: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of varying crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels on gastrocnemius tendon (GTeBS) and tibia breaking strength (TiBS), gait score (GS) and valgus/varus angulation (VAng). Methods: In Experiment 1, eight-d-old Ross 308 broilers (n=90) were randomly assigned into three treatments: 13/2,900 (13% CP and 2,900 kcal ME kg-1 of diet), 17/3,000 (17% CP and 3,000 kcal ME kg-1 of diet), and 21/3,025 or control (21% CP and 3,025 kcal ME kg-1 of diet). In Experiment 2, six-d-old Ross 308 chickens (n=192) were randomly distributed into two treatments: 16/3,000; 16% CP and 3,000 kcal ME kg-1 of diet and 21/3,000 or control; 21% CP and 3,000 kcal ME kg-1 of diet. In both experiments data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA. Results: In Experiment 1, broilers in the 17/3,000 and control treatments had similar (p>0.05) GTeBS (202 and 224 N, respectively), and TiBS (338 and 332 N, respectively). Birds in the 13/2,900 treatment showed higher GS (lower walking ability; 80% of birds with score >3), and greater VAng (53% of birds with score >2) than broilers in the control treatment (0% of birds with GS score >3 and 0% of birds with VAng score >2). Experiment 2, broilers in the 16/3,000 showed similar VAng, GS and TiBS than birds in the control treatment. However, birds in the 16/3,000 treatment showed lower (-26%) GTeBS than birds in the control treatment (p

Leaf decay in seagrasses is enhanced in some seasons since large green senescent beach-cast seagrass leaves are frequently recorded during autumn and winter seasons. Here, we explore if senescence is operating in seagrass leaf decay or if hydrodynamic stress is responsible for the seasonal leaf abscission. A seasonal study on the temperate seagrass Cymodocea nodosa was carried out in four locations with contrasting hydrodynamic regimes. The morphological, biomechanical and material properties of C. nodosa were measured. The force required to break the ligule was always lower than that required to break the blade. This could be considered an adaptive strategy to reduce acute drag forces and thus lessen the chance of plant uprooting. The absolute force needed to dislodge the blade at the ligule level varied with season and location, with the lowest forces recorded in autumn. This may indicate that senescence is operating in this species. On the other hand, the minimum estimated failure velocities for leaf abscission were also recorded in autumn. Consequently, this may cause the premature shedding of leaves in this season before the senescence process has finished and can probably explain the occurrence of green beach-cast seagrass leaves usually found during autumn and winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, in order to improve mechanical properties of cotton fabrics, nano‐micro sized calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was deposited in situ on cotton fabrics. The mechanical properties, surface morphology, crystalline index, infrared spectrum, thermal property, and wettability of the deposited fabrics were measured and discussed. The results showed that the breaking strength of cotton fabric increased by about 10% after in situ deposition of nano‐micro calcium carbonate. After ultrasonic washing, the strength of cotton fabric deposited CaCO3 was still increased by about 10%. The crystallinity of the cotton fabric deposited with calcium carbonate increased from 76% to 84%. The hydrogen bond between cellulose molecules and calcium carbonate was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The hydrophilicity and thermal properties of cotton fabric were not significantly influenced by calcium carbonate deposition. This provides a new idea for improving the mechanical properties of cotton fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fabrics exhibit excellent moisture absorption and breathability, which makes them comfortable to wear. However, they lack natural wrinkle resistance due to their poor anti-creasing performance and shape retention. Currently, anti-creasing finishing is widely applied to cotton fabrics; however, a contradiction exists between the anti-creasing effect and strength loss. To overcome this trade-off, a chemical deposition method was used to generate in-situ nano-calcium carbonate particles on anti-creasing cotton fibers. These particles effectively fill the micropores and microcracks in the anti-creasing cotton fibers, thereby improving the strength of the fabric. Scanning electron microscopy, wrinkle recovery angle, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and contact angle were used to characterize and analyze the changes in surface morphology, wrinkle resistance, chemical structure, and hydrophilicity of anti-creasing cotton fabrics before and after deposition treatment, respectively. Following nanoparticle deposition, the breaking strength of the anti-creasing cotton fabrics increased by approximately 11–14 %, whereas no significant changes were observed in their wrinkle recovery angle, chemical structure, and hydrophilicity. In addition, the crystallinity index increased after treatment and the washing durability of the deposited nanoparticles was excellent. This study demonstrates a method for overcoming the long-standing trade-off between the anti-creasing effect and strength loss and fills the gap in the field of non-destructive strength repair of anti-creasing cotton fabrics. The study findings provide important data for improving the strength of anti-creasing cotton fabrics. The proposed treatment method is inexpensive, simple, highly efficient, and harmless, and is expected to have bright prospects in future industrial applications. [Display omitted] • The breaking strength of anti-creasing cotton fabric was improved. • Nano-CaCO 3 was deposited in-situ onto anti-creasing cotton fibers. • The nano-CaCO 3 on cotton fibers has excellent washing durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Allogeneic cortical bone plates (CP) are used for alveolar ridge augmentation. Since CP are freeze-dried and dehydrated during processing, the breaking strength (BS) and the flexibility (FX) are reduced, resulting in a relevant risk for plate fractures during insertion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of rehydration time on the biomechanical properties (BS & FX) of CP in-vitro and in vivo. Material and Methods 40 CP were randomly divided into four experimental groups. (A) untreated control (n = 10), rehydration for 10 (B), 30 (C) and 60 (D) minutes in 0.9% saline solution (n = 10 each). BS [Newton, N] and FX [mm] (force till fracture and distance of deflection to the breaking point) were analyzed. Besides, architectural features of all CP groups were visualized and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the frequency of CP fractures of rehydrated- vs. non-rehydrated CP was retrospectively analyzed in 6 patients. Results Compared to the control group, significantly increased BS and FX were demonstrated after 10, 30 and 60 minutes of rehydration (p each ≤ 0.035). After a rehydration time of 10 minutes, no additional increase of BS and FX was seen when compared to30 and 60 minutes (p each = 1.0). SEM scans demonstrated that the CP fracture characteristics were influenced by the different rehydration protocols. The frequency of CP fractures was reduced in patients by CP rehydration. Conclusion The biomechanical properties of CP can be significantly improved by 10 min of rehydration, resulting in an increased BS and FX, that might be clinically relevant.

Background: Nutrient restriction is a common strategy to prevent metabolic disorders in fast growing broiler chickens, but limited information is available regarding the impact of diets with low protein and energy on leg abnormalities. Objective: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of varying crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels on gastrocnemius tendon (GTeBS) and tibia breaking strength (TiBS), gait score (GS) and valgus/varus angulation (VAng). Methods: In Experiment 1, eight-d-old Ross 308 broilers (n=90) were randomly assigned into three treatments: 13/2,900 (13% CP and 2,900 kcal ME kg-1 of diet), 17/3,000 (17% CP and 3,000 kcal ME kg-1 of diet), and 21/3,025 or control (21% CP and 3,025 kcal ME kg-1 of diet). In Experiment 2, six-d-old Ross 308 chickens (n=192) were randomly distributed into two treatments: 16/3,000; 16% CP and 3,000 kcal ME kg-1 of diet and 21/3,000 or control; 21% CP and 3,000 kcal ME kg-1 of diet. In both experiments data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA. Results: In Experiment 1, broilers in the 17/3,000 and control treatments had similar (p>0.05) GTeBS (202 and 224 N, respectively), and TiBS (338 and 332 N, respectively). Birds in the 13/2,900 treatment showed higher GS (lower walking ability; 80% of birds with score >3), and greater VAng (53% of birds with score >2) than broilers in the control treatment (0% of birds with GS score >3 and 0% of birds with VAng score >2). Experiment 2, broilers in the 16/3,000 showed similar VAng, GS and TiBS than birds in the control treatment. However, birds in the 16/3,000 treatment showed lower (-26%) GTeBS than birds in the control treatment (p<0.05). Conclusions: Feeding broilers with 16% CP and 3,000 kcal ME kg-1 of diet did not affect tibia breaking strength, gait score and valgus/varus angulation. A diet containing 16% CP or less and 2,900-3,000 kcal ME kg-1 reduces tendon and tibia breaking strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keel bone fractures are a serious animal welfare problem in laying hens. The aim of the current study was to assess the influence of egg production, oestradiol-17ß, and selection for high laying performance on bone quality. Hens of two layer lines differing in laying performance (WLA: 320 eggs per year, G11: 200 eggs per year) were allocated to four treatment groups. Group S received a deslorelin acetate implant that suppressed egg production. Group E received an implant with the sexual steroid oestradiol-17ß. Group SE received both implants and group C did not receive any implant. In the 63rd week of age, composition and characteristics of the tibiotarsi were assessed using histological analysis, three-point bending test, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and two-dimensional X-ray diffraction, respectively. Non-egg-laying hens showed a higher total bone area and a higher relative amount of cortical bone compared to egg-laying hens. Hens of layer line G11 showed a higher relative amount of medullary bone and a higher degree of mineralization of the cortical bone compared to hens of layer line WLA. These differences in bone composition may explain different susceptibility to keel bone fractures in non-egg-laying compared to egg-laying hens as well as in hens of layer lines differing in laying performance. The effect of exogenous oestradiol-17ß on bone parameters varied between the layer lines indicating a genetic influence on bone physiology and the way it can be modulated by hormone substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that increased consumption of synthetic polymers leads to an increase in environmental pollution due to the long decomposition time of plastic waste. As a result, it is necessary to develop polymer composites based on a biodegradable polymer matrix, and to improve the performance properties of finished plastic products, it is necessary to purposefully select cheap and affordable inorganic fillers. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the regularities in the generation of a spatially structured polymer matrix under UV irradiation of polylactide-based composites filled with aluminosilicate microspheres (ASM). The leading approach to the given problem is to melt polymer composites of various compositions and to determine the physical, mechanical, and thermophysical characteristics of the prototypes, including the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix under the influence of ultraviolet irradiation. The study suggests that the filling of polylactide with ASM particles leads to an increase in the elastic modulus, a decrease in the strength at static rupture and resistance to dynamic destructive effects, as well as heat resistance. Small aluminosilicate microspheres, when added to polylactide, perform the function of nucleation and, even with a small content, increase the crystallinity degree by 3.7 percentage points. In the range of ASM content from 1 pph to 10 pph, the absolute value of the crystallinity degree practically does not depend on the filler concentration in the polymer composite. UV (ultraviolet) irradiation in the presence of air oxygen initiates the thermooxidative destruction of polylactide and leads to the establishment of a spatially structured polymer phase using the electrostatic intermolecular interaction of additionally formed oxygen-containing functional groups in macrochains, as well as partial intermolecular crosslinking during recombination of macroradicals. The establishment of spatial structures in the polymer matrix under UV irradiation determines an increase in the resistance of experimental samples to thermal effects. It is manifested in an increase in the bending temperature under load by 7-10 percentage points, a decrease in the crystallinity degree by 1.2-2.6 percentage points, a decrease in the fluidity of the meltage and also an increase in the glass transition and melting temperature. The materials of the study are of practical value for the development of biodegradable composites based on polylactide filled with inorganic components.

Purse seiners deploy large amounts of drifting fish aggregation devices (FADs) in all tropical oceans to catch tunas. These FADs are constructed with porous synthetic fibre netting, which are responsible for incidental mortality of sea turtles and sharks through entanglement, and can engage in ghost fishing if they are lost and abandoned. The use of natural or biodegradable materials to build FADs can effectively mitigate marine pollution and bycatch issues, and as such they are currently promoted by fisheries management organizations. This study evaluated the degradability of ropes made of common natural fibres; cotton rope (3-strand, 96-thread, twisted, S-lay), jute rope (3-strand, 13-thread, twisted, Z-lay) and sisal rope (3-strand, 8-thread, twisted, Z-lay). Degradability was evaluated by measuring the breaking strength (cN/dtex) and retention ratio of rupture elongation. Results showed that jute rope and sisal rope experienced rapid reduction of strength which over the first month soaking in the sea fell by 66.8% and 46.9%, respectively. Cotton rope exhibited the most inert degradation behavior, with breaking strength maintained at half of the initial value at 10 months. The retention ratio of rupture elongation for jute ropes and sisal ropes fluctuated considerably in the following months after deployment, compared to the relatively stable change for cotton rope. Results suggested that among these congeners, cotton rope would be most preferable component for Bio-FADs with a 10-month minimum durability that matches the required lifetime of FAD fishing strategies.

Fishing gear consists of natural materials (natural fibres) and synthetic materials (synthetic fibres). The advantage of using synthetic materials is more durable. Polyamide is one of the examples of synthetic materials or also known as nylon. The effectiveness of the material makes fishermen not spend much money on the treatment of fishing gear. It is necessary to consider all aspects that affect the stability to achieve high elasticity, such as breaking strength and elongation. The method of this study was descriptive analysis which refers to the SNI ISO 1806:2010 method. Data were collected in dry conditions with nets as a sample and 3, 6, 9, 12 months of the length time of net usage, and one sample fishing gear that has not been used as a control variable. Each treatment was repeated 10 times, and then the value of breaking strength and elongation were tested by using an autograph machine. The result of this study is the value of breaking strength of multifilament polyamide (PA), net decreases alongside with length time of net usage. The value of elongation of multifilament polyamide (PA), net also decreases alongside with net usage time. There is a strong relationship between length time of net usage and the value of breaking strength and there is a strong relationship between length time of net usage and the value of elongation.

During the storage irreversible changes occur in eggs that result in a deterioration of their quality. The most significant changes affect the albumen. One of the major proteins of albumen present in egg white is lysozyme, which protects the embryo from microorganisms. This enzyme also contributes to the qualitative characteristics of albumen. It is possible that its polymorphism also affects the quality and stability of the obtained raw material that is, table eggs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential effect of polymorphism in the lysozyme gene and protein on the quality changes during the storage of eggs derived from 2 genetic strains of Japanese quail belonging to various utility types. Eggs from selected females of laying and meat-type breeds were stored for 14 wk. During this period the egg quality traits were evaluated 10 times. DNA was isolated from each female and all exons of the lysozyme gene had been sequenced. In total, fourteen SNPs' and one 4-bp indel mutation were identified in exons and adjacent intronic sequences, among which SNP1 (1:32140723) resulted in a substitution of lysine with glutamine (Q21K). The results showed that SNP1 (strain S22), as well as the SNP2, SNP5, SNP7, SNP8, SNP10, SNP11, SNP12 and SNP13 were significantly associated with breaking strength during egg storage in both investigated Japanese quail strains. Furthermore, a 3 haplotype blocks containing nine SNPs (2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13) were identified. These blocks displayed 8 distinct haplotypes that had significant association with breaking strength at all storage time points where egg quality analyses were performed. The study also revealed significant effects of breed and storage time on the egg quality traits. These results provide new insights into the genetic basis of egg quality during storage and could be incorporated into the breeding programs involving these strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the manuscript, the liquid-phase deposition technique was used to successfully deposit an Al2O3 ceramic coating on the quartz fiber. The thickness of the coating was not uniform. The thickest part of the coating can reach to 1159 nm. The main coating formed is Al2O3, but there are still hydrous Al(OH)3. With the extension of the deposition time, the micro-morphology of the coating changed from nano-scale clusters to dense flakes. The coating had an amorphous structure. In this case, the coating effectively improved the mechanical properties of the quartz fiber at high temperatures, and the breaking load of the fiber increased with the extension of the deposition time. After high temperature annealing, the breaking load of the coated fiber deposited for 6 h was 126.1 N, compared to 50.3 N of the blank fiber. The protection mechanism of Al2O3 coating was studied from the aspect of microstructure. By observing the surface morphologies of blank fiber and coated fiber after high temperature annealing. It was found that the presence of the coating hindered the damage of the fiber surface by high temperature, and the defects on the fiber surface were reduced, so the mechanical properties were effectively improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The additional water pressure caused by the compression of fracture water in rock mass will have a great impact on the strength characteristics of fractured rock mass. Based on three different fracture theoretical criteria, the strength calculation formula of fractured rock mass considering the influence of additional water pressure is deduced. Prefabricated single fracture rock specimens with different dip angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) are poured with a special mold, and stress seepage coupling tests are carried out under different confining pressures (6.0 MPa, 8.0 MPa, 10.0 MPa) and seepage pressures (2.0 MPa, 3.0 MPa, 4.0 MPa); the following conclusions are obtained: (1) for prefabricated single fracture rock specimens with dip angles of 30°, 45°, and 60°, under the action of external load, shear failure occurs first along the prefabricated fracture, and then tensile failure occurs along the rock block, with two peak strengths; for the prefabricated single fracture rock specimens with dip angles of 0°and 90°, the overall shear failure finally occurs, and there is only one peak strength; (2) the strength of prefabricated single fracture rock specimens with 45°inclination is the lowest, and the strength of prefabricated single fracture rock specimens with 0°and 90°inclination is the highest; (3) with the increase of confining pressure, it can inhibit the failure of fractures in rock, and the strength increases gradually; with the increase of seepage pressure, the normal stress on the fracture surface will decrease, the effective shear driving force on the fracture surface will increase, and the strength will decrease; (4) the theoretical value of fracture strength of fractured rock mass is compared with the test results; the results show that when the influence of additional water pressure is considered, the inclination range of fracture failure of fractured rock mass along prefabricated fractures will become larger, and it is more consistent with the test results, which proves the rationality and correctness of the theoretical derivation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depletion in estrogen level(s) especially in postmenopausal women is reported to have delayed wound healing effects; hence we have evaluated the wound healing potential of raloxifene in rat model. Objectives: Investigating the wound healing effects of raloxifene nanoemulsion for the management of postmenopausal cutaneous wounds. Materials and Methods: The optimized nanoemulsion gel contains 0.072% raloxifene hydrochloride. Female Wistar rats were used to investigate its wound healing effects. After three months of ovariectomy, wound healing effect was observed in terms of breaking strength, tensile strength, area of wound contraction, wound closure time, hydroxyproline content and histopathological changes. Results: The nanoemulsion gel exhibited better retention (34.31%) than its nanoemulsion. The raloxifene nanoemulsion gel has no erythema and no eschar formation recorded, and it is safe for topical use. In the incision wound model in ovariectomized rats, breaking (898±25g) and tensile strengths (4.47±0.12 g/mm2) in raloxifene treated groups were found to be higher than the untreated control group. Additionally, in ovariectomized rats, wound contraction was found to be 100% in the treated group s following 20 days of post-wounding, where as in control group only 88% was contraction was observed. Also, more hydroxyproline content in raloxifene treated ovariectomized rat was observed that recommend more collagen content than the untreated ovariectomized rat but approximately similar effects to untreated non-ovariectomized rats. Histopathological studies confirmed that the raloxifene treated groups had more re-epithelialization, neo-vascularization, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition than the control group. Conclusion: These results confirms that the raloxifene nanoemulsion gel has significant wound healing potential, as observed in ovariectomized rats, which will be helpful in postmenopausal cutaneous wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belete Kassa Alemu, Desye Misganaw, Getnet Mengistu Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Belete Kassa AlemuPharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, EthiopiaTel +251 918330307Fax +251 333115052Email belete.kassa@wu.edu.etBackground: Acokanthera schimperi is traditionally used for the treatment of wounds and various bacterial infections. Due to the ongoing escalation of antimicrobial resistance, there is an increasing demand for the appropriate wound care and hence, the present study was initiated to investigate the wound healing effects of the leaf extract ointments of A. schimperi in mice and its in-vitro antioxidant activity.Methods: The crude extract was prepared as 5% and 10% w/w ointments for topical use in mice. Wound contraction and epithelialization period were determined in excision and infected models, whereas tensile strength was determined in an incision model. Besides, its antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method.Results: In this study, the 10% w/w extract ointment did not cause toxicity at the 2000 mg/kg limit dose. In the excision model, the 10% w/w ointment exhibited a significant wound contraction effect starting from day 6 to 14 with a complete epithelization shown on day 13. Besides, the 5%w/w ointment showed a significant wound contraction effect starting from day 6 onwards, and a significant decrease in the epithelization period observed on day 16. Conversely, both the 10% w/w and 5% w/w ointments showed significant wound contraction effects starting from day 4 and onwards in the infected model. However, a complete epithelization period was observed on days 14 and 18 in the 10%w/w and 5% w/w/extract ointment treated groups, respectively. In the incision model, the 10% (w/w) and 5% (w/w) extract ointments showed a significant increase in tensile strength by 36.80 and 32.23%, respectively. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the extract was concentration-dependent with an IC50 value of 5.49± 0.38 μg/μL.Conclusion: The potential wound healing effects of this plant may provide a candidate source in the discovery of new drugs for the treatment of wounds.Keywords: wound healing, antioxidant activity, extract ointments A. schimperi

Modern society seeks to capitalize waste on construction and demolition through various technologies. In this sense, a research topic can refer to the response of innovative materials to the classic compression stress, analyzing the values of tensile strength by types of material. In this work we used new materials from construction waste with different compounds, ceramic wall and floor tiles, brick and cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the research of building materials companies at present focuses on recycling waste to minimize the cost of their products and for the safe disposal of these wastes. In this work, the by-pass cement kiln dust (BCKD), the dust that is discarded from the kiln system was used for the preparation of roof tiles. It is partially used to substitute clay in percentages from 5% up to 25%. to prepare roof tiles abiding by ASTM C1167 for two objectives, the safe disposal of waste and the production of low-cost roof tiles. The raw materials were assessed by particle size analysis, XRD, and XRF. The mud was poured into moulds with dimensions of 150 * 30 * 25 mm ^3 and pressed under a pressure of 10 MPa then dried. The dried samples were fired to temperatures 1000, 1100, and 1150 °C with a soaking time of one hour for each temperature. The linear firing shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, and breaking strength were measured to determine the properties of the fired specimens. The initial rate of absorption and runoff properties were also determined for the optimal samples. The results showed that samples containing 8% and 12% of BCKD waste that fired at 1100 °C and 1150 °C had cold water absorption of 14% and a saturation coefficient of 0.85, both of which were below the maximum values of the standard limits. Furthermore, the measured breaking strength of about 2700 N was much higher than the necessary minimum value. The results showed that samples met the requirements of ASTM 1167 for clay-type roof tiles containing 8% BCKD waste and fired to 1100 °C. For economic and environmental benefits, 1100 °C firing temperature is recommended than 1150 °C. The initial rate of absorption was found to be 2.8 kg.m ^−2 and the runoff properties were found to be 0.02 mg.l ^−1 , 7.53, 110.5 mg.l ^−1 for total dissolved solids, pH and total solids respectively.

Leaf decay in seagrasses is enhanced in some seasons since large green senescent beach-cast seagrass leaves are frequently recorded during autumn and winter seasons. Here, we explore if senescence is operating in seagrass leaf decay or if hydrodynamic stress is responsible for the seasonal leaf abscission. A seasonal study on the temperate seagrass Cymodocea nodosa was carried out in four locations with contrasting hydrodynamic regimes. The morphological, biomechanical and material properties of C. nodosa were measured. The force required to break the ligule was always lower than that required to break the blade. This could be considered an adaptive strategy to reduce acute drag forces and thus lessen the chance of plant uprooting. The absolute force needed to dislodge the blade at the ligule level varied with season and location, with the lowest forces recorded in autumn. This may indicate that senescence is operating in this species. On the other hand, the minimum estimated failure velocities for leaf abscission were also recorded in autumn. Consequently, this may cause the premature shedding of leaves in this season before the senescence process has finished and can probably explain the occurrence of green beach-cast seagrass leaves usually found during autumn and winter.

Using 60 hens eggs and 60 fresh quail eggs, an experiment was conducted at the UFRRJ, which analyzed the correlation between egg shell quality measurements using the following methodologies: specific gravity, breaking resistance, shell percentage and shell thickness. For hen`s laying eggs, the specific gravity showed a greater correlation with the shell thickness compared to the other methodologies; the resistance to breaking, correlated better with the percentage of egg shell and the percentage of egg shell, with the thickness of this structure. In quail eggs, there was no correlation between the specific gravity and the other peel quality analyzes, only a correlation between the resistance to breaking with percentage and thickness of the peel occurred, being this correlation slightly higher for the first compared to the second . In chicken eggs the specific gravity method used in commercial farms was adequate to indicate a good peel quality, due to its greater correlation with the thickness method. For quail eggs, the specific gravity method needs to be adapted in its methodology for the morphology of eggs of this species.

Allogeneic cortical bone plates (CP) are used for alveolar ridge augmentation. Since CP are freeze-dried and dehydrated during processing, the breaking strength (BS) and the flexibility (FX) are reduced, resulting in a relevant risk for plate fractures during insertion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of rehydration time on the biomechanical properties (BS & FX) of CP in-vitro and in vivo. 40 CP were randomly divided into four experimental groups. (A) untreated control (n = 10), rehydration for 10 (B), 30 (C) and 60 (D) minutes in 0.9% saline solution (n = 10 each). BS [Newton, N] and FX [mm] (force till fracture and distance of deflection to the breaking point) were analyzed. Besides, architectural features of all CP groups were visualized and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the frequency of CP fractures of rehydrated- vs. non-rehydrated CP was retrospectively analyzed in 6 patients. Compared to the control group, significantly increased BS and FX were demonstrated after 10, 30 and 60 minutes of rehydration (p each ≤ 0.035). After a rehydration time of 10 minutes, no additional increase of BS and FX was seen when compared to30 and 60 minutes (p each = 1.0). SEM scans demonstrated that the CP fracture characteristics were influenced by the different rehydration protocols. The frequency of CP fractures was reduced in patients by CP rehydration. The biomechanical properties of CP can be significantly improved by 10 min of rehydration, resulting in an increased BS and FX, that might be clinically relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the breaking strength and elongation of polyamide monofilament 0.44 mm in dry condition after treating with open and close storage. This study was an experimental study that refers to SNI ISO 1805: 2010 method. Data collection was done in the dry condition with two yarn samples from different treatments and one sample as a control. Each treatment was done 10 times of repetition. The test material was collected in one mesh. Then the locking distance was adjusted with the mesh size. The breaking strength and elongation score were tested using an autograph. The study found the breaking strength on polyamide nets stored closely was higher than open storage samples. On the other, the elongation value on monofilament polyamide nets stored closely was lower than open storage samples. There was an effect on different storage methods against polyamide breaking strength (sig 0.00), which was lower than α (0.05). Different storage methods also affected the elongation score of polyamides (sig 0.00) < α (0.05). In conclusion, there was an effect on different storage methods, open or close storage, against breaking and elongation strength of polyamide monofilament 0.4 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Lodging resistance in upland rice requires adequate knowledge of the mechanical basis of culm morphological traits (CMTs) with potential for improved structural integrity under orthosilicic acid (OSA) fertilizer. However, assessment of lodging in NERICAs has been based solely on visual scoring which is inadequate to establish resistance to lodging. Methods: Ten upland rice cultivars, comprising NERICAs 1 to 8, Moroberekan, and Ofada were grown on loamy-sand soil under four rates (0, 250, 500 and 750 ml ha− 1) of OSA. At 20 days after heading, CMTs related to lodging were assessed among the rice cultivars. Results: Application of 500 and 750 ml ha− 1 of OSA gave the highest CMTs with reduced lumen diameter. Lodging resistance index (LRI) varied significantly among the cultivars (0.34 in NERICA 1 to 0.70 in Ofada). Moroberekan had the highest CMTs with average LRI (0.47). Using Genotype and Genotype × Environment (GGE) comparisons bi-plot, NERICAs 4,6,7,8 and Moroberekan compared well with NERICA 1 for LRI. Bending stress had the highest but negative significant correlation (-0.74**) with LRI. Conclusions: Assessment of CMTs in NERICAs under OSA fertilizer can reveal variations in lodging resistance obscured by visual scoring. OSA fertilizer can improve lodging resistance through increased culm wall thickness and reduced lumen diameter in resistant cultivars such as Moroberekan and NERICA 4. NERICA cultivars with lower LRI will be more desirable to minimize lodging at moderate rate(s) of foliar OSA fertilizer. The need to characterize the CMTs of other NERICAs to establish LRI that confers susceptibility, moderate and high resistance to lodging was emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that increased consumption of synthetic polymers leads to an increase in environmental pollution due to the long decomposition time of plastic waste. As a result, it is necessary to develop polymer composites based on a biodegradable polymer matrix, and to improve the performance properties of finished plastic products, it is necessary to purposefully select cheap and affordable inorganic fillers. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the regularities in the generation of a spatially structured polymer matrix under UV irradiation of polylactide-based composites filled with aluminosilicate microspheres (ASM). The leading approach to the given problem is to melt polymer composites of various compositions and to determine the physical, mechanical, and thermophysical characteristics of the prototypes, including the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix under the influence of ultraviolet irradiation. The study suggests that the filling of polylactide with ASM particles leads to an increase in the elastic modulus, a decrease in the strength at static rupture and resistance to dynamic destructive effects, as well as heat resistance. Small aluminosilicate microspheres, when added to polylactide, perform the function of nucleation and, even with a small content, increase the crystallinity degree by 3.7 percentage points. In the range of ASM content from 1 pph to 10 pph, the absolute value of the crystallinity degree practically does not depend on the filler concentration in the polymer composite. UV (ultraviolet) irradiation in the presence of air oxygen initiates the thermooxidative destruction of polylactide and leads to the establishment of a spatially structured polymer phase using the electrostatic intermolecular interaction of additionally formed oxygen-containing functional groups in macrochains, as well as partial intermolecular crosslinking during recombination of macroradicals. The establishment of spatial structures in the polymer matrix under UV irradiation determines an increase in the resistance of experimental samples to thermal effects. It is manifested in an increase in the bending temperature under load by 7-10 percentage points, a decrease in the crystallinity degree by 1.2-2.6 percentage points, a decrease in the fluidity of the meltage and also an increase in the glass transition and melting temperature. The materials of the study are of practical value for the development of biodegradable composites based on polylactide filled with inorganic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported the experimental analysis on wood briquettes manufactured from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and beech wood (Fagus sylvatica), regarded as an economically valuable fuel source. The following properties of briquettes: physical properties (density and moisture content); chemical properties (heating value, namely calorific value, and ash content); thermal properties (thermal conductivity and specific heat); and mechanical properties (breaking strength). These properties allowed the assessment of the efficiency of two species for using them in briquette manufacturing. The briquettes with higher fractions of bamboo wood showed enhanced characteristics as compared to the briquettes made of beech. This can be explained by the increase of the higher heating value of bamboo wood briquettes by 8.4% as compared to the beech wood briquettes. Similarly, bamboo briquettes had higher the breaking strength (2.1%) with respect to beech wood briquettes. The thermal conductivity of beech wood briquettes was 0.155 W/mK while it was determined as 0.177 W/mK for bamboo wood briquettes. The average densities of beech wood and bamboo wood briquettes were 780.9 kg/m³ and 813.1 kg/m³, respectively. The ash content difference between the bamboo wood briquettes and beech wood briquettes was minor. The advantage of using the bamboo wood in different mixture ratios with other wood species for briquettes manufacturing is that it is one of the fastest growing plants on the world as well as widespread around the world, predominantly in Asia. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that the bamboo wood biomass could be efficiently used in the production of lignocellulosic briquettes, regardless if individual or in combination with beech wood biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of developing and testing a laboratory procedure for determining strength properties exhibited by bituminous mixtures using a Lintel PK-21-01 strength meter are presented. The conditions for testing the strength of bituminous mixtures are selected according to predetermined criteria. The study reveals the dependence between the adhesion indicator for bitumen and the compressive strength of the samples collected from bituminous mixtures on its basis, which is evaluated according to the developed procedure. The strength and adhesive properties of the binder are found to decrease with increased DST-30-01 polymer content in the bitumen. The described procedures can be used in the development of new bitumen products, develop various production processes, and select the optimal parameters for its obtaining via standardized methods of testing bitumen and the developed procedure for determining the strength properties of bituminous mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-core yarns, which are developed to have high elasticity and strength properties at the same time in the yarn structure, have been the focus of interest in yarn sector. Considering the purpose of developing dual-core yarns, it is obvious that the breaking strength and elongation performances expected from these yarns are very important. In this paper, the twist coefficient and PET (Polyethylene terephthalate)/Elastane draft ratios of dual-core yarns were optimized by Taguchi Method for improved of breaking strength and elongation performance. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated for each output and optimum levels were determined over these ratios. As a result of the study, it was determined that PET draft was the most effective parameter for both outputs. Considering the individual optimum levels determined for each output, common factor-level combinations covering both outputs were determined. Consequently, optimal common combination for the multi-performances was found as 4.2 twist coefficient, 1.15 PET draft ratio and 3.8 elastane ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bonding among fibers is critical to developing a high strength fabric. Chemical adhesive (polyvinyl butyral, abbreviated as PVB) can improve the bonding between fibers to improve yarn strength to the required level. However, retaining the fabric strength after abrasion and washing without the loss of chemical adhesive is challenging. In this study, a novel method has been applied to intra-layer PVB-paste spinning to improve yarn strength. The forming mechanism and PVB flow/fibers compaction model of PVB-paste spun yarn were analyzed. The optimum process parameters of intra-layer PVB-paste spinning combined with orthogonal experiments were established, which maximally increased the binding force between the filament and staple fibers to improve the yarn strength. Moreover, in comparison to original yarn, PVB-paste spun yarn strength can be increased up to 32.3 % in the best case. Therefore, the yarn strength could be improved via intra-layer PVB-paste spinning. Meanwhile, the tearing and breaking strength of PVB-paste fabric were approximately 27.8 % and 7.2 % more than those of cotton fabric, respectively. Additionally, the fabric made by that yarn also maintains good strength performance during abrasion and washing, while also having good hand-feel characteristics. Overall, the successful manufacture of these PVB-paste fabric should promote the development of high-performance fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used to obtain a wide range of materials for various purposes. High demand of PVC is explained by possibility to modify polyvinyl chloride and produce broad range of materials with improved properties as well as to have cost efficient ratio: productivity, available raw materials, saving of natural resources. However, under normal temperature polyvinyl chloride is brittle and inelastic, that limits the fields of PVC application. The production of basic PVC compositions is impossible without plasticizers – low-molecular compounds that allow direct regulating physical and mechanical properties of polymer. Production of plasticizers became one of the most important branch of petrochemical industry. Recently, however, the range and production of plasticizers have drastically decreased due to the increased cost, which reduced the competitiveness of plasticized PVC products. Therefore, the expansion of plasticizer variety for PVC is a strategic task of great practical significance. The present work describes synthesis methods of esters on the basis of oxyalkylated alcohols suggested as polyvinyl chloride plasticizers. Physico-chemical properties of synthesized compounds were studied. Conditions for their production with maximum outcome were selected. The results of experiments in which obtained compounds were tested as additives in the plasticization of PVC showed that the obtained samples of cable plastic, adhesive PVC tapes and multi-layered polyvinyl chloride linoleum satisfy all the technical requirements by the main indicators: cable plastic compound – GOST 5960-72 with amendment 1-9; a PVC adhesive tape – Technical Conditions – 2245-001-00203312-2003; multilayered linoleum – GOST 7251-77. According to the experimental results, phthalates of oxyalkylated alcohols possess rather high efficiency as plasticizers of polyvinyl chloride and are recommended for use in the above-mentioned industrial PVC recipes

The acoustic emission (AE) technique is widely used at the present time for almost any kind of material characterization. The main aim of the present study was to predict the tensile strength of wool by using artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression analysis based on AE detection. With this aim, a number of single wool fibers were stretched to fracture and the signals at break were recorded by the AE technique. The energy, amplitude, duration, number of hits, average rectified value and root mean square value were used as input parameters to predict the strength of the wool. A feed-forward neural network with a backpropagation (BP) algorithm was successfully trained and tested using the measured data. The same input parameters were used by multiple stepwise regression models for the estimation of wool strength. The coefficients of determination of the BP neural network and stepwise regression indicate that there is a strong correlation between the measured and predicted strength of wool with an acceptable error value. The comparative analysis of the two modeling techniques shows that the neural network performs better than the stepwise regression models. Meanwhile, the relative importance of the input parameters was determined by using rank analysis. The prediction models established in the present work can be applied to AE studies of fiber bundles or fiber-reinforced composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]